#The sphenoid bone...

#Function_of_sphenoid...☆

part of the floor of the cranium.
unites cranial and ficial bones.
Strengthens sides of the skull.
contain sphenoidal sinuses.

#Articulation_of_the_sphenoid...☆

frontal bone.
Occipital bone.
Parietal bone.
Temporal bone.
Zygomatic bone.
Palatine bone.
Maxillae.
Vomer.

#Mark_of_the_sphenoid...☆

*sphenoid body:-
At the centarl axis of the sphenoid.

*sella turcice:-
Saddle_shaped enclosure.
On the superior surface of the body.

*hypophyseal gossamer:-
A depression within the sella turcica.
Holds the pituitary gland.

#Foraminal_of_the_sphenoid...☆

*optic canal:-
For optic nerve.

*superior orbital fissure:-
For blood vessels and nerves of the orbit.

*foramen rounding:-
For blood vessels and nerves of the face.

*foramen ovale:-
For blood vessels and nerves of the face.

*foramen spinosum:-
For blood vessels and nerves of the jaws.



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#The_ethmoid...☆

#Function_of_the_ethmoid.
Forms anteromedial floor the cranium.
Roofs of the nasal cavity.
Parts of the nasal septum and medial orbital wall.
Contains ethmoidal air cell ( network of sinuses ).

#Articulation_of_the_ethmoid.
Frontal bone.
Lacrimed bone.
Nasal bone.
Inferior nasal conchae.
Sphenoid.
Palatine.
Vomer.
Maxillary bone.

#Three_parts_of_ethmoid.

*The cribriform plate:-
Floor of the cranium.
Roof of the nasal cavity.
Contains the crista gali.

* The two lateral masses:-
Ethmoidal labyrinth.
Superior nasal conchae.
Middle nasal conchae.

*The perendicular plate:-
Part of the nasal septum.

#Function_of_ethmoid.
Olfactory foramina.
In the cribriform plate.
For alfactory nerves.




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#The_Facial_bones_of_the_Skull...☆

Maxillae (Maxillary bone).
Palatine bones.
Vomer.
Inferior nasal conchae.
Zygomatic bones.
Lacrimal bones.
Mandible.

1)- The Maxillae...☆

#Function _of_the maxillae.

Support upper teeth.
Form inferior orbital rim.
Form lateral margins of external narses.
Form upper jaw and harch palate.
Cantain maxillary sinuses (larget sinuses).

#Articulation_of_the_maxillae.

Frontal bone , Ethmoid , with one another.
All the facial bones except the mandible.

#Marks_of_the_maxillae.

*orbital rim:-
Protects eyes and orbit.
*anterior nasal spine:-
Attaches cartilaginous anterior nasal septum.
*alveolar precess:-
Borders the mouth and support upper teeth.
*palatine precess:-
Form the hard palate (root of mouth).
*maxillary sinuses:-
Protect lacriml sac and nasal lacriml duct.

#Foramina_of_maxillae.

*infra_orbital foramen:-
For sensory nerve to brain (via foramen rotundum of sphenoid).
*inferior orbital fissure:-
For cranial nerves and blood vessels.




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2)-The palatine bones...☆

#Function_of_palatine_bones:-

Form the posterior portion of the hard palate.
Contribute to the floors of the orbits.

#Articulation_of_the_palatine_bones:-

With other Palatine bone.
Maxillae.
Sphenoid.
Ethmoid.
Inferior nasal conchae.
Vomer.

#Divisions_of_the_Palatine_bones:-

1)-Horizontal plate:-
Part of the hard.

2)-perpendicular plate:-
Form horizontal plate to orbital process of orbital floor.

#Foramina_of_the_Palatine_bones:-

Many in the lateral portion of the horizontal plate.
For small blood vessels and nerves of the roof of the mouth.






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4)The nasal bones...☆

#Function_of_nasal_bones:-

Support for bridge of the nose.
Connect to cartilages of the distal part of the nose (external nares).

#Articulation_of_the_nasal_bones:-

With other nasal bone.
Ethmoid.
Frontal bone.
Maxillae.







#The_inferior_nasal_concha...☆

#Foraminal_of_the_inferior_nasal_cancha:-

To create air turblence in the nasal cavity.

To increase the epithelial surface area.

To warw and humidify inhaled air.

#Articulation_of_the_inferior_nhasal_concha:-

Ethmoid.
Maxillae.
Palatine bones.
Lacrimal bones.








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