🎯लक्ष्यित JRF परीक्षा FACTS – PYQ आधारित अभ्यास प्रश्न
*(UGC NET पेपर 1 – यूनिट 10)*

⬤① यूजीसी (University Grants Commission) – स्थापना 1956, मुख्यालय नई दिल्ली, विश्वविद्यालयों का नियमन, अनुदान वितरण, NET/JRF का आयोजन ✅ PYQ: UGC अधिनियम वर्ष? → 1956
⬤② एआईसीटीई (All India Council for Technical Education) – परामर्श निकाय 1945, वैधानिक 1987, मुख्यालय नई दिल्ली, तकनीकी संस्थानों की स्वीकृति, PMSSS एवं NEAT योजनाएँ ✅ PYQ: AICTE वैधानिक वर्ष → 1987

⬤③ एनसीटीई (National Council for Teacher Education) – स्थापना 1995, मुख्यालय नई दिल्ली, B.Ed/M.Ed के मानक तय करता है, NCTE अधिनियम 1993 ✅ PYQ: शासकीय अधिनियम → NCTE अधिनियम 1993
⬤④ नैक (National Assessment and Accreditation Council) – स्थापना 1994, मुख्यालय बेंगलुरु, उच्च शिक्षण संस्थानों का प्रत्यायन, ग्रेडिंग A++ से D ✅ PYQ: UGC के अंतर्गत कार्य करता है
⬤⑤ एनबीए (National Board of Accreditation) – स्थापना 1994 AICTE द्वारा, 2010 से स्वतंत्र, मुख्यालय नई दिल्ली, केवल कार्यक्रमों का प्रत्यायन करता है, संस्थानों का नहीं
⬤⑥ इग्नू (Indira Gandhi National Open University) – स्थापना 1985, मुख्यालय नई दिल्ली, विश्व का सबसे बड़ा मुक्त विश्वविद्यालय, SWAYAM का समन्वय करता है
⬤⑦ आईसीएसएसआर (Indian Council of Social Science Research) – स्थापना 1969, मुख्यालय नई दिल्ली, सामाजिक विज्ञान अनुसंधान को वित्त पोषण
⬤⑧ आईसीएआर (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) – स्थापना 1929 (इंपीरियल काउंसिल), मुख्यालय नई दिल्ली, कृषि शिक्षा एवं अनुसंधान
⬤⑨ एनएमसी (National Medical Commission) – 2020 में MCI को प्रतिस्थापित किया, मुख्यालय नई दिल्ली, चिकित्सा शिक्षा का नियमन ✅ PYQ: प्रतिस्थापन वर्ष → 2020
⬤⑩ बीसीआई (Bar Council of India) – स्थापना 1961, मुख्यालय नई दिल्ली, विधिक शिक्षा एवं अधिवक्ताओं का नियमन ✅ PYQ: अधिवक्ता अधिनियम 1961
⬤⑪ एनटीए (National Testing Agency) – स्थापना 2017, मुख्यालय नोएडा, NET, JEE, NEET, CUET का आयोजन ✅ PYQ: पहला UGC NET NTA द्वारा → दिस. 2018
⬤⑫ आरसीआई (Rehabilitation Council of India) – स्थापना 1992, मुख्यालय नई दिल्ली, विकलांग पुनर्वास प्रशिक्षण का नियमन
⬤⑬ डीईसी (Distance Education Council) – अब UGC-DEB (Distance Education Bureau) में विलय
⬤⑭ सीएसआईआर (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) – स्थापना 1942, मुख्यालय नई दिल्ली, विज्ञान एवं औद्योगिक R&D, CSIR-NET का आयोजन
⬤⑯ आईआईआईटी काउंसिल (IIIT Council) – भारतीय सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी संस्थानों का संचालन
⬤⑰ आईआईएम काउंसिल (IIM Council) – भारतीय प्रबंधन संस्थानों का शीर्ष निकाय
⬤⑱ एआईयू (Association of Indian Universities) – मुख्यालय नई दिल्ली, डिग्री की समानता एवं शैक्षणिक आदान-प्रदान को बढ़ावा

✍️Important Amendments of the Indian Constitution
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●. First Amendment (1951) — The Ninth Schedule was included by this amendment.

●. Second Amendment (1952) — The representation of states in the Parliament was determined.

●. Seventh Amendment (1956) — By this amendment, the division of states into A, B, C and D categories was abolished and they were divided into 14 states and 6 union territories.

●. Tenth Amendment (1961) — Dadra and Nagar Haveli were included in the Indian Union and given the status of a union territory.

●. 12th Amendment (1962) — Goa, Daman and Diu were integrated into the Indian Union.

●. 13th Amendment (1962) — A new Article 371 (A) was added to the Constitution, which made some special provisions for the administration of Nagaland. On December 1, 1963, Nagaland was given the status of a state.

●. 14th Amendment (1963) — Pondicherry was added to the First Schedule as a Union Territory and provision was made for the establishment of Legislative Assemblies in these Union Territories (Himachal Pradesh, Goa, Daman and Diu, Pondicherry and Manipur).

●. 21st Amendment (1967) — 'Sindhi' language was added to the Eighth Schedule.

●. 22nd Amendment (1968) — Parliament was given the power to establish Meghalaya as an independent state and to provide for a legislature and a council of ministers for it.

●. 24th Amendment (1971) — Parliament was given the right to amend any part of the Constitution, including the fundamental rights.

●. 27th Amendment (1971) — Five states of the north-eastern region, the then Assam, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Manipur and Tripura and two union territories Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh were formed and a 'North Eastern Frontier Council' was established for coordination and cooperation in these.

●. 31st Amendment (1974) — The maximum number of members of the Lok Sabha was fixed at 545. Out of these, 543 would be elected and 2 would be nominated by the President.

●. 36th Amendment (1975) — Sikkim was admitted as the 22nd state in the Indian Union.

●. 37th Amendment (1975) — Legislature and Council of Ministers were established in Arunachal Pradesh.

●
42nd Amendment (1976) — It has been termed as ‘Mini Constitution’.

— By this, the words ‘secular’, ‘socialist’ and ‘integrity’ were added to the Preamble of the Constitution.

— By this, 10 fundamental duties of citizens were determined while providing duties along with rights.

— The tenure of Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies was increased by one year.

— Some new elements were added to the Directive Principles of State Policy.

— By this, subjects like education, weights and measures, forests and protection of wild animals and birds were removed from the State List and placed in the Concurrent List. — It was arranged that under Article 352, emergency can be imposed in the entire country or for one or some parts of the country.

— The constitutional amendment made by the Parliament was prohibited from being challenged in the court.

●. 44th Amendment (1978) — The fundamental right to property was abolished and made a legal right.

— The term of Lok Sabha and State Assemblies was again made 5 years.

— The right to hear election disputes of the President, Vice President, Prime Minister and Speaker of the Lok Sabha was again given to the Supreme and High Courts.

— Whatever advice is given by the Cabinet to the President, the President will be able to ask the Cabinet to reconsider it, but whatever advice the Cabinet gives to the President after reconsideration, the President will necessarily accept that advice.

— The ‘right to life and liberty of a person’ cannot be suspended or limited by the government even in an emergency, etc.

●. 52nd Amendment (1985) — The tenth schedule was added to the Constitution by this amendment. Through this, an attempt has been made to put a legal ban on political defection.

●. 55th Amendment (1986) — Arunachal Pradesh was given the status of a state under the Indian Union.

●. 56th Amendment (1987) — It provides for giving full statehood to Goa and making ‘Daman and Diu’ a new union territory.

●. 61st Amendment (1989) — The minimum age required for voting was reduced from 21 years to 18 years.

●. 65th Amendment (1990) — Provision was made for the formation of ‘Scheduled Castes and Tribes Commission’.