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๐ Attend online or offline at the Sleepy Classes Centre, Chandigarh.
Zoom Session Link:
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โค1๐1
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โค2๐2
India is securing its energy future against the weaponization of fossil fuels and critical minerals.
Key shifts for a resilient grid.
โ๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐ฒ ๐ง๐ต๐ฒ๐บ๐ฒ:
Safeguarding energy security via a diversified, domestic, and clean grid.
โ๐ฃ๐ฟ๐ผ๐ด๐ฟ๐ฒ๐๐ & ๐ง๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ด๐ฒ๐๐:
India crossed 50% non-fossil capacity (>300 GW), beating Paris targets by 5 years. Power demand will grow ~6.4% annually, requiring >500 GW.
โ๐ฉ๐๐น๐ป๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ฎ๐ฏ๐ถ๐น๐ถ๐๐ถ๐ฒ๐:
India imports 88% of crude oil (>$180B bill). China controls 70-90% of critical mineral refining (lithium, cobalt), risking clean-tech bottlenecks.
โ๐ฆ๐ผ๐น๐๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป๐ & ๐ฆ๐๐ฟ๐ฎ๐๐ฒ๐ด๐:
Deploy renewables and nuclear (Small Modular Reactors via SHANTI Act); build midstream mineral processing; prioritize grid transmission.
Key shifts for a resilient grid.
โ๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐ฒ ๐ง๐ต๐ฒ๐บ๐ฒ:
Safeguarding energy security via a diversified, domestic, and clean grid.
โ๐ฃ๐ฟ๐ผ๐ด๐ฟ๐ฒ๐๐ & ๐ง๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ด๐ฒ๐๐:
India crossed 50% non-fossil capacity (>300 GW), beating Paris targets by 5 years. Power demand will grow ~6.4% annually, requiring >500 GW.
โ๐ฉ๐๐น๐ป๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ฎ๐ฏ๐ถ๐น๐ถ๐๐ถ๐ฒ๐:
India imports 88% of crude oil (>$180B bill). China controls 70-90% of critical mineral refining (lithium, cobalt), risking clean-tech bottlenecks.
โ๐ฆ๐ผ๐น๐๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป๐ & ๐ฆ๐๐ฟ๐ฎ๐๐ฒ๐ด๐:
Deploy renewables and nuclear (Small Modular Reactors via SHANTI Act); build midstream mineral processing; prioritize grid transmission.
๐3โค2
What is the primary cause of most deaths during crowd disasters and stampedes?
Anonymous Quiz
56%
Compressive Asphyxia
21%
Trampling injuries
22%
Severe dehydration due to sweating
๐4โค2
Sleepy Classes IAS
What is the primary cause of most deaths during crowd disasters and stampedes?
Preventing crowd disasters and fatal "crowd crushes" NDMA guidelines.
โ๐๐ฒ๐ ๐๐ฎ๐๐๐ฒ๐ & ๐๐๐ป๐ฎ๐บ๐ถ๐ฐ๐:
โCompressive Asphyxia: Most deaths in stampedes occur due to external chest pressure from crushing density rather than trampling.
โSystemic Failures:
Narrow bottlenecks, weak temporary structures, inadequate holding areas, sudden weather disruptions, and uncoordinated police reactions.
โ๐ก๐๐ ๐ ๐๐๐ถ๐ฑ๐ฒ๐น๐ถ๐ป๐ฒ๐ & ๐ฃ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐๐ฒ๐ป๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป:
โDemand & Capacity Control:
Match crowd entry rates with the actual holding capacity of individual venue zones rather than total ground area.
โInput Control:
Implement pre-registration, staggered entries, timed ticketing, and one-way pedestrian routes.
โCommunication:
Avoid sudden police counter-charges; use clear public address announcements and community-based management to prevent panic.
โ๐ช๐ฎ๐ ๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฑ:
โMandate real-time density monitoring, wide multi-exit corridors, and strict structural audits for mass religious or urban gatherings.
โ๐๐ฒ๐ ๐๐ฎ๐๐๐ฒ๐ & ๐๐๐ป๐ฎ๐บ๐ถ๐ฐ๐:
โCompressive Asphyxia: Most deaths in stampedes occur due to external chest pressure from crushing density rather than trampling.
โSystemic Failures:
Narrow bottlenecks, weak temporary structures, inadequate holding areas, sudden weather disruptions, and uncoordinated police reactions.
โ๐ก๐๐ ๐ ๐๐๐ถ๐ฑ๐ฒ๐น๐ถ๐ป๐ฒ๐ & ๐ฃ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐๐ฒ๐ป๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป:
โDemand & Capacity Control:
Match crowd entry rates with the actual holding capacity of individual venue zones rather than total ground area.
โInput Control:
Implement pre-registration, staggered entries, timed ticketing, and one-way pedestrian routes.
โCommunication:
Avoid sudden police counter-charges; use clear public address announcements and community-based management to prevent panic.
โ๐ช๐ฎ๐ ๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฑ:
โMandate real-time density monitoring, wide multi-exit corridors, and strict structural audits for mass religious or urban gatherings.
โค6๐2
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๐2โค1
India's urban wastewater systems need a massive upgrade to stop 72% of sewage from going untreated.
Here is how the 16th Finance Commission is shifting from fragmented projects to outcome linked, city led sanitation..
โ๐๐๐ป๐ฑ๐ถ๐ป๐ด & ๐ฆ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐น๐ฒ:
โThe 16th Finance Commission allocated a โน56,100 crore Special Infrastructure Grant for 22 fast-growing cities (populations 1โ4 million).
โCombined with state and ULG shares, total funding reaches ~โน93,000 crore over five years.
โ๐๐ฒ๐ ๐๐ผ๐๐๐น๐ฒ๐ป๐ฒ๐ฐ๐ธ๐:
โIndian cities discharge nearly 72% of their sewage untreated.
โSevere execution delays, slow DPR approvals, unaligned network connections (STPs built without sewer networks), and undersized capacity.
โULGs act as passive recipients of parastatal assets and spend only 61% of available funds due to low institutional capacity.
โ๐ช๐ฎ๐ ๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฑ:
โ๐๐น๐ฒ๐ ๐ถ๐ฏ๐น๐ฒ ๐๐ถ๐ป๐ฎ๐ป๐ฐ๐ถ๐ป๐ด:
Accommodate the 7โ10 year reality of stormwater and wastewater planning beyond rigid five-year funding cycles.
โ๐ข๐๐๐ฐ๐ผ๐บ๐ฒ-๐๐ฎ๐๐ฒ๐ฑ ๐๐ผ๐ป๐๐ฟ๐ฎ๐ฐ๐๐ถ๐ป๐ด:
Tie funding and contractor payments to long-term operational performance rather than one-off build-and-exit models.
โ๐๐บ๐ฝ๐ผ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ ๐จ๐๐๐:
Grant Urban Local Bodies legal ownership and build local capacity to ensure effective project execution under the 74th Constitutional Amendment framework.
Here is how the 16th Finance Commission is shifting from fragmented projects to outcome linked, city led sanitation..
โ๐๐๐ป๐ฑ๐ถ๐ป๐ด & ๐ฆ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐น๐ฒ:
โThe 16th Finance Commission allocated a โน56,100 crore Special Infrastructure Grant for 22 fast-growing cities (populations 1โ4 million).
โCombined with state and ULG shares, total funding reaches ~โน93,000 crore over five years.
โ๐๐ฒ๐ ๐๐ผ๐๐๐น๐ฒ๐ป๐ฒ๐ฐ๐ธ๐:
โIndian cities discharge nearly 72% of their sewage untreated.
โSevere execution delays, slow DPR approvals, unaligned network connections (STPs built without sewer networks), and undersized capacity.
โULGs act as passive recipients of parastatal assets and spend only 61% of available funds due to low institutional capacity.
โ๐ช๐ฎ๐ ๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฑ:
โ๐๐น๐ฒ๐ ๐ถ๐ฏ๐น๐ฒ ๐๐ถ๐ป๐ฎ๐ป๐ฐ๐ถ๐ป๐ด:
Accommodate the 7โ10 year reality of stormwater and wastewater planning beyond rigid five-year funding cycles.
โ๐ข๐๐๐ฐ๐ผ๐บ๐ฒ-๐๐ฎ๐๐ฒ๐ฑ ๐๐ผ๐ป๐๐ฟ๐ฎ๐ฐ๐๐ถ๐ป๐ด:
Tie funding and contractor payments to long-term operational performance rather than one-off build-and-exit models.
โ๐๐บ๐ฝ๐ผ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ ๐จ๐๐๐:
Grant Urban Local Bodies legal ownership and build local capacity to ensure effective project execution under the 74th Constitutional Amendment framework.
๐3
Sleepy Classes IAS
India's urban wastewater systems need a massive upgrade to stop 72% of sewage from going untreated. Here is how the 16th Finance Commission is shifting from fragmented projects to outcome linked, city led sanitation.. โ๐๐๐ป๐ฑ๐ถ๐ป๐ด & ๐ฆ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐น๐ฒ: โThe 16th Financeโฆ
โค3๐2
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๐2
In which country is the headquarters of the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA), which became a treaty-based intergovernmental organization in 2025?
Anonymous Quiz
19%
South Africa
9%
France
13%
Kenya
6%
Brazil
54%
India
๐2โค1
Sleepy Classes IAS
In which country is the headquarters of the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA), which became a treaty-based intergovernmental organization in 2025?
โBig cat conservation must move beyond isolated reserves.
Here is how India's International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) is driving global cooperation for landscape-scale protection
โ๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐ฒ ๐ง๐ต๐ฒ๐บ๐ฒ:
Shifting conservation beyond isolated protected areas via landscape-scale corridor management and the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA).
โ๐๐ฐ๐ผ๐น๐ผ๐ด๐ถ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐น ๐ฅ๐ฒ๐ฎ๐น๐ถ๐๐ถ๐ฒ๐:
Protected areas are too small. Apex predators cross community lands, acting as vital ecological indicators for carbon regulation and climate resilience.
โ๐๐ป๐๐๐ถ๐๐๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป๐ฎ๐น ๐๐ฟ๐ฎ๐บ๐ฒ๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐ธ:
Launched by India (2023), IBCA became a treaty-based intergovernmental organization in 2025, headquartered in India.
โ๐ฃ๐ฟ๐ถ๐ผ๐ฟ๐ถ๐๐ถ๐ฒ๐ & ๐ ๐ฒ๐ฐ๐ต๐ฎ๐ป๐ถ๐๐บ๐:
Launch a centralized Big Cat Dashboard for data aggregation, establish common monitoring standards, and integrate conservation into infrastructure planning.
Here is how India's International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) is driving global cooperation for landscape-scale protection
โ๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐ฒ ๐ง๐ต๐ฒ๐บ๐ฒ:
Shifting conservation beyond isolated protected areas via landscape-scale corridor management and the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA).
โ๐๐ฐ๐ผ๐น๐ผ๐ด๐ถ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐น ๐ฅ๐ฒ๐ฎ๐น๐ถ๐๐ถ๐ฒ๐:
Protected areas are too small. Apex predators cross community lands, acting as vital ecological indicators for carbon regulation and climate resilience.
โ๐๐ป๐๐๐ถ๐๐๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป๐ฎ๐น ๐๐ฟ๐ฎ๐บ๐ฒ๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐ธ:
Launched by India (2023), IBCA became a treaty-based intergovernmental organization in 2025, headquartered in India.
โ๐ฃ๐ฟ๐ถ๐ผ๐ฟ๐ถ๐๐ถ๐ฒ๐ & ๐ ๐ฒ๐ฐ๐ต๐ฎ๐ป๐ถ๐๐บ๐:
Launch a centralized Big Cat Dashboard for data aggregation, establish common monitoring standards, and integrate conservation into infrastructure planning.
๐3โค1
โAs AI threatens white-collar jobs, Universal Basic Income (UBI) is back in the spotlight.
Here is why India might need a "Citizen Equity Model" instead of pure cash payouts
โ๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐ฒ ๐ง๐ต๐ฒ๐บ๐ฒ:
Re-evaluating UBI to hedge against AI labor displacement using digital equity mechanisms.
โ๐๐ & ๐๐ฎ๐ฏ๐ผ๐ฟ:
AI automation threatens office jobs. However, rising aspirations refute the "moral hazard" myth that cash transfers induce laziness.
โ๐๐ป๐ฑ๐ถ๐ฎ'๐ ๐๐ผ๐ป๐๐๐ฟ๐ฎ๐ถ๐ป๐๐:
A โน1,000/month transfer to non-taxpayers costs >โน1 trillion annually. Targeted transfers risk severe exclusion (Type-2) errors.
โ๐ช๐ฎ๐ ๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฑ:
Leverage India Stack for a Citizen Equity Model granting citizens locked-in equity portfolios in state enterprises to create dividend-based wealth buffers.
Here is why India might need a "Citizen Equity Model" instead of pure cash payouts
โ๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐ฒ ๐ง๐ต๐ฒ๐บ๐ฒ:
Re-evaluating UBI to hedge against AI labor displacement using digital equity mechanisms.
โ๐๐ & ๐๐ฎ๐ฏ๐ผ๐ฟ:
AI automation threatens office jobs. However, rising aspirations refute the "moral hazard" myth that cash transfers induce laziness.
โ๐๐ป๐ฑ๐ถ๐ฎ'๐ ๐๐ผ๐ป๐๐๐ฟ๐ฎ๐ถ๐ป๐๐:
A โน1,000/month transfer to non-taxpayers costs >โน1 trillion annually. Targeted transfers risk severe exclusion (Type-2) errors.
โ๐ช๐ฎ๐ ๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฑ:
Leverage India Stack for a Citizen Equity Model granting citizens locked-in equity portfolios in state enterprises to create dividend-based wealth buffers.
โค7๐3
Sleepy Classes IAS
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India's mobility future isn't just electric it is a diverse, multi fuel ecosystem.
From EVs to LNG
Here is why we need a technology neutral strategy based on full life cycle emissions
โ๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐ฒ ๐ง๐ต๐ฒ๐บ๐ฒ:
Building a technology neutral, multi fuel mobility strategy balancing EVs, CNG, LNG, and Compressed Biogas (CBG) based on full life cycle emissions rather than tailpipe metrics alone.
โ๐ฆ๐ฒ๐ด๐บ๐ฒ๐ป๐ ๐ช๐ถ๐๐ฒ ๐๐๐ป๐ฎ๐บ๐ถ๐ฐ๐ (๐ง๐๐ฅ๐ ๐ฆ๐๐๐ฑ๐ ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ฒ)
โ2W/3W:
EVs dominate Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) due to high daily utilization and low running costs.
โTaxis & LCVs:
CNG remains most competitive due to quick pump times and established refuelling networks.
โHeavy Freight:
LNG outperforms battery electric options by avoiding payload loss and battery weight constraints.
โLife Cycle Analysis:
CNG currently carries the lowest overall environmental burden because India's grid power remains coal heavy.
โ๐๐ฒ๐ ๐ฉ๐๐น๐ป๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ฎ๐ฏ๐ถ๐น๐ถ๐๐:
โShifting from oil to gas or EVs merely trades crude import reliance for imported LNG or critical minerals (lithium, cobalt, graphite).
โ๐ช๐ฎ๐ ๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฑ & ๐ฃ๐ผ๐น๐ถ๐ฐ๐ ๐๐บ๐ฝ๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐๐ฒ๐:
โNational Fuel Policy:
Adopt a unified, science based framework updating the 2014 Auto Fuel Vision.
โTaxation:
Bring natural gas and automotive fuels under GST to eliminate fragmented state VAT regimes.
โInfrastructure & Circularity:
Expand CBG from farm waste, build LNG highways and EV charging corridors, and mandate battery material recycling.
From EVs to LNG
Here is why we need a technology neutral strategy based on full life cycle emissions
โ๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐ฒ ๐ง๐ต๐ฒ๐บ๐ฒ:
Building a technology neutral, multi fuel mobility strategy balancing EVs, CNG, LNG, and Compressed Biogas (CBG) based on full life cycle emissions rather than tailpipe metrics alone.
โ๐ฆ๐ฒ๐ด๐บ๐ฒ๐ป๐ ๐ช๐ถ๐๐ฒ ๐๐๐ป๐ฎ๐บ๐ถ๐ฐ๐ (๐ง๐๐ฅ๐ ๐ฆ๐๐๐ฑ๐ ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ฒ)
โ2W/3W:
EVs dominate Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) due to high daily utilization and low running costs.
โTaxis & LCVs:
CNG remains most competitive due to quick pump times and established refuelling networks.
โHeavy Freight:
LNG outperforms battery electric options by avoiding payload loss and battery weight constraints.
โLife Cycle Analysis:
CNG currently carries the lowest overall environmental burden because India's grid power remains coal heavy.
โ๐๐ฒ๐ ๐ฉ๐๐น๐ป๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ฎ๐ฏ๐ถ๐น๐ถ๐๐:
โShifting from oil to gas or EVs merely trades crude import reliance for imported LNG or critical minerals (lithium, cobalt, graphite).
โ๐ช๐ฎ๐ ๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฑ & ๐ฃ๐ผ๐น๐ถ๐ฐ๐ ๐๐บ๐ฝ๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐๐ฒ๐:
โNational Fuel Policy:
Adopt a unified, science based framework updating the 2014 Auto Fuel Vision.
โTaxation:
Bring natural gas and automotive fuels under GST to eliminate fragmented state VAT regimes.
โInfrastructure & Circularity:
Expand CBG from farm waste, build LNG highways and EV charging corridors, and mandate battery material recycling.
๐2โค1
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Tomorrow | 6 PM | Hinglish | Live on Zoom
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Your FREE Prelims 2027 Workshop with Shradha Maโam is tomorrow! Learn smart strategies for Prelims and CSAT.
Tomorrow | 6 PM | Hinglish | Live on Zoom
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Your FREE HPAS Prelims Strategy Workshop with Manisha Maโam starts in 1 hour!
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India's Female Labour Force Participation is currently at ~33%, but the goal is to hit 70% by 2047.
Here is how dismantling structural hurdles and scaling safe infrastructure can help us get there
โ๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐ฒ ๐ง๐ต๐ฒ๐บ๐ฒ
Addressing India's low Female Labour Force Participation (FLFP) at ~33% by dismantling structural job shortages, safety hurdles, and social norms to hit the 2047 target.
โ๐ฆ๐๐ฟ๐๐ฐ๐๐๐ฟ๐ฎ๐น ๐๐ผ๐๐๐น๐ฒ๐ป๐ฒ๐ฐ๐ธ๐
โEducation Job Gap:
Rising female higher education has coincided with falling employment due to a lack of safe, local jobs.
โU Shaped Curve:
Increased household wealth often drives women out of manual labor to conform with caste based seclusion and status norms.
โLow Financial Agency:
Only ~18% of married women independently decide how to spend their earnings.
โ๐ฅ๐ฒ๐ด๐ถ๐ผ๐ป๐ฎ๐น ๐ ๐ผ๐ฑ๐ฒ๐น๐
โTamil Nadu:
Houses ~42% of registered factory women (~6.3 lakh) supported by Thozhi hostels, creches, and night shift security.
โDelhi:
Stagnates at ~13% FLFP despite high wealth and education due to severe safety and transport constraints.
โ๐ช๐ฎ๐ ๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฑ
โSafety & Mobility:
Improve public transport and walkable urban corridors to reduce risks of sexual violence restricting employment.
โDirect Financial Control:
Route welfare payments (like MGNREGA wages) directly to individual women's accounts to boost household bargaining power.
โInfrastructure Scaling:
Expand working women's hostels and mandatory childcare near industrial clusters to support the 70% participation target by 2047.
Here is how dismantling structural hurdles and scaling safe infrastructure can help us get there
โ๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐ฒ ๐ง๐ต๐ฒ๐บ๐ฒ
Addressing India's low Female Labour Force Participation (FLFP) at ~33% by dismantling structural job shortages, safety hurdles, and social norms to hit the 2047 target.
โ๐ฆ๐๐ฟ๐๐ฐ๐๐๐ฟ๐ฎ๐น ๐๐ผ๐๐๐น๐ฒ๐ป๐ฒ๐ฐ๐ธ๐
โEducation Job Gap:
Rising female higher education has coincided with falling employment due to a lack of safe, local jobs.
โU Shaped Curve:
Increased household wealth often drives women out of manual labor to conform with caste based seclusion and status norms.
โLow Financial Agency:
Only ~18% of married women independently decide how to spend their earnings.
โ๐ฅ๐ฒ๐ด๐ถ๐ผ๐ป๐ฎ๐น ๐ ๐ผ๐ฑ๐ฒ๐น๐
โTamil Nadu:
Houses ~42% of registered factory women (~6.3 lakh) supported by Thozhi hostels, creches, and night shift security.
โDelhi:
Stagnates at ~13% FLFP despite high wealth and education due to severe safety and transport constraints.
โ๐ช๐ฎ๐ ๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฑ
โSafety & Mobility:
Improve public transport and walkable urban corridors to reduce risks of sexual violence restricting employment.
โDirect Financial Control:
Route welfare payments (like MGNREGA wages) directly to individual women's accounts to boost household bargaining power.
โInfrastructure Scaling:
Expand working women's hostels and mandatory childcare near industrial clusters to support the 70% participation target by 2047.
โค5๐2
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โข History & State Formation
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Forwarded from
I often wonder ke even after a lot of people oppose the govt, the ruling party still ends up winning
Looking at the maths of it, it might not be that hard to understand why ??
Sharing a part of the offline class where I discussed this ๐
https://youtu.be/toFXi2Z3ab4?si=D2WxgVH5TQL59sna
Looking at the maths of it, it might not be that hard to understand why ??
Sharing a part of the offline class where I discussed this ๐
https://youtu.be/toFXi2Z3ab4?si=D2WxgVH5TQL59sna
๐3โค2