Finding the right resources for International Relations can be tough since there is no single standard book.
To help you out, these notes provide complete, exam-ready coverage all in one place!
Link: https://store.sleepyclasses.com/ebook/international-relations-upsc-cse-general-studies-notes-e-book/?srsltid=AfmBOoqMliji1FTOL5HeiuQx7iGSfUsC0AJo0tHZj9cYdHDgEQrSEOF3
To help you out, these notes provide complete, exam-ready coverage all in one place!
Link: https://store.sleepyclasses.com/ebook/international-relations-upsc-cse-general-studies-notes-e-book/?srsltid=AfmBOoqMliji1FTOL5HeiuQx7iGSfUsC0AJo0tHZj9cYdHDgEQrSEOF3
Tigris River
[ Places in the news ]
✅ What it is :
- One of the two great rivers of ancient Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates.
- Core of the historic Fertile Crescent, where early civilisations developed.
✅ Origin of the river :
- Originates from Lake Hazar in the Taurus Mountains, southeastern Türkiye.
- Flows southeast, roughly parallel to the Euphrates.
✅Countries it flows through :
- Türkiye (upper reaches)
- Iraq
- Joins the Euphrates to form the Shatt al-Arab, which empties into the Persian Gulf
✅ Major tributaries :
- Greater Zab
- Lesser Zab
- Al-Adhaim
- Diyala
- Karkheh (from Iran)
✅Key features :
- Second-largest river in Western Asia.
- Supports irrigation in arid and semi-arid regions.
- Used for drinking water, agriculture,
transport, industry, and hydropower.
- Contains several dams for electricity generation and water storage.
[ Places in the news ]
✅ What it is :
- One of the two great rivers of ancient Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates.
- Core of the historic Fertile Crescent, where early civilisations developed.
✅ Origin of the river :
- Originates from Lake Hazar in the Taurus Mountains, southeastern Türkiye.
- Flows southeast, roughly parallel to the Euphrates.
✅Countries it flows through :
- Türkiye (upper reaches)
- Iraq
- Joins the Euphrates to form the Shatt al-Arab, which empties into the Persian Gulf
✅ Major tributaries :
- Greater Zab
- Lesser Zab
- Al-Adhaim
- Diyala
- Karkheh (from Iran)
✅Key features :
- Second-largest river in Western Asia.
- Supports irrigation in arid and semi-arid regions.
- Used for drinking water, agriculture,
transport, industry, and hydropower.
- Contains several dams for electricity generation and water storage.
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My class notes are available at a special discounted price for a limited time .
A perfect Christmas gift for yourself or a friend 📚✨
Link : https://store.sleepyclasses.com/
UPSC Prelims 2026 Polity PRE-MIX | Master Fundamental Rights MCQs | Solve MCQs Daily
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You can’t afford to ignore Environment—15–18 questions every year.
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These notes cut the noise and focus only on Prelims-relevant themes and traps.
Link : https://store.sleepyclasses.com/ebook/environment-upsc-cse-general-studies-notes/
Mount Kilimanjaro
[ Places in the news ]
✅ What it is :
– Africa’s highest mountain and the world’s tallest free-standing volcanic massif.
– Height: 5,895 metres above sea level.
– A major geographical, ecological, and tourism landmark.
✅ Location :
– Northeastern Tanzania, near the Kenya border.
– Around 160 km east of the East African Rift System.
– About 225 km south of Nairobi.
– Protected under Mount Kilimanjaro National Park.
– Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987.
✅ Origin :
– Formed due to volcanic activity linked to tectonic movements of the East African Rift.
– Developed through multiple volcanic eruptions over millions of years.
– Shaped further by erosion and glaciation processes.
[ Places in the news ]
✅ What it is :
– Africa’s highest mountain and the world’s tallest free-standing volcanic massif.
– Height: 5,895 metres above sea level.
– A major geographical, ecological, and tourism landmark.
✅ Location :
– Northeastern Tanzania, near the Kenya border.
– Around 160 km east of the East African Rift System.
– About 225 km south of Nairobi.
– Protected under Mount Kilimanjaro National Park.
– Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987.
✅ Origin :
– Formed due to volcanic activity linked to tectonic movements of the East African Rift.
– Developed through multiple volcanic eruptions over millions of years.
– Shaped further by erosion and glaciation processes.
Somaliland
[ Places in the news ]
✅ What it is :
- Self-declared independent state in the Horn of Africa.
- Separated from Somalia in 199.
- Has its own government, currency, and security forces.
- First bilateral recognition by Israel in 2025.
✅Location :
- Along the Gulf of Aden.
- Territory of former British Somaliland.
- Borders: Djibouti, Ethiopia, Somalia (including Puntland)
✅ Historical background :
- 1888: British protectorate.
- 1960: Independence; merged with Italian Somaliland.
- 1991: Declared independence after Somali state collapse.
- 2001: Referendum approved independence (97% support)
✅ Present status :
- De facto state with political stability.
- Not recognised by UN or AU; claimed by Somalia.
- Conducts elections and controls internal security.
[ Places in the news ]
✅ What it is :
- Self-declared independent state in the Horn of Africa.
- Separated from Somalia in 199.
- Has its own government, currency, and security forces.
- First bilateral recognition by Israel in 2025.
✅Location :
- Along the Gulf of Aden.
- Territory of former British Somaliland.
- Borders: Djibouti, Ethiopia, Somalia (including Puntland)
✅ Historical background :
- 1888: British protectorate.
- 1960: Independence; merged with Italian Somaliland.
- 1991: Declared independence after Somali state collapse.
- 2001: Referendum approved independence (97% support)
✅ Present status :
- De facto state with political stability.
- Not recognised by UN or AU; claimed by Somalia.
- Conducts elections and controls internal security.