Palladium:

● Palladium is a chemical element with the symbol Pd and atomic number 46.

● It is a shiny white metal in the same group as platinum, along with ruthenium, rhodium, osmium, and iridium.

● Most of it is extracted as a byproduct in the mining of other metals, usually platinum and Nickel.

● The majority of the world's palladium comes from Russia and South Africa.

● Usage:

○ About 85% of palladium ends up in catalytic converters in car exhausts, where it helps turn toxic pollutants into less-harmful carbon dioxide and water vapor.

○ Palladium is also used in electronics, dentistry, medicine, hydrogen purification, chemical applications, groundwater treatment, and jewelry.

○ Palladium is also a key component of fuel cells, which react hydrogen with oxygen to produce electricity, heat, and water.

Net Zero Producers Forum

-The forum has been formed for the oil and gas producers to discuss how to support the implementation of Paris Agreement on Climate Change.

-aims to develop pragmatic net zero emission strategies.

Aim at
- Methane abatement
- advancing the circular carbon economy approach.
- the development of carbon capture and storage technologies.
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The Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS)

-is a network of 83 central banks and financial supervisors that aims to accelerate the scaling up of green finance and develop recommendations for central banks' role for climate change

- RBI joined it.

-HQ - Paris , France

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#Environment

Global Electric Vehicle Outlook 2021

● Released by: It is an annual report released by International Energy Agency(IEA)

● Purpose: The report looks at the latest EV trends and main drivers for road transport sector electrification around the world.

● According to the report, three million new electric cars were registered in 2020.This was 41% higher than those registered in 2019.

● In India, more than 30% of the new vehicle sales in India will be electric by 2030.

White Bellied Heron:

● The White-bellied Heron is a rare and elusive bird.It is the second largest living species of heron.

● Habitat: It is one of the rarest birds in the world and is at present found only in Bhutan, Myanmar and the Namdapha Tiger Reserve in Arunachal Pradesh, India.It had also been recorded in the Kamlang Tiger Reserve in Lohit district in Arunachal Pradesh through camera trap images.

● IUCN Status: Critically Endangered

● Indian Wildlife Protection Act,1972: Schedule IV

Why in News? The white-bellied heron was spotted at Walong in the Anjaw district of Arunachal Pradesh.

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What is RTS-S in News?

● RTS-S is a vaccine against malaria that has been in development for more than 30 years.

● It is being developed by Walter Reed Institute of Research and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation with the PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative.

● The vaccine is designed to stop the Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite from entering the liver and preventing the subsequent deadly blood stages.

● Till date, it is the only vaccine to reduce malaria in children.However, it doesn’t have high efficacy.

What is R21/Matrix M?

● R21/Matrix M is a modified version of RTS-S.It has been developed by scientists at University of Oxford.Serum Institute of India is manufacturing it.

● The vaccine trial began in 2014-15.The result of the trial has shown a 77% efficacy making it the first vaccine to reach WHO’s goal of at least 75% efficacy.

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Strategic disinvestment is the transfer of the ownership and control of a public sector entity to some other entity (mostly to a private sector entity).

- Sale of more than 50% Share

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5G Technology:

● 5G or fifth generation is the latest upgrade in the long-term evolution (LTE) mobile broadband networks.

● 5G mainly works in 3 bands, namely low, mid and high frequency spectrum.

● 5G technology is expected to deliver improved user experience in terms of data download rates (expected to be 10 times that of 4G), up to three times greater spectrum efficiency and ultra low latency to enable Industry 4.0.

What is 5Gi Technology:

● 5Gi stands for 5G Radio Interface Technology.It has been developed by Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Centre of Excellence in Wireless Technology and the IIT-Hyderabad.

● Objective: 5Gi technology is primarily meant to enhance rural coverage as it facilitates much larger reach of the 5G towers and radio networks. Hence, it is a major breakthrough for bridging the rural-urban digital divide in 5G deployment

UNESCO
-UN Educational Scientific and Cultural Organizationis responsible for promoting peace, social justice, human rights and international security through International cooperation on educational, science and cultural programs.

-Based in Paris, France.
- It accorded recognition in 2011 to Palestine as its 195thmember.
- It is a global development agency with missions that include promoting sex education, literacy, clean water and equality for women.

- It is responsible for promoting peace, social justice, human rights and international security through International cooperation on educational, science and cultural programs.


World Heritage Mission which encourages world countries to protect Natural and
Cultural Heritage sites.

-publishes theGlobal Education Monitoring report and Gender Parity Index.

- leads the Man and Biosphere Programme for protecting Biosphere reserves across the world.

-UNESCO Creative City

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ARTHASHASTRA - Economy shots

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🔺A line of credit
- The Line of Credit is not a grant but a ‘soft loan’ provided on concessional interest rates to developing countries, which has to be repaid by the borrowing government.

-The Line of Credit – LOCs also helps to promote exports of Indian goods and services, as 75% of the value of the contract must be sourced from India.


🔹A letter of credit
-A letter of credit is a letter from a bank guaranteeing that a buyer's payment to a seller will be received on time and for the correct amount.

-In the event that the buyer is unable to make payment on the purchase, the bank will be required to cover the full or remaining amount of the purchase.


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🔺Supervisory Action Framework (SAF)

-Brought by RBI for urban-cooperative banks (UCBs)
-Similar to Prompt corrective action

- SAF is also invoked based on three parameters
a) NPA level,
b) two consecutive years loss and
c) capital adequacy ratio

• SAF in UCB can also be initiated in case of serious governance issues.
• Various restrictions on dividend, donation, new loans, capital expenditure etc. can be imposed.

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🔺Types of Economy: In News #Arthashastra 3

🔹What is a Gig Economy?
- In a gig economy, temporary, flexible jobs are commonplace and companies tend toward hiring independent contractors and freelancers instead of full-time employees.
- A gig economy undermines the traditional economy of full-time workers who rarely change positions and instead focus on a lifetime career.

🔹What is Circular Economy?
- The circular economy is a model of production and consumption, which involves sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, re furbishing and recycling existing materials and products as long as possible. In this way, the life cycle of products is extended.

🔹Golidilock economy:
-A concept of economy where economy of country is not to hot and not to cold.
- The term describes an ideal state for an economic system. In this perfect state, there is full employment, economic stability, and stable growth.
- The economy is not expanding or contracting by a large margin. A Goldilocks economy is warm enough with steady economic growth to prevent a recession.

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🔺Producer Price Index

#Arthashastra 4

- PPI is an index that measures the average price change of goods and services. It can be calculated either when the goods leave the place of production or as they enter the production process.

-Recommended by Goldhar Committee

-It tracks price change in both the goods and the services sector, giving a clear picture of the inflation in the country

-The PPI measures price movements from the seller’s point of view.

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#Arthashastra 5

🔹Bond
Is an instrument to borrow money. A bond could be issued by a country’s government or by a company to raise funds.

🔹Coupon Rate
It is the rate of interest paid by bond issuers on the bond's face value.


🔹Bond Yield

Bond yield is the return an investor realizes on a bond. The mathematical formula for calculating yield is the annual coupon rate divided by the current market price of the bond


🔹Relationship between bond prices and bond yields
There is an inverse relationship between bond prices and bond yields. If the bond prices fall, the yield rises and vice-versa.

🔹What is yield inversion ?

Yield inversion happens when the yield on a longer tenure bond becomes less than the yield for a shorter tenure bond.

🔹What is a yield curve ?

A yield curve is a graphical representation of yields for bonds (with an equal credit rating) over different time horizons.

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