Nathu La Pass - It is located in the state of Sikkim. This famous pass is located in the India- China border and was reopened in 2006.
-It forms a part of an offshoot of the ancient silk route.
-It is one of the border trading posts between India and China.

Shipki La Pass - It is located through Sutlej Gorge. It connects Himachal Pradesh with Tibet. It is India’s third border post for trade with China after Lipu Lekh and Nathula Pass.

Jelep La Pass - This pass passes through the Chumbi valley. It connects Sikkim with Lhasa, the capital of Tibet.

Lanak La Pass - This is located in the Aksai Chin in the Ladakh UnionnTerritory and not in Jammu and Kashmir. It connects Ladakh and Lhasa.

Lipu Lekh Pass – It is located in Uttarakhand. It connects Uttarakhand with Tibet. This pass is an important border post for trade with China. The pilgrims for Manasarovar travel through this pass. It was in news due to Nepal redrawing its political map.

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Light Pollution

– Light pollution is excessive, misdirected, or obtrusive artificial (usually outdoor) light.
-- Light reflected from these satellites can be confused for light coming from the heavenly bodies by the astronomers.

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Gender Samvaad:

● Gender Samvaad is a joint initiative of Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Rural Livelihoods Mission(DAY-NRLM) and Initiative for What Works to Advance Women and Girls in the Economy(IWWAGE).

● Aim: To generate greater awareness on gender related interventions under DAY-NRLM across the country with a focus on hearing voices from the states and the field.

Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana -National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM)

● It is a centrally sponsored programme launched by the Ministry of Rural Development in June 2011.

● Aim: To eliminate rural poverty through the promotion of multiple livelihoods and improved access to financial services for the rural poor households across the country.

● The scheme is aided in part through investment support by the World Bank.

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Blue Nature Alliance

● Blue Nature Alliance is a global partnership founded and led by Conservation International, Pew Charitable Trusts, Global Environment Facility(GEF), Minderoo Foundation and Rob & Melani Walton Foundation.

● Objective: To safeguard global ocean biodiversity, build resilience to climate change, promote human well-being and enhance ecosystem connectivity.

● Targets: The alliance has a target:
○ To conserve 18 million square kilometers of ocean in five years.
○ To protect 5% of the world's ocean in five years.
○ To help the world achieve 30% ocean conservation by 2030.

Leaders Summit on Climate:

● Leaders Summit on Climate is a conference hosted by the United States(US) President on Earth Day.

● The summit coincides with the fifth anniversary of the opening of the Paris Agreement on climate change for signature.

● The summit is also a precursor to the United Nations Climate Change Conference(COP26) that will take place later this year in Glasgow.

● Aim of the Summit:
○ To highlight the critical role of technological innovation in achieving a net-zero, climate-resilient economy
○ To highlight the broad economic benefits of climate action with a strong focus on job creation.

Ways and Means Advances(WMA) Scheme:

● Ways and Means Advances(WMA) Scheme was introduced in 1997.

● Purpose: These are temporary loan facilities provided by the Reserve Bank of India(RBI) to the central and state governments to meet mismatches in the cash flows of their receipts and expenditures.

● Interest Rate: It is currently at the existing repo rate and the tenure is for three months.However, if the tenure is extended,it will be treated as an overdraft which is charged above repo rate.

● Types of WMA:

○ Special WMA: It is extended against the collateral of the government securities held by the State Government and

○ Normal WMA: It is based on a three-year average of actual revenue and capital expenditure of the state.It is not collateral based.

Zeroing in on malaria elimination Report:

● Released by: World Health Organization (WHO)

● Purpose: The report provides the progress made by 21 malaria eliminating countries as part of the “E-2020 Initiative”.

E-2020 Initiative:

● WHO had launched the E-2020 initiative in 2017.The initiative has supported 21 countries in their efforts to get to zero malaria cases within the 2020 timeline.

E-2025 Initiative:

● Building on the successes of the E-2020, WHO has launched the E-2025 initiative.

● As part of this initiative, WHO has identified 25 countries that have the potential to stamp out malaria within a 5-year timeline.

● These countries will receive specialized support and technical guidance from WHO as they work towards the target of zero malaria.

World Malaria Day:
● It is observed on April 25 every year by the WHO.

● 2021 Theme: “Reaching the Zero Malaria target".


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Energy Transition Index(ETI),2021:

● Released by: World Economic Forum (WEF).

● Objective: To enable policy-makers and businesses to plot the course for a successful energy transition.

● Parameters: The index ranks 115 countries on the following indicators:

○ Current performance of their energy systems across three dimensions -- economic development and growth, environmental sustainability and energy security and access indicators;

○ Readiness to transition to secure, sustainable, affordable and inclusive energy systems.

● Ranking: Sweden has topped the index followed by Norway and Denmark.

● India has been ranked at the 87th position among 115 countries in the Index.

What is an Oxygen Concentrator in News?

● Oxygen Concentrator is a medical device capable of concentrating oxygen from atmospheric air.

● Atmospheric air is largely made up of 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen.

● The oxygen concentrator accumulates this air, filters it via a sieve, releases the nitrogen back into the air and collects the concentrated oxygen.

● This compressed oxygen which is of 90 to 95% purity can then be dispensed through a nasal cannula using a pressure valve that regulates its flow.

● An oxygen concentrator can deliver oxygen at a rate of between one and 10 litres per minute.

● The oxygen concentrators can be used for mild to moderate COVID patients but it is not recommended to use for the critical ICU patients.

Global Forest Goals Report 2021:

● Released by: Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations

● Purpose: The Report is the first evaluation of where the world stands in implementing the United Nations Strategic Plan for Forests 2030.

United Nations Strategic Plan for Forests 2017-2030 (UNSPF):

● The plan was adopted at a special session of the UN Forum on Forests held in 2017.

● The plan contains a set of six Global Forest Goals and 26 associated targets to be reached by 2030 which are voluntary and universal.

● It also includes a target to increase forest area by 3% worldwide by 2030 signifying an increase of 120 million hectares, an area over twice the size of France.

Agriculture Infrastructure Fund(AIF):

● Type: Central Sector Scheme

● Objective: To provide medium - long term debt financing facility for investment in viable projects relating to post harvest management Infrastructure and community farming assets through incentives and financial support.

● Under the Fund, Rs. 1 Lakh Crore will be provided by banks and financial institutions as loans to eligible beneficiaries.

● Beneficiaries: Farmers, FPOs, PACS, Marketing Cooperative Societies, SHGs, Joint Liability Groups(JLG), Agri-entrepreneurs, Start-ups and Central/State agency or Local Body sponsored Public-Private Partnership Projects.

● Interest Subvention: Loans will have interest subvention of 3% per annum up to a limit of Rs. 2 crore.This subvention will be available for a maximum period of seven years.

● Credit Guarantee: A credit guarantee coverage will be available for eligible borrowers from the scheme under Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises(CGTMSE) scheme for a loan up to Rs. 2 crore.

● Duration of the Fund: FY2020 to FY2029 (10 years)

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