🔥 Forest Declaration Assessment 2022

The Forest Declaration Assessment (formerly the New York Declaration on Forests (NYDF) Progress Assessment) is an independent, civil society-led initiative to assess progress toward the global goals of
halting deforestation and restoring 350 million hectares of degraded land by 2030 as set out in international declarations such as the New York Declaration on Forests (2014) and the Glasgow Leaders’Declaration on Forests and Land Use (2021).

-In 2021, deforestation rates have declined at the global level by 6.3 per cent compared to 2018-20 baseline.

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Himalayan Trillium:

● Common Herb of the Himalayas, locally called as Nagchatri.

● IUCN status : endangered

● Found in temperate and sub-alpine zones of the Himalayas at an altitude from 2,400-4,000 metres above sea level.

● Application : traditional medicine to cure diseases like dysentery, wounds, skin boils, inflammation, sepsis, as well as menstrual and sexual disorders.


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🔥Bioprospecting

-Bioprospecting is defined as a systematic and organised search for useful products derived from bioresources including plants, microorganisms, animals, etc., that can be developed further for commercialization and overall benefits of the society.

🔥Biopiracy

-Biopiracy is defined as the privatisation and unauthorised use of biological resources by entities (including corporations, universities and governments) outside a country which has pre-existing knowledge of rare biological resources. Biopiracy is the theft or usurpation of genetic materials especially plants and other biological materials by the patent process.

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🔥Bosch Process

Bosch Process is used to make industrial hydrogen by passing steam over white-hot coke to produce water gas (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen) which in the presence of a catalyst (a metal oxide) reacts with more steam to liberate hydrogen and carbon dioxide.

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🔴Maharishi Valmiki

Adi Kavi: Maharishi Valmiki is revered as the first poet (Adi Kavi) in Sanskrit literature.

Ramayana Authorship: He is credited with composing the Ramayana, a foundational epic in the Sanskrit literary tradition.

Composition Details: The Ramayana consists of 24,000 verses, divided into 7 kandas (books), detailing Lord Ram's life and journey.
Personal Appearance: Valmiki himself is featured in the Bala and Uttara Kandas of the Ramayana.

Valmiki Jayanti: His birth anniversary is celebrated as Valmiki Jayanti or Pargat Diwas, observed on the full moon day of the Hindu month of Ashvin (September-October).

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💳 What is a Payment Aggregator?

🔹 Meaning: A service provider that enables merchants to accept multiple digital payment methods (cards, UPI, net banking, wallets) without creating separate bank tie-ups.

🔹 Role: Collects customer payments & settles to merchant’s account.
🔹 Examples: Razorpay, PayU, Cashfree, Instamojo, Paytm Payment Gateway.

🔹 RBI Regulation:
-Authorized under Payment & Settlement Systems Act, 2007.
-Must follow KYC norms, settlement timelines, security & fraud-prevention measures.

🔹 Difference:
Payment Gateway → Only tech platform.
Payment Aggregator → Tech + handles funds & settlement

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