#Mains Answer Writing Practice
Q. What are the Constitutional, institutional and operational aspects of centre-state relationships that has serious implications on internal security of the country.

#Polity Q111. The original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court does not cover which of the following matters?
1. Disputes arising between the Government of India and one or more States.
2. Inter-state water disputes.
3. Enforcement of fundamental rights.

#Polity Q112. Consider the following statements about Ad-Hoc judge:
1. He is appointed by the Chief Justice of India when there is a lack of quorum of the permanent judges to hold or continue any session of the Supreme Court.
2. Chief Justice of India uses his own discretion in appointment of ad hoc judge.

#Polity Q116. Consider the following statements:
1. Not only the appointment, but the transfer of judges from one court to another is also looked after by the collegium system.
2. When a Judge is transferred, the compensatory allowance he gets, is determined by the Parliament by law.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

#Polity Q117. Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?
1. Article 74: Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to Lok Sabha
2. Article 77: Conduct of Business of Government of India
3. Article 78: Duty of the Prime Minister with respect to the President.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

#Polity Q118. Consider the following statements regarding Zonal Councils in India:
1. They are the constitutional bodies.
2. They aim at promoting cooperation and coordination between states, union territories and the Centre.
Which of the above statements is/are incorrect?

Advent of European Companies (in-Shorts)
Vasco da Gama led by a Gujarati guide named Abdul Majid arrived at Calicut, a port situated on the Indian Western Coast on 20 May 1498. He had successfully discovered the sea route to India. The then ruler of Calicut, the Zamonn, welcomed Vasco da Gama.
The arrival of Vasco da Gama in India started a new era of trade between Portuguese and India.
Vasco da Gama made 60 times more profit in the business of Black Pepper which was enough to lure other merchants to India.
In 1505, Francisco de Almeida arrived in India as the first Portuguese governor and Viceroy. In the light of Portuguese trade interests and to establish Portuguese authority in the Indian Ocean, Almeida rendered the Blue Water Policy.
Afonso de Albuquerque came as the governor in 1509 after Almeida. In 1510, he snatched Goa from Yusuf Adil Shah, ruler of Bijapur, and established his authority there. He is known as the real founder of the Portuguese power in India.
Albuquerque in 1511 captured Malacca, an important South-East Asian Market and, in 1515, captured Hormuz situated at the mouth of Persian Gulf.
Nino da Cunha assumed the Governor office after Albuquerque in 1529 and remained the Governor till the end of 1538.
The Sea Route to India was discovered by Portuguese traveler Vasco da Gama, whereas Spanish traveler Columbus discovered a route to America, Captain Cook of Britain discovered a route to America, Captain Cook of Britain discovered a route to Australia and Tasman of Holland discovered Van Demon's land (currently Tasmania) and New Zealand.
In 1503, at Cochin, the first Portuguese Fort (first European Fort in India) was constructed by Afonso de Albuquerque (he was not Viceroy then).
Portuguese were the first to establish trade relations with India during medieval times.
The sequence of Arrival of European Companies to India is : Portuguese, Dutch, English, Danes and French.
Portuguese were first to arrive in 1498 and were last to exit India in 1961.
In 1961 the Portuguese Governor General of Goa was Manuel Antonio Vassalo e Silva (1958-61).
Jose Ferreira Bossa was the Governor General of Goa when India got Independence in 1947.
Among all European powers, the Portuguese were the first to establish trading centers in India.
The Portuguese in 1503 established their first factory at Cochin whereas their second factory was established at Kannur in 1505.
In 1534, Portuguese successfully got the permission of ruler of Bengal Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah to factories at Satgaon and Chatgaon.
Hooghly was used as a base by the Portuguese for plundering activities in the Bay of Bengal.
In 1632, Mughal king Shahjahan completely destroyed all establishments of Portuguese in Hooghly and imprisoned thousands of Portuguese residents.

Yangki – Arunachal’s 1st female IPS officer | Arunachal Observer
https://arunachalobserver.org/2023/07/25/yangki-arunachals-1st-female-ips-officer/