Q: : The nurse is planning to teach a patient with asthma about his medications. He has been prescribed triamcinolone (Azmacort), an inhaled corticosteroid, two puffs twice daily and albuterol sulfate (Proventil), a bronchodilator, two puffs every four hours as needed. The most important fact that the nurse should stress in her teaching is:

1. in order to prevent oral candidiasis, he must be sure to rinse his mouth after each use of bronchodilator

2. use of a bronchodilator, such as albuterol sulfate (Proventil), will help to reduce the amount of future acute asthma attacks

3. only an inhaled corticosteroid like triamcinalone (Azmacort) will offer relief during an acute asthma attack

4. only a fast acting bronchodilator, such as albuterol (Proventil), will give him immediate relief from an acute asthma attack

Comment your answer below 👇

पृथ्वी दिवस
🌎हमारे पर्यावरण के स्वास्थ्य के प्रति जागरूकता बढ़ाने के लिए हर साल 22 अप्रैल को दुनिया भर में विश्व पृथ्वी दिवस मनाया जाता है।
🌎 इसका उद्देश्य पर्यावरण संरक्षण के लिए लोगों को एक साथ आने के लिए प्रोत्साहित करना है।
🌎वर्ष 1969 में यूनेस्को द्वारा आयोजित एक प्रेस कॉन्फ्रेंस में 21 मार्च, 1970 को इस दिन को प्रथम बार मनाने का निर्णय लिया गया, परंतु बाद में इसमें कुछ परिवर्तन किए गए और 22 अप्रैल के दिन इसे मनाने का निर्णय लिया गया।
🌎इस दिन का मुख्य उद्देश्य शुद्ध हवा, पानी और पर्यावरण के लिए लोगों को प्रेरित करना है।
🌎पृथ्वी दिवस 2024 की थीम 'ग्रह (प्लेनेट) बनाम प्लास्टिक' है।
🌎पृथ्वी दिवस हमारे ग्रह को समर्पित एक अंतर्राष्ट्रीय दिवस है। यह पर्यावरण की ओर ध्यान आकर्षित करता है और संरक्षण और स्थिरता को बढ़ावा देता है।

69thNationalFilmAwards

🔥 Allu Arjun Wins Best Actor For His Role In Pushpa The Rise Part 1

⚡ Alia Bhatt And Kriti Sanon Share The Best Actress Award For Gangubai Kathiawadi & Mimi

📄 Pallavi Joshi Wins The Best Supporting Actress Award For Kashmir Files

👏 Pankaj Tripathi Wins The Best Supporting Actor Award For Mimi

🚀 Rocketry: The Nambi Effect' wins the Best Feature Film Award

⭐ Sardar Udham Wins The Best Hindi Film
⭐ Shershaah Wins The Special Jury Award
⭐ RRR Wins The Award For Best Popular Film

🏆 The Kashmir Files Wins Nargis Dutt Award For Best Feature Film

🎙️ Shreya Ghoshal Wins The Best Female Playback Singer For The Song Mayava Chayava From The Film Iravin Nizhal

🎙️ Kaala Bhairava Wins The Best Male Playback Singer For The Song Komuram Bheemudo From The Film RRR

Geography One Liner Questions

1. केंद्रशासित प्रदेश अंडमान-निकोबार द्वीपसमूह की राजधानी पोर्ट ब्लेयर किस द्वीप पर स्थित है ?
Ans : दक्षिण अंडमान

2. कौन-सा राज्य उत्तरी पूर्वी राज्य की ‘सात बहनों’ का भाग नहीं है ?
Ans : सिक्किम व पश्चिमी बंगाल

3. कौन-सा महत्वपूर्ण अक्षांश भारत को दो भागों में बांटता है ?
Ans : 23°3’ उत्तर

4. उत्तर भारत में उपहिमालय क्षेत्र के सहारे फैले समतल मैदान क्या कहलाते हैं ?
Ans : भावर

5. कोरी निवेशिका कहाँ स्थित है ?
Ans : कच्छ का रन

6. भारत का कौन-सा राज्य तीन ओर बांग्लादेश से घिरा है ?
Ans :  त्रिपुरा

7. भारत के किस स्थान को ‘मरूस्थल की राजधानी’ कहा जाता है ?
Ans : जैसलमेर

8. अरावली और विंध्य श्रृंखलओं के बीच कौन-सा पठार है ?
Ans : मालवा का पठार

9. अरब सागर में स्थित भारतीय द्वीपों की मुख्य विशिष्टता क्या है ?
Ans : सभी द्वीप प्रवाल उद्गम के है

10. ‘मैकान का पठार’ भारत के किस राज्य में है ?
Ans : छत्तीसगढ़ में

11. छोटा नागपुर किसका नाम है ?
Ans : राँची का पठार

12. इंदिरा प्वाइंट भूमध्य रेखा से कितनी दूर है ?
Ans :  876 किमी

13. भारत और चीन की सीमा रेखा को स्पर्श करने वाले भारतीय राज्य कौन-से हैं ?
Ans : अरुणाचल प्रदेश, नागालैंड, मणिपुर एवं मिजोरम

14. दक्षिणी भारत की सबसे ऊँची चोटी कौन-सी है ?
Ans : अन्नाईमुडी

15. सर्वप्रथम ‘इंडिया’ शब्द का प्रयोग भारत के लिए किस भाषा में किया गया ?
Ans : ग्रीक

16. प्राचीन भारतीय भौगोलिक मान्यता के अनुसार भारत किस द्वीप का अंग था ?
Ans : जम्बू द्वीप का

17. भारतीय मानक समय कितने डिग्री देशांतर पर आधारित है ?
Ans : 82°36’ पूर्व देशांतर पर

18. आदम का पुल किन दो देशों के मध्य स्थित है ?
Ans : बैरन एवं नारकोण्डम

19. हैदराबाद का जुड़वां नगर कौन-सा है ?
Ans : सिकंद्राबाद

20. थार भूमि कहाँ स्थित है ?
Ans : राजस्थान

21. भारत का कौन-सा राज्य सबसे अधिक राज्य की सीमाओं को स्पर्श करता है ?
Ans : उत्तर प्रदेश

22. स्वतंत्रता से पहले कौन-सा भारतीय क्षेत्र ‘काला पानी’ के नाम से जाना जाता था ?
Ans : अंडमान-निकोबार द्वीप समूह

23. झांसी नगर भारत के किस राज्य में स्थित है ?
Ans : उत्तर प्रदेश

24. भारत की सबसे लंबी सुरंग ‘पीर पंजाल सुरंग’ किस राज्य में है ?
Ans : जम्मू-कश्मीर में

25. भारत और पाकिस्तान के बीच सीमा रेखा का निर्धारण किसने किया ?
Ans : सर जॉन रेडक्लिफ ने

Modes of Reproduction by organisms

✔️Fission – It's a process which leads to the creation of new individuals in a unicellular organism. Ex: Amoeba.✨

✔️Fragmentation - It is a process where multi-cellular organisms with relatively simple body organisation simply break up into smaller fragments and grow into new individuals. Ex: Spirogyra.✨

✔️Regeneration - An organism can give rise to new individual organisms from their body parts. Ex: Hydra and Planaria.✨

✔️Budding - Organisms like Hydra uses their regenerative cells for the reproduction of buds and buds develop into tiny individuals and when fully mature, detach from the parent body to become new independent individuals. This process is called budding.✨

✔️Vegetative Propagation - Parts of plants like the leaves, stem and root develop into new plants under appropriate conditions. This process is called vegetative propagation. Ex: Roses, Sugarcane, or Grapes.

🌻 *MUST KNOW ABOUT ZIDOVUDINE*✅

🌴Most commonly used NRTI in the treatment of HIV

🌴Used as prophylaxis in needle stick injury and to decrease vertical transmission from HIV mother to fetus.

🌴Side effect: Bone marrow suppression.

🌴Drug of choice for decreasing vertical transmission from HIV mother to fetus: NEVIRAPINE

🌴Safest NRTI: LAMIVUDINE

🌴All NRTI's casues acute pancreatitis and peripheral neuropathy.

🌴Maximum risk of acute pancreatitis with: DIDANOSINE

🌴Maximum risk of peripheral neuropathy with: STAVUDINE

🌴NRTI causing aphthous ulcer in mouth: Zalcitabine (withdrawn)

*COMPLICATIONS OF CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETERIZATION*

🌳 *Immediate*🌳

🌿• Bleeding

🌿• Arterial puncture

🌿• Arrhythmia

🌿• Air embolism

🌿• Thoracic duct injury (with left SC or left IJ approach)

🌿• Catheter malposition

🌿• Pneumothorax or hemothorax

🌳 *Delayed*🌳

🌿• Infection

🌿• Venous thrombosis, pulmonary emboli

🌿• Catheter migration

🌿• Myocardial perforation

🌿• Nerve injury

🌳 *PLEOMORPHIC ADENΟΜΑ*🌳

🌿• Overall most common tumor of salivary gland

🌿• MC benign salivary gland tumor

🌿• MC tumor of major salivary glands

🌿• MC site is parotid tail (superficial lobe).

🫁Respiratory Disorders🫁

🫁PULMONARY HYPERTENSION🫁

🫁DEFINITION:-
A condition in which blood pressure raise within the blood vessels while supplying it to the lungs. Pulmonary hypertension may be due to complication of pulmonary embolism.

🫁CAUSES:-
● Pulmonary embolism
● Septal defect (Heart disease)
● Chronic lung disease
Example: COPD
● Altered immune mechanisms
● Obesity
● Smoke inhalation.

🫁SIGN/SYMPTOMS:-
■ Chest pain
■ Dyspnea
■ Weakness
■ Fatigue
■ Syncope (fainting)
■ Occasional hemoptysis
■ Distended neck veins
■ Heart murmer
■ Peripheral oedema.

🫁COMPLICATIONS:-
○ Angina pectoris
○ CHF.

🫁DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION:-
□ Physical examination
□ Chest X-ray
□ Cardiac catheterization
□ ECG
□ Echocardiogram

🫁MEDICAL MANAGEMENT:-
The primary goal of treatment is to manage the underlying condition.
Others:
¤ Diuretic:
They increase frequency of urine.
Example:
- Thiazide - 40mg
- Furosemide - 20mg.
¤ Calcium channel blockers (calcium Antagonist):
They are used to decrease oxygen demand in Heart and improve coronary blood flow.
Example:
- Verapamil (Antiarrhythmic) (Administer empty stomach before meal).
- Nifedipine.
¤ Vasodilators:
These drugs acts as blood vessel dilator and open vessels by relaxing their muscular walls and decreased blood pressure.
Example: 
- Nitrates.
Short acting: Nitroglycerine - 15-12 mg (sublingual)
Long Acting: Isosorbide dinitrate - 5-10 mg.
¤ Prostaglandin prostacyclin
¤ Anticoagulation therapy
¤ Oxygen therapy
¤ Digoxin
¤ Endothelin antagonists
¤ phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors

🫁SURGICAL MANAGEMENT:-
◇ Lung transplantation: For patients who are refractory to medical therapy
◇ Atrial septostomy: May be considered for selected patients with severe disease. This procedure results in shunting of blood from the right side of the heart to the left, decreasing the strain on the right side of the heart and maintaining left ventricular output.

🫁NURSING MANAGEMENT:-
- The Nurse should identify patients at high risk for PH, such as those with COPD, PE, congenital heart disease, and mitral valve disease so that early treatment can be given.
- Administration of oxygen therapy appropriately and instruct the patient and family about use of home oxygen therapy.
- Administration of medication and instruct patient and family about medicines and follow-up.
- Emotional and psychosocial aspects of this disease must be addressed.

American Heart Association proposes to omit the following terminologies in it's latest scientific statement (May 2024)

❌️ 𝙃𝙮𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙩𝙚𝙣𝙨𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙪𝙧𝙜𝙚𝙣𝙘𝙮

❌️ 𝙃𝙮𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙩𝙚𝙣𝙨𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙘𝙧𝙞𝙨𝙞𝙨

Use of subjective emotive language such as 𝙘𝙧𝙞𝙨𝙞𝙨 and 𝙪𝙧𝙜𝙚𝙣𝙘𝙮 fail to acknowledge the nuances of treatment decisions and may encourage unnecessary antihypertensive treatment.

Therefore in a statement paper from AHA in May 2024, it is proposed the following objective terminologies:

✅️ 𝙃𝙮𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙩𝙚𝙣𝙨𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙚𝙢𝙚𝙧𝙜𝙚𝙣𝙘𝙮
🔸️SBP/DBP >180/110–120 mm Hg with evidence of new or worsening target-organ damage

✅️ 𝘼𝙨𝙮𝙢𝙥𝙩𝙤𝙢𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙢𝙖𝙧𝙠𝙚𝙙𝙡𝙮 𝙚𝙡𝙚𝙫𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙣𝙥𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝘽𝙋
🔸️SBP/ DBP >180/110–120 mm Hg without evidence of new or worsening target-organ damage

✅️ 𝘼𝙨𝙮𝙢𝙥𝙩𝙤𝙢𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙚𝙡𝙚𝙫𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙣𝙥𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝘽𝙋
🔸️SBP/DBP ≥130/80 mm Hg without evidence of new or worsening target-organ damage.

MOST IMPORTANT INDEX AND RANKING OF INDIA

🌾3rd - Unicorn | GeM

🌾4th - FirePower and Share Market (Stock)

🌾7th - Environment Index

🌾93rd - Corruption Perception Index

🌾108th - Gender Inequality Index (UNDP)

🌾111th - Hunger Index

🌾161th - Press Freedom Index

🌾126th - Hapiness and Peace

🌾127th - Gender Gap Index (UNDP)

🌾134th - Human Development Index

Chemistry important formula

🔺 Common salt ➠ NaCl

🔺 Baking Soda ➠ NaHC O₃

🔺 Washing Soda ➠ Na₂CO₃·10H₂O

🔺 Caustic Soda ➠ NaOH

🔺 Alum➠ K₂SO₄·Al₂(SO₄)₃·24H₂O

🔺 Red medicine ➠ KMnO₄

🔺 Caustic Potash ➠ KOH

🔺 Lime water ➠ Ca(OH)₂

🔺 Gypsum ➠ CaSO₄ 2H₂O

🔺 Plaster of Paris ➠ CaSO₄ ½H₂O

🔺 Chalk ➠ CaCO₃

🔺 Limestone ➠ CaCO₃

🔺 Marble ➠ CaCO₃

🔺 Naushadar ➠ NH₄Cl

🔺 Laughing Gas ➠ N₂O

🔺 Litharge ➠ PbO

🔺 Galena ➠ PbS

🔺 White Lead ➠ 2PbCO₃ Pb(OH)₂

🔺 Saltic acid ➠ HCl

🔺 Amlaraj ➠ HNO₃ + HCl (1 : 3)

🔺 Dry Ice ➠ CO₂

🔺 Horn Silver ➠ AgCl

🔺 Heavy water ➠ D₂O

🔺 Producer Gas ➠ CO + N₂

🔺 Marsh gas ➠ CH₄

🔺 Vinegar ➠ CH₃COOH

🔺 Alcohol ➠ C₂H₅OH

🔺 Sugar ➠ C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁

🔺 Urea ➠ NH₂CONH₂

🔺 Benzene ➠ C₆H₆

SGPGI 2024 - 60 Nursing Questions :

1 HPV dose = 2 dose
2 Hep B booster = 5 year
3 Which is correct regarding human reproductive system = Fertilisation take place in uterus tube
4 According to  fire safety papers are categorised in which fire class ? = Class A
5 8 yr child ET tune size = 6-7 mm
6 ICD chest tube except question = Clamp the tube while shifting
7 Essential AA except = Cysteine
8 Which blood products infused immediately = Thrombocytes
9 Iron absorption = Duodenum
10 AC = Before meal
11 Amiodarone mix with = Dextrose 5%
12 Drug used in Asystole = ADR
13 Benefit of Enteric coated medicine = Do not damage via gastric juice (HCL)
14 Hyperkalemia treatment in cardiac patient = Calcium gluconate
15 Spo2 measures = Ear lobes
16 GCS for = measure consciousness
17 Baby hold bottle = 4-6 month
18 Anterior frontanelle except = close in 1-2 month
19 Weight of baby at 5 month = double
20 NG tube measure = Nose to earlobe to xiphoid process
21 Code of cardiac arrest = Blue
22 Pain rating scale in child = FACES
23 1 ml atropine = 0.6 mg
24 Platelet from in = Bone marrow
25 During CPR initial current = Biphasic 120-200 J
26 35 yr smoking history has risk of = Chronic bronchitis
27 Diaphragm up during normal inspirations = 1-2 cm
28 Snellen chart = For distant vision
29 Meter dose inhaler question = Shake the vial, Inspired deeply & hold breath for 5 second
30 Folic acid giving to prevent NTD = Before conception
31 10 cuts in rode how many parts in iron rode = 11
32 Blood pH = 7.35-7.45
33 ECG P wave represent = Depolarisation atria
34 EMG function = to diagnose skeleton muscle function
35 Which test in not used in non-invasive cardiac function test = Thallium stress test
36 How much sodium in half DNS = 77 Meq/L
37 PRBC used within = 30 minute
38 Hand used in check temperature = Dorsum hand
39 Complication of peritoneal dialysis = Peritonitis
40 Sequence BLS = CAB
41 Drug used in HTN except = metformin
42 Iron used in Z track method = Venteogluteal
43 Non prescriptive contraceptive = Condom
44 Atropin work = Vagus nerve
45 BLS 1st priority = Patient safety
46 Oxygen administered mask question = Ventri mask
47 Pulse used to check after cardiac arrest in adult = Carotid
48 Cause of urosepsis in 75 yr old men = BPH
49 Hormone which produced by gland match correct = Leptin-Ovary
50 Diet giving in cardiac arrest patient = Low sodium & low cholesterol
51 Strongest natural fiber = Silk
52 Bed sore irrigation = Used Normal saline in each shift
53 After dressing give medicine question = remove gloves, wash hand then give medicine

Medical terminology

*1. Adeno* - Glandular
*2. An* - Not
*3. Anti* - Against
*4. Aorto* - Aorta
*5. Artho* - joint
*6. Bleph* - Eyelid
*7. Broncho* - Bronchi
*8. Cardio* - Heart
*9. Cephal* - Head
*10. Cerebro* - Brain
*11. Cervico* - Cervix
*12. Cholecysto* - Gall Bladder
*13. Coli* - Bowel
*14. Colpo* - Vagina
*15. Entero* - Intestine
*16. Gastro* - Stomach
*17. Glosso* - Tongue
*18. Haema* - Blood
*19. Hepa* - Liver
*20. Hystero* - Uterus
*21. Laryngo* - Larynx
*22. Leuco* - White
*23. Metro* - Uterus
*24. Myelo* - Spinal cord
*25. Myo* - Muscle
*26. Nephro* - Kidney
*27. Neuro* - Nerve
*28. Odonto* - Tooth
*29. Orchido* - Testis
*30. Osteo* - Bone
*31. Oto* - Ear
*32. Pharyngo* - Pharynx
*33. Pio* - Pus
*34. Pneumo* - Lung
*35. Ren* - Kidney
*36. Rhin* - Nose
*37. Spleno* - Spleen
*38. Thyro* - Thyroid Gland
*39. Urethro* - Urethra
*40. Vesico* – Bladder

*Here are the suffixes used in Medical terminology. Check out!Suffix - Meaning

*1. -aemia* : Blood
*2. -algia* : Pain
*3. -derm* : skin
*4. -dynia* : pain
*5. -ectomy* : removal
*6. -Itis* : inflammation
*7. -lithiasis* : Presence of Stone
*8. -malacia* : softening
*9. -oma* : tumour
*10. -opia* : eye
*11. -osis* : Condition,excess
*12. -otomy* : incision of
*13. -phobia* : fear
*14. -plasty* : surgery
*15. -plegia* : peralysis
*16. -ptosis* : falling
*17. -rhoea* : excessive discharge
*18. -rhage* : to burst forth
*19. -rhythmia* : rhythm.
*20. -stasis* : stoppage of movement
*21. -sthenia* : weakness
*22. -stomy* : outlet
*23. -tomy* : removal
*24. -trophy* : nourishment
*25. -uria* : urine

Compounded Words- Meaning

*1. Anaemia* - Deficiency of haemoglobin in the blood
*2. Analgesic* - Medicine which alleviates pain
*3. Arthralgia* - Pain in a joint
*4. Cephalalgia* - Headache
*5. Nephralgia* - Pain in the kidney
*6. Neuralgia* - Nerve pain
*7. Myalgia* - Muscle pain
*8. Otalgia* - Ear ache
*9. Gastralgia* - Pain in the stomach
*10. Pyoderma* - Skin infection with pus formation
*11. Leucoderma* - Defective skin pigmentaion
*12. Hysterodynia* - Pain in the uterus
*13. Hysterectomy* - Excision of the uterus
*14. Nephrectomy* - Excision of a kidney
*15. Adenectomy* - Excision of a gland
*16. Cholecystectomy* - Excision of gall bladder
*17. Thyroidectomy* - Excision of thyroid gland
*18. Arthritis* - Inflammation of a joint
*19. Bronchitis* - Inflammation of the bronchi
*20. Carditis* - Inflammation of the heart
*21. Cervicitis* - Inflammation of the cervix
*22. Colitis* - Inflammation of the colon
*23. Colpitis* - Inflammation of the vagina
*24. Cystitis* - Inflammation of the urinary bladder
*25. Enteritis* - Inflammation of the intestines
*26. Gastritis* - Inflammation of the stomach
*27. Glossitis* - Inflammation of the tongue
*28. Hepatitis* - Inflammation of the liver
*29. Laryngitis* - Inflammation of the larynx
*30. Metritis* - Inflammation of the uterus
*31. Myelitis* - Inflammation of the spinal cord
*32. Nephritis* - Inflammation of the kidney
*33. Pharyngitis* - Inflammation of the pharynx
*34. Blepharitis* - Inflammation of the eyelids
*35. Cholelithiasis* - Stone in the gall bladder
*36. Nephrolithiasis* - Stone in the kidney
*37. Osteomalacia* - Softening of bones through deficiency of calcium or D vitamin
*38. Adenoma* -Benign tumour of glandular tissue
*39. Myoma* - Tumour of muscle
*40. Diplopia* - Double vision
*41. Thrombosis* - Formation of a blood clot
*42. Pyloromyotomy* - Incision of pyloric sphincter muscle
*43. Hedrophobia* - Fear of water(Rabies in humans)
*44. Neuroplasty* - Surgical repair of nerves
*45. Pyloraplasty* - Incision of plastic pylorus to widen passage
*46. Hemiplegia* - Paralysis of one side of the body
*47. Nephroptosis* - Downward displacement of the kidney
*48. Amenorrhoea* - Absence of menstrual discharge
*49. Dysmenorrhoea* - Painful menstruation
*50. Leucorrhoea* - Whitish vaginal discharge
*51. Menorrhoea* - Menstrual bleeding

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