Movement disorders.
1️⃣ Basal Ganglia
🔹 Disorders: Parkinsonism, chorea, dystonia
🔹 Clues: Resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, abnormal postures
🔹 Common causes: Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, drugs, stroke
2️⃣ Thalamus
🔹 Disorders: Tremor, hemiballismus
🔹 Clues: Contralateral involuntary movements
🔹 Common causes: Stroke, hemorrhage, multiple sclerosis
3️⃣ Cerebellum
🔹 Disorders: Ataxia, intention tremor, dysmetria
🔹 Clues: Gait instability, nystagmus, dysdiadochokinesia
🔹 Common causes: Stroke, tumors, alcohol, multiple sclerosis
4️⃣ Brainstem
🔹 Disorders: Tremor, dystonia, parkinsonism
🔹 Clues: Cranial nerve deficits with long tract signs
🔹 Common causes: Stroke, tumors, neurodegenerative diseases
5️⃣ Spinal Cord
🔹 Disorders: Spasticity, clonus, segmental myoclonus
🔹 Clues: UMN signs below the lesion with sensory level
🔹 Common causes: Trauma, transverse myelitis, multiple sclerosis.
1️⃣ Basal Ganglia
🔹 Disorders: Parkinsonism, chorea, dystonia
🔹 Clues: Resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, abnormal postures
🔹 Common causes: Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, drugs, stroke
2️⃣ Thalamus
🔹 Disorders: Tremor, hemiballismus
🔹 Clues: Contralateral involuntary movements
🔹 Common causes: Stroke, hemorrhage, multiple sclerosis
3️⃣ Cerebellum
🔹 Disorders: Ataxia, intention tremor, dysmetria
🔹 Clues: Gait instability, nystagmus, dysdiadochokinesia
🔹 Common causes: Stroke, tumors, alcohol, multiple sclerosis
4️⃣ Brainstem
🔹 Disorders: Tremor, dystonia, parkinsonism
🔹 Clues: Cranial nerve deficits with long tract signs
🔹 Common causes: Stroke, tumors, neurodegenerative diseases
5️⃣ Spinal Cord
🔹 Disorders: Spasticity, clonus, segmental myoclonus
🔹 Clues: UMN signs below the lesion with sensory level
🔹 Common causes: Trauma, transverse myelitis, multiple sclerosis.
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6️⃣ Motor Cortex
🔹 Disorders: Focal motor seizures, apraxia, myoclonus
🔹 Clues: Cortical signs, seizures, contralateral weakness
🔹 Common causes: Stroke, tumors, encephalitis
7️⃣ Peripheral Nerves
🔹 Disorders: Fasciculations, weakness, occasional tremor
🔹 Clues: LMN signs including atrophy and fasciculations
🔹 Common causes: Peripheral neuropathy, entrapment, motor neuron disease
8️⃣ Neuromuscular Junction / Muscle
🔹 Disorders: Fatigable weakness, myopathies
🔹 Clues: Ptosis, diplopia, proximal weakness, fatigability
🔹 Common causes: Myasthenia gravis, inflammatory myopathies, muscular dystrophies
🔹 Disorders: Focal motor seizures, apraxia, myoclonus
🔹 Clues: Cortical signs, seizures, contralateral weakness
🔹 Common causes: Stroke, tumors, encephalitis
7️⃣ Peripheral Nerves
🔹 Disorders: Fasciculations, weakness, occasional tremor
🔹 Clues: LMN signs including atrophy and fasciculations
🔹 Common causes: Peripheral neuropathy, entrapment, motor neuron disease
8️⃣ Neuromuscular Junction / Muscle
🔹 Disorders: Fatigable weakness, myopathies
🔹 Clues: Ptosis, diplopia, proximal weakness, fatigability
🔹 Common causes: Myasthenia gravis, inflammatory myopathies, muscular dystrophies
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