Controlling DC motor speed using voltage directly is inefficient, so this circuit uses Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) to do it more effectively. A 555 timer generates a square wave where the ON time and OFF time can be adjusted using the variable resistor (VR1). When the pulse is narrow, the motor receives power for a shorter time, resulting in lower average voltage and slower speed. When the pulse is wide, the motor gets power for longer duration, increasing the average voltage and making it spin faster. The diodes around the potentiometer help control the charge and discharge paths separately, allowing smooth duty cycle adjustment. The output from the 555 timer drives a power transistor (2N3055), which acts like a switch to supply current to the motor. A diode across the motor protects the circuit from voltage spikes generated when the motor turns off. This method provides efficient speed control with minimal power loss.
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