⏺️The King Fahd Causeway⏺️ .
It is a series of bridges and causeways connecting Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. At 25 km. (15.5 mi.), the western terminus of the causeway is the al-Khour neighbourhood of Khobar, Saudi Arabia and the eastern terminus is Al Jasra, Bahrain.

Total length: 25 km (16 mi)

Construction cost: US$ 800 million

Constructed by: Ballast Nedam

Crosses: Gulf of Bahrain

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🔹FORMWORK:

Formwork is the temporary structure which used as a mold in which we pour the fresh concrete. when we make the formwork shape for nay structure so it can give us the concrete shape easily. and formwork are provide for beam column , slab and wall etc.We remove the formwork once the concrete has gained sufficient strength though in some circumstances it may be left in place(permanent formwork).

▪️ SHUTTERING

Formwork which supports the vertical surface is known as shuttering. The given picture can refer the shuttering.


▪️CENTERING:

Centering is the Part of the formworkwhich supports the horizontal surface is called centering for example slab bottom, beam bottom etc.

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EXAMINATION FOR EMPLOYING CIVIL ENGINEERS

1. Describe briefly what optimum moisture content is

Answers
.OMC - The moisture content of a soil calculated on the basis of dry weight of soil at which the soil can be compacted to the approximate maximum density under a specified standard method of compaction.

2. What are the documents that should be included in a standard tendering document?
Answers:-
a. Invitation for Bids
b. Instructions to Bidders
c. Bidding Data
d. Part I—General Conditions of Contract
e. Part II—Conditions of Particular Application
f. Method of Measurement and Technical specifications
g. Form of Bid, Appendix to Bid, and Bid Security
h. Bill of Quantities
i. Form of Agreement, Forms of Performance Security, and Advance Payment Bank Guarantee
j. Drawings
k. Supplementary Information including clarification
l. Postqualification [update in case there was no prequalification]
m. Addendum for Minutes of pre-Tender meeting, Notes of Negotiations and other Addendum.

3. What does force majeure mean? Mention at least three examples.

Answers:-
An exceptional event or circumstance during execution of a certain project which is beyond all parties (Employer, contractor and consultant) control. Example: Earth quake, flood, tender storm, war

4. What are the basic procedures for developing annual work program and performance budget?

Answers:-
a. Collect and review data
b. Calculate project life working days
c. Analyze project life time frame
d. Develop the annual work program
e. Distribute and balance the work load
f. Develop annual work calendar
g. Determine resource requirements
h. Develop performance budget
i. Analyze resource requirement versus availability

5. What does planning in critical path method mean? And what is the relationship between duration of critical path and project duration?
 
Answers:-
It is a network technique where every activity is assigned a fixed duration and these activities are ordered with respect to each other. There is at least one path through the network, from start to finish that controls the project length which is called the critical path. The project duration is the summation of duration of the activities on a critical path.
 

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EXAMS FOR ENGINEERS
Give Clear Answer For Each Question

1. Explain The Purpose Of Super Elevation &Widening?

🤏 Super elevation used to counterbalance centrifugal force &resists overturning of
vehicles.
Factors of supper elevation are:-
a. Climate condition
b. Terrain types
c. Types of area (rural or urban)
d. Types of facility
🤏 Widening used to for visibility of an object on circular curve for psycologica & off tracking vehicle.

2. Write The Types Of Terrain & The D/Ce B/T Them? types of terrains are

🤏 Flat terrain is offer a few obstacle to the construction of road, having continuous unrestricted horizontal & vertical alignment & traverse slope is 0-5%
🤏 Rolling ፦slope generally rise & fall moderately ,some restriction in alignment & its traverse slope is 5-25%
🤏 Mountainous ፦definet restriction of alignment & ssd ,has steep grade and their traverse slope is 25-50%
🤏 Escarpment ፦inclusive of switch back roadway section & traverse slope is >50%

3. Write The Types Of Sight Distance & Explain Them?

SD is distance visible to the driver s o f a passenger’s car. The types of SD is
🤏 Ssd is visible to the drivers to stop the passenger’s car before collapsed. D=0.278vt+v2/254f
🤏 Psd is a minimum sd on the two ways single road way that must be available to enable that the driver of one vehicles to another vehicles safely without interfering with the speed of oncoming vehicles at the design speed.
D1=0.278t1(v-m+at1/2) D2=0.278vt2
D4 =2/3(d2)
Psd=d1+d2 +d3 +d4 where is the speed d/ce b/n passed vehicle & passing
vehicles

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📌▪️ Classification of buildings as per National Building code of India, 2016▪️

▪️ Group A: Residential building :-
Ex: Apartments, Flats, Bungalows, Dormitories, private houses,

▪️ Group B: Educational building :-
Ex: schools, colleges, universities, training institutes etc

▪️ Group C: Institutional building :- These buildings normally provide sleeping
accommodation for the occupants.

▪️Group D: Assembly building :- Ex. theatres, cinema
halls, museums, gymnasiums, restaurants, places of worship, dance
halls, club rooms, passenger stations, public transportation services,
open air theatres, swimming pools etc

▪️ Group E: Business building :- Ex. Dispensaries and clinics, banks, city halls, court halls,
libraries etc.

▪️ Group F: Mercantile building

▪️ Group G: Industrial building :- EX. laboratories, assembly plants,
laundries, gas plants, power plants, refineries, diaries etc.

▪️ Group H: Storage building :- Ex warehouses, cold storages, freight depots, store
houses, transit sheds, truck terminals, garages etc.

▪️ Group J: Hazardous building

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🔹Caissons🔹

A caisson foundation also called as pier foundation is a watertight retaining structure used as a bridge pier, in the construction of a concrete dam, or for the repair of ships. It is a prefabricated hollow box or cylinder sunk into the ground to some desired depth and then filled with concrete thus forming a foundation.

Caisson foundation is Most often used in the construction of bridge piers & other structures that require foundation beneath rivers & other bodies of water. This is because caissons can be floated to the job site and sunk into place.

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🔹Rough Terrain Crane

A rough terrain crane is a crane that is mounted on an undercarriage with four rubber tires, designed for operations off road. The outriggers extend vertically and horizontally to level and stabilize the crane when hoisting. These types of cranes are single engine machines where the same engine is used for powering the undercarriage as it is for powering the crane. These cranes are ideal for constructions sites that have uneven, dirt and rocky terrain. The mobility and ability of the crane to travel around the site make it an effect support crane for lighter hoists on highway, construction and infrastructure projects.

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_*📌▪️CIVIL ENGINEERING'S REQUIREMENTS▪️*_ #share


#These are the top #10 civil engineering requirements to become a successful civil engineer:

▪️1. TESTS OF BUILDING MATERIALS:

A good civil engineer should have proper knowledge of different tests of building materials. Some important tests are listed below.

▫️Concrete Test:
Slump test, compression test, split tensile test, soundness etc.

▫️Soil Test:
Core cutter test, compaction test,sand replacement test, triaxial test, consolidation test etc.

▫️Bitumen Test :
Ductility test, softening point test, gravity test penetration test etc.

▪️2. INVESTIGATION OF SOIL:

Various soil tests are conducted to determine the settlement and stability of soils before starting a construction. So as a civil engineer, you should have enough knowledge of these tests which are performed at the site.

▪️3. USES OF SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS:

Usages of surveying instruments like the total station, theodolite etc is also a mandatory knowledge for every civil engineer. These instruments are used for marking and measurements.

▪️4. STANDARD CODES USED IN CONSTRUCTION:

Every country has their standard safety specifications (eg: Is Code) for construction related works. All new construction should be done by following all the rules and procedures mentioned in the standard codes. Otherwise, chances of failure of a structure will be always high.

▪️5. BAR BENDING SCHEDULE:

Bar bending schedule is an essential chart for civil engineers. It provides the reinforcement calculation of RC beam such as cutting length, type of bending, the length of bending etc.

▪️6. DRAWING AND DESIGN:

Drawing and design are the primary keys of an ongoing project. It provides all the required specifications of that project. Every site engineers should have the analyzing power of such drawings and designs.

▪️7. ESTIMATION AND BILLS:

Estimation and bills should be prepared by a civil engineer in a construction project.

▪️8. QUALITY CONTROL:

Quality control ensures the profit of a project by reducing the extra costs. So you must have a basic knowledge of quality control.

▪️9. ON FIELD MANAGEMENT:

Knowledge of form-work, concreting, safety measures etc is also a key aspect.

▪️10. COORDINATION WITH LABOR:

As a civil engineer, you must know how to deal with labors in a site.
🏗📜📜📜📜📜📜📜📜📜📜📜📜🚧
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🔹Truck Mounted Crane / Picker truck

Boom trucks or picker trucks are cranes mounted on a rubber tire truck (pneumatic Tire) and provide great mobility. Outriggers that extend vertically or horizontally are used to level and stabilize the crane during hoisting. The capacity of these cranes rarely exceed 50 ton capacity. As mentioned above, their versatility is found in their mobility and reach.

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🔹Loader Crane / Folding boom crane

A loader Crane or a folding boom crane is a hydraulically powered articulated arm fitted to a trailer, used to load equipment onto a trailer. The numerous sections can be folded into a small space when the crane isn’t in use. The capacity of these cranes have increased dramatically over the years. Presently there are 200 ton capacity loader folding boom cranes on the market today.

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#NewJob

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👉DO YOU KNOW???

🚧The longest street in the world is Toronto’s Yonge Street, listed as 1,896 km in length roughly the distance from San Diego, California, to Seattle, Washington.

🚧A Construction engineer created the slippery part of the water slide Without the right flow of water, there is no ride.

🚧The Channel Tunnel is one of the greatest Construction engineering projects of the 20th century
*⃣has an ultimate design capacity of 600 trains per day each way under the English Channel.

🚧The Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge, also known as the Pearl Bridge, has the longest central span of any suspension bridge.
*⃣The central span is a staggering 1,991 meters, or 6,532 ft.

🚧It took a century to overcome deep waters, strong winds, and high chance of earthquakes to build the Rion-Antirion Bridge.
*⃣Completed in 2004, it spans the Gulf of Corinth and won an Outstanding Construction Engineering Achievement award.

🚧The Itaipu Dam, located at the Brazilian-Paraguayan border, is the largest operating hydroelectric facility in terms of annual generating capacity.

🚧The Golden Gate Bridge is one of the longest suspension bridges in the world and has become an internationally recognized symbol of San Francisco and California.

🚧The Empire State Building was built in just 18 months during the Great Depression and was one of the first to employ the ten new fast track construction technique.
*⃣Following the destruction of the World Trade Center in 2001, the Empire State Building again became the tallest building in New York City and New York State.

🚧the Hoover Dam, standing 726.4 feet high, is one of the tallest concrete dams ever built and created one of the largest man-made lakes in the U.S.

🚧The Burj Al Arab is a 5 star luxury hotel located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
*⃣At 321 m (1,053 ft), it is the fourth tallest hotel in the world.
*⃣The shape of the structure is designed to mimic the sail of a ⛵ ship

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~የኮንስትራክሽን ውል አደጋዎች ~


🚧የኮንስትራክሽን ኮንትራትን መንደፍ ወይም ማርቀቅ በየደቂቃዎች ውስጥ
ከመፈራረም አንድ ሚሊየን ዕጥፍ አስቸጋሪ ነው፡፡ ምክንያቱም ከኮንትራት ውልbውስጥ በስህተት የገባ ሀረግ ወይም ሳይፃፍ የቀረ አንድ አንቀጽ ወደ ፍርድ ቤት የሚያመላልስ ከፍተኛ ጦስ ሊያስከትል ስለሚችል ነው፡፡

የኮንስትራክሽን ኮንትራትን መንደፍ ወይም ማርቀቅ፣ አደጋ ላይ የሚጥል መሆኑን
ባለመዘንጋት በተወሰነ ደረጃ ረቂቅ ከመዘጋጀቱ በፊት የሥራውን ሂደት በጀቱን እና ኘላኑን በተመለከተ ፕሮጀክቱን እንዲያካሂድ ከተመረጠው ኮንትራከተር ጋር መወያየት ጠቀሜታ ቢኖረውም፣ አንድ አስገንቢ የኮንትራት ውል ሲያረቅ
የሚከተሉትን አምሰት ዋና ነጥቦች ማስወገድ እንደሚኖርበት የዘርፉ
ባለሙያዎች ይመክራሉ፡፡
ለህግ አስቸጋሪ የሆኑ ቴክኒካል ዝርዝሮች
በረቂቅ ውስጥ በህግ አግባብ ለመፍታት አስቸጋሪ የሆኑ፣ በመደበኛ የህግ
አንቀጽ ውስጥ ያልተካተቱ ቴክኒካል ዝርዝሮችን በውሉ ላይ ማካተት በቀጣይ
ችግር ቢከሰት እንኳ ለመፍታት በጣም አስቸጋሪ ስለሚሆኑ ማስወገድ አስፈላጊ
ነው፡፡ ምከንያቱም አንዳንድ ቴክኒካል አሠራሮች እና ቃላቶች ለህግ ባለሞያዎች
አስቸጋሪ በመሆናቸው ነው፡፡
ስለዚህ በኮንትራክተሮች በቀላሉ የሚታወቁ እና የዘርፉ ባለሙያዎች በህግ ፊት ቀርበው ሊመሰክሯቸው የሚችሏቸውን ቴክኒካዊ ቃላት በውሉ ማካተት አይገባም፡፡
ረጃጅም አረፍተ ነገሮች ዋናውን ነጥብ በቀጥታ ከመጥቀስ ባለፈ፣ ዝርዝር ሀተታ ማስቀመጥ ረጃጅም አረፍተ ነገር መፃፍ አላስፈላጊ አይደለም::
ተደጋጋሚ ቃላትና አረፍተ ነገር መጠቀም
ቀደም ብሎ የሠፈሩ ቃላት እና አረፈተ ነገሮችን ልዩ አንቀጽ እየደጋገሙ ማስፈር
አያስፈልግም፡፡
አስፈላጊ ከሆነ የሠፈረበትን አንቀጽ መጥቀስ ብቻ በቂ ነው፡፡

የዲዛይን ለውጥን በቃል መፈጸም~

ማንኛውም የዲዛይን ወይም የአሠራር ለውጥ ሲደረግ በቃል ሥምምነት ብቻ
እንዲፈጸም ማድረግ ችግር ቢፈጠር በህግ አግባብ ለመፍታት እንዳይቻል
የሚያደርግ እንቅፋት ስለሚፈጥር ማንኛውንም የዲዛይን እና የለውጥ
ስምምነቶች በጽሑፍ መሥፈርት እና የእያንዳንዱ አባል ፊርማ፣ አሻራ ባረፈበት
የህግ አግባብ መፈጸም ይገባል፡፡

ሊለወጥ የማይችል ቋሚ ውል አለመፈራም~በሥራ ሂደት በጊዜ ሁኔታ ሊፈጠር የሚችለውን ነገር ቀደም ብሎ መረዳት
አስቸጋሪ በሚሆንባቸው የሥራ ዘርፎች አንዱ የኮንስትራክሽን ዘርፍ ነው፡፡

ስለዚህ የኮንትራት ውል ሲረቀቅ እና ሲፈረም ውሉ እንደአስፈላጊነቱ የሚለወጥበት እና የሚታደስበትን የህግ አንቀፅ በውሉ ላይ ማስፈር ተገቢ ነው፡፡

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ዲዛይን ቢድ ቢዩልድ(Design bid build)(DBB) እና ዲዛይን ቢዩልድ(Design build)(DB)
ጉባኤ አሰፍ(በፌዴራልና በአማራ ክልል ጠበቃና የህግ አማካሪ:09-75-576924) (Construction Lawyer)
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ዲዛይን ቢድ ቢዩልድ(Design bid build)(DBB)
#በኮንስትራክሽን ጉዳይ በአብዛኛው በሀገራችን የሚሰራበት የፕሮጀክት አይነት ዲዛይኑን አሰሪው በራሱ መንገድ እንዲዘጋጅ ካደረገ በኃላ ግንባታውን በተቋራጭ እንዲከናወን የሚያደርግበት ነው።ይሄውም ዲዛይን ቢድ ቢዩልድ(Design bid build)(DBB) በመባል ይታወቃል፡፡በዚህ የፕሮጀክት አይነት የታቀደውን ግንባታ ዲዛይኑን አሰሪው በራሱ አርክቴክት ወይም በሌላ ሶስተኛ ወገን/ በሌላ አርክቴክት ድርጅት/ እንዲከናወን ያደርጋል፡፡በመቀጠልም በተዘጋጀው ዲዛይን መሰረት ግንባታውን የሚያከናውን ተቋራጭ ወደመምረጥ ሂደት ይገባል፡፡የግንባታው ባለቤት የመንግስት መስሪያ ቤት የሆነ እንደሆነ ግንባታውን የሚያከናውን ተቋራጭ የመምረጡ ስራ የሚከናወነው በግዥ ህግ መሰረት ይሆናል፡፡ይሄ አይነቱ ፕሮጀክት በሀገራችን የተለመደ ነው፡፡
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ዲዛይን ቢዩልድ(Design build)(DB)
#በሌላ በኩል ደግሞ ተቋራጩ ዲዛይኑን እና ግንባታውን በራሱ የሚያከናውንበት የፕሮጀክት አይነትም አለ።ይሄውም ዲዛይን ቢዩልድ(Design build)(DB) ይባላል፡፡በዚህ የፕሮጀክት አይነት ተቋራጩ የታቀደውን ግንባታ ዲዛይኑን በራሱ አርክቴክት ወይም በሌላ የአርክቴክት ድርጅት አማካይነት ያከናውናል፡፡የአርክቴክት ስራው የሚያስከትለው ሀላፊነት የተቋራጩ ይሆናል፡፡ከዲዛይን ስራው ጋር የተያያዘ ችግር የሚያስከትለው ሀላፊነት አሰሪውን/የግንባታውን ባለቤት አይነካውም፡፡ሆኖም ተቋራጩ ዲዛይኑን ያሰራው በሌላ የአርክቴክት ድርጅት አማካይነት የሆነ እንደሆነ ከአርክቴክቸር ስራው ጋር በተያያዘ ተቋራጩ ለአሰሪው የሚኖርበት ሀላፊነት እንደተጠበቀ ሆኖ አርክቴክቱም ለተቋራጩ በፍትሀብሄር ህጉ ስለእውቀት ስራ ውል በተደነገገው አግባብ ሀላፊነት ይኖርበታል ማለት ነው፡፡በዚህ አይነት ፕሮጀክት የግንባታው ባለቤት/አሰሪው ሙሉ በሙሉ የኮንስትራክሽን ስጋቶችን/risks/ ወደ ተቋራጩ ያስተላልፋል፡፡ይህ ማለት አሰሪው ውጤቱን ማለትም ግንባታውን በመጀመሪያ በቀረበለት ዲዛይን አግባብ በጥራት ተከናውኖለት ከመረከብና በውሉ የተቀመጠውን የግንባታ ዋጋ ከመክፈል ባለፈ ማናቸውም አይነት ሀላፊነት አይኖርበትም ማለት ነው፡፡ለአብነት ለመጥቀስ ያህል የኢትዮጽያ መንገዶች ባለስልጣን(ERA) ዲዛይን ቢዩልድ የመንገድ ፕሮጀክት ሲኖረው ተወዳዳሪ ተቋራጮች የሰርቨየይንግና ዲዛይን ስራዎችን በራሳቸው ከሰሩ በኋላ በዋጋ ይወዳደራሉ፡፡ተቋራጮቹ ዲዛይኑን ሲሰሩ አሮጌ ድልድዮች ካሉ እና ተጠግነው በአዲስ ድልድይ የጥራት ደረጃ መድረስ የሚችሉ ከሆነ ተቋራጮች እንደየፍላጐታቸውና ሙያዊ ምርመራቸው/ምክንያታቸው ተጠጋኝ ድልድይ እና በአዲስ የሚገነባ ድልድይ እያሉ በዝርዝር በዲዛይን አካተው የሚያቀርቡ ሲሆን ምንም ሆነ ምን በውጤት ደረጃ አሰሪው በሚፈልገው የጥራት ደረጃ/ስታንዳርድ መገንባቱ እና ይሄውም በአማካሪው መረጋገጡ ግን የግድ ነው፡፡ምናልባት ተጠግኖ በሚፈለገው የጥራት ደረጃ ይደርሳል የተባለው አሮጌ ድልድይ በጥገና ወቅት ቢፈርስ እንኳ አሰሪውን ክፍያ የመጨመር ሀላፊነት አያስከትልበትም፡፡ስለዚህ ዲዛይን ቢዩልድ ፕሮጀክት ለአሰሪዎች ሪስክ ፍሪ/ከስጋት ነጻ የሆነ የፕሮጀክት አይነት ነው፡፡
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#ሌላው ሁለቱም የፕሮጀክት አይነቶች ለኮንስትራክሽን ውላቸው የሚጠቀሙት ጀኔራል ኮንዲሽን የተለያየ ነው።FIDIC በዚህ ረገድ የግንባታ ውል ዝግጅትን በማቅለል ለአለማችን ትልቅ ስጦታ ነው። አለበለዚያ አሰሪና ተቋራጭ በየአንዳንዱ ውል ዝግጅት ወቅት በሁሉም የውል ሁኔታወች ላይ መደራደርን ይጠይቃቸው ነበር።ዛሬ ላይ ግን ለውሉ ጥቅም ላይ የሚውለውን ጀኔራል ኮንዲሽን አስመልክቶ FIDIC ቨርሽን መረጣ እና በስፔሻል ኮንዲሽን ኦፍ ኮንትራክት በሚካተቱ ነጥቦች ላይ ብቻ መወያየት በቂ ነው።
#በተጨማሪም በዲዛይን ቢዩልድ ፕሮጀክት የኮንስትራክሽን ስጋት/ሪስክ ሙሉ በሙሉ ወደ ተቋራጩ የሚተላለፍ በመሆኑ ልዩ የዋስትና ሽፋን ያስፈልገዋል፡፡ስለዚሁም ተቋራጩ በግንባታው ዋጋ ልክ All risk insurance እንዲገባ እና ለዲዛይን ስህተት፣ለስራው ብልሽትና በተቋራጩ ባለሙያወች የስራ ስህተት ለሚከሰት ጉዳትና ኪሳራ ደግሞ professional indemenity insurance እንዲገባ FIDIC ዲዛይን ቢዩልድ ፕሮጀክት ኮምፖቴብል የሆነው ተርንኪ ጀኔራል ኮንዲሽን ግዴታ ያስቀምጣል።
#በሀገራችን ዲዛይን ቢዩልድ የኮንስትራክሽን ፕሮጀክት ብዙም የተለመደ አይደለም።ሆኖም በመንገድ ግንባታ ውሎች የኢትዮጵያ መንገዶች ባለስልጣን አልፎ አልፎ ይጠቀምበታል።
#በአጠቃላይ በሀገራችን በኮንሰትራክሽን ዲዛይኒንግ እና የውል አስተዳደር ረገድ ሰፊ የእውቀት ክፍተት ያለ በመሆኑ እና ፕሮጀክቶች በተያዘላቸው ጊዜና ገንዘብ የማይጠናቀቁበት ሁኔታ በሰፊው የሚስተዋል እንደመሆኑ ሙሉ የኮንስትራክሽን ሪስክ/ስጋት ወደ ተቋራጩ በማስተላለፍ መንግስታዊ ግንባታዎችን በዲዛይን ቢዩልድ የፕሮጀክት አይነት እንዲከናወኑ ማድረግ የተሻለ አማራጭ ሊሆን እንደሚችል ለመጠቆም እወዳለሁ።

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🔹HONEYCOMBS IN CONCRETE AND REMEDIES

Honeycombs are hollow spaces and cavities left in concrete mass on surface or inside the concrete mass where concrete could not reach. These look like honey bees nest.

Honeycombs which are on sides are visible to naked eyes and can be detected easily as soon shuttering is removed. Honey combs which are inside mass of concrete can only be detected by advanced techniques like ultrasonic testing etc.

Honeycomb is due to non-reaching of concrete to all places due to which cavities and hallow pockets are created.


🔹Causes of honeycombs in concrete -

1) Improper vibration during concrete.

2) Less cover to reinforcement bars

3) Use of very stiff concrete (this can be avoided by controlling water as per slump test).

4) Places like junction of beam to beam to column and to one or more beams are the typical spots where honey combs are observed. This is due to jumbling of reinforcement of beams and column rods at one place; special attention is required at such place during concreting and vibrating.

5) Presence of more percentage of bigger size of aggregate in concrete also prevents concrete to fill narrow spaces between the reinforcement rods.


🔹Remedies for Honeycombs in Concrete -

Strictly speaking wherever honeycombs are observer concrete should be broken and the portion should be re concreted after applying grouting chemical to the old surface. Honeycombs as a defect not only reduces the load bearing capacity but water finds an easy way to reinforcement rods and rusting and corrosion starts. Corrosion is a process which continues through reinforcement rods even in good concrete, this result in loosing grip between rods and concrete, which is very dangerous to safety and life of concrete structures. R.C.C. structures have failed with in 20 or 30 years of their construction which is less than half their projected life. Especially no risk should be taken in case of columns, Machine foundations, Rafts, Beams etc., where breaking and recasting is the only best way.

In case of honey combs on surface pressure grouting with cement based chemicals which are non-shrinkable can be adopted after taking opinion of the designer and acting as per his advice.

It will not be out of context to point out that contractors and their supervisors are in the habit of hiding honey combs by applying super facially cement plaster on the honey combs, hence site engineer must be very cautious.

At places of junction of columns and beams concrete with strictly 20mm and down aggregates should be used with slightly more water and cement to avoid honeycombs. Taping with wooden hammer the sides of shuttering from outs side during concreting and vibrating will help minimizing honeycombs to a great extent in case of columns and beams. Use of thinner needle say 25mm or less with vibrator at intricate places of concreting will also help in reducing honey combs.

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👉የአርማታ ብረት በሜትር ምን ያህል ይመዝናል?
.
⏩ለኮንስትራክሽን ግብዐት የምንጠቀማቸው የአርማታ ብረት በቅርፃቸው በሁለት ይከፈላሉ

1. ልሙጥ ብረት(Mild Steel or plain rebar)

2. ባለ ክርክር/አርማታ ብረት(Deformed steel rebar)

➡በጥንካሬ ደረጃ ደግሞ በስፋት Grade 60 እና Grade 40
በመባል ይለያሉ ይህም ውጥረታዊ ሀይል/tensile strength/ በመቌቌም አቅማቸው ነው።
*Grade 40=275.79MPa yield strength ሲኖረው
*Grade 60=413.68MPa yield strength ይኖረዋል።

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▪️ Function of stirrups in the column -

🚧Stirrups are provided to handle the shear force and to hold the rebars in position.

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The soil improvement techniques are,
• Surface Compaction.
• Drainage Methods.
• Vibration Methods.
• Precompression and consolidation.
• Grouting and Injection.
• Chemical Stabilisation.
• Soil Reinforcement.
• Geo textiles and Geo membranes.

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