👉Important concepts
🔹Which type of cement is used for underground concrete structures ?
➡️SRC (Sulphate Resisting Cement)
▶️The use of SRC is recommended for following applications:
*⃣Foundations, piles, basements and underground structures.
*⃣Sewage and Water treatment plants.
🔹What Is Roller Support
➡️Roller supports only resists perpendicular forces and they cannot resist parallel or horizontal forces & moment.
➡️It means the roller support will move freely along the surface without resisting horizontal force.
🔹What is the Concrete Temperature?
➡️Concrete temperature should not be more than 33°C & not less than 15°C in cold weather But the pumping temperature of concrete in hot weather should be 26°C.
🔹Do you know SPT ?
➡️SPT (Standard Penetration Test) is carried out to know the bearing capacity of soil.
➡️This is usually done on the foundation of bridges and the huge buildings.
#ConstructionNotes
@engineer03
🔹Which type of cement is used for underground concrete structures ?
➡️SRC (Sulphate Resisting Cement)
▶️The use of SRC is recommended for following applications:
*⃣Foundations, piles, basements and underground structures.
*⃣Sewage and Water treatment plants.
🔹What Is Roller Support
➡️Roller supports only resists perpendicular forces and they cannot resist parallel or horizontal forces & moment.
➡️It means the roller support will move freely along the surface without resisting horizontal force.
🔹What is the Concrete Temperature?
➡️Concrete temperature should not be more than 33°C & not less than 15°C in cold weather But the pumping temperature of concrete in hot weather should be 26°C.
🔹Do you know SPT ?
➡️SPT (Standard Penetration Test) is carried out to know the bearing capacity of soil.
➡️This is usually done on the foundation of bridges and the huge buildings.
#ConstructionNotes
@engineer03
❤1
📌Difference between working stress approach and limit state approach
🔸Working Stress Approach
➡️The service loads are used in the whole design and the strength of material is not utilized in the full extent.
➡️In this method of design, stresses acting on structural members are calculated based on elastic method and they are designed not to exceed certain allowable values.
➡️In fact, the whole structure during the life span may only experience loading stresses far below the ultimate state and that is the reason why this method is called working stress approach.
➡️Under such scenario, the most economical design can hardly be obtained by using working stress approach which is now commonly used in the design of temporary works.
🔸Limit State Approach
▶️For each material and load, a partial safety factor is assigned individually depending on the material properties and load properties.
▶️Therefore, each element of load and material properties is accurately assessed resulting in a more refined and accurate analysis of the structure.
▶️In this connection, the material strength can be utilized to its maximum value during its life span and loads can be assessed with reasonable probability of occurrence.
▶️Limit state approach is commonly used for the majority of reinforced concrete design because it ensures the utilization of material strength with the lowest construction cost input.
#ConstructionNotes
#Structure
@engineer03
🔸Working Stress Approach
➡️The service loads are used in the whole design and the strength of material is not utilized in the full extent.
➡️In this method of design, stresses acting on structural members are calculated based on elastic method and they are designed not to exceed certain allowable values.
➡️In fact, the whole structure during the life span may only experience loading stresses far below the ultimate state and that is the reason why this method is called working stress approach.
➡️Under such scenario, the most economical design can hardly be obtained by using working stress approach which is now commonly used in the design of temporary works.
🔸Limit State Approach
▶️For each material and load, a partial safety factor is assigned individually depending on the material properties and load properties.
▶️Therefore, each element of load and material properties is accurately assessed resulting in a more refined and accurate analysis of the structure.
▶️In this connection, the material strength can be utilized to its maximum value during its life span and loads can be assessed with reasonable probability of occurrence.
▶️Limit state approach is commonly used for the majority of reinforced concrete design because it ensures the utilization of material strength with the lowest construction cost input.
#ConstructionNotes
#Structure
@engineer03
👉Some important facts @engineer03
🚧1. Weight of one cement bag = 50 kg
🚧2. Minimum thickness of slab = 125 mm
🚧3. Minimum lintel thickness =15 cm
🚧4. Minimum diameter of bars used in slab= 8 mm
🚧5. Minimum diameter of bars Used in column = 12 mm
🚧6. Maximum diameter of bars in slab= 1/8x(thickness of slab )
🚧7. Maximum chair spacing = 1m
🚧8. Initial setting time of cement = 30 min
🚧9. Final setting time = 10 hrs ( 600 minutes )
🚧10. DPR = Detailed Project Report
🚧11. Unit weight
▶RCC = 25 KN/ m3
▶PCC = 24 KN/ m3
▶Steel = 7850 kg/ m3
🚧12. Minimum number of bars For square column or rectangular = 4 bars & For circular column = 6 bars
🚧13. Weight of steel = D2/162.2 kg/m.
🚧14. Slope of staircase = 25° -40° from horizontal.
🚧15. Size of concrete testing cube= (150x150x150)mm.
🚧16. Concrete cube is filled in 3 layers.
🚧17. Slump cone is filled in 4 layers.
🚧18. Cement should be used within three months of manufacturing.
🚧19. Minimum thickness of shear wall = 150 mm.
🚧20. Maximum thickness of shear wall = 400 mm.
🚧21. Universal testing machine is used for compression Test of concrete and tensile test of steel reinforcement.
🚧22. Minimum curing period of normal weather conditions is = 7 days
🚧23. Minimum curing period of dry and hot weather conditions is = 10 days
🚧24. Minimum percentage of steel in column = 0.8% of the cross section.
🚧25. Normal cover
➡️Footing = 50 mm
➡️Column = 25 mm
➡️Slab = 15 mm
➡️Beam = 25 mm
🚧26. Number Of Clear span stirrups in beam = Center to Center length /Total Length +1
🚧27. RCC is affected by water because of the corrosion of reinforcement bars.
🚧28. PCC is not affected by the water
🚧29. Maximum free fall of concrete = 1.5 m
🚧30. Air voids left in concrete is called as Honey Combing.
🚧31. The transverse reinforcement of column are called TIES.
🚧32. The transverse reinforcement in beams are called STIRRUPS.
🚧33. Cement ingredients are Burnt @ 1400°C temperature
🚧34. Short columns fail in Crushing.
🚧35. Long columns fail in Buckling.
🚧36. Intermediate columns can fail both in Buckling and Crushing.
🚧37. Strength of reinforcement shouldn't be less than 15 % of its designated strength.
🚧38. Compressive strength of bricks
▶️1st class bricks = 105 kg/cm2.
▶️2nd class bricks = 70 kg/cm2.
▶️3rd class bricks = 35 kg/cm2.
🚧39. PH value of water used concrete should not be less than 6.
🚧40. Riser = (150 - 200) mm.
🚧41. Tread = (250 - 300) mm.
🚧42. Height of parapet wall should be= 1m.
🚧43. TMT - Thermo mechanically treated bars.
🚧44. TMX - Thermax powered bars
🚧45. SDB - Super ductile bars.
#ConstructionNotes
@engineer03
🚧1. Weight of one cement bag = 50 kg
🚧2. Minimum thickness of slab = 125 mm
🚧3. Minimum lintel thickness =15 cm
🚧4. Minimum diameter of bars used in slab= 8 mm
🚧5. Minimum diameter of bars Used in column = 12 mm
🚧6. Maximum diameter of bars in slab= 1/8x(thickness of slab )
🚧7. Maximum chair spacing = 1m
🚧8. Initial setting time of cement = 30 min
🚧9. Final setting time = 10 hrs ( 600 minutes )
🚧10. DPR = Detailed Project Report
🚧11. Unit weight
▶RCC = 25 KN/ m3
▶PCC = 24 KN/ m3
▶Steel = 7850 kg/ m3
🚧12. Minimum number of bars For square column or rectangular = 4 bars & For circular column = 6 bars
🚧13. Weight of steel = D2/162.2 kg/m.
🚧14. Slope of staircase = 25° -40° from horizontal.
🚧15. Size of concrete testing cube= (150x150x150)mm.
🚧16. Concrete cube is filled in 3 layers.
🚧17. Slump cone is filled in 4 layers.
🚧18. Cement should be used within three months of manufacturing.
🚧19. Minimum thickness of shear wall = 150 mm.
🚧20. Maximum thickness of shear wall = 400 mm.
🚧21. Universal testing machine is used for compression Test of concrete and tensile test of steel reinforcement.
🚧22. Minimum curing period of normal weather conditions is = 7 days
🚧23. Minimum curing period of dry and hot weather conditions is = 10 days
🚧24. Minimum percentage of steel in column = 0.8% of the cross section.
🚧25. Normal cover
➡️Footing = 50 mm
➡️Column = 25 mm
➡️Slab = 15 mm
➡️Beam = 25 mm
🚧26. Number Of Clear span stirrups in beam = Center to Center length /Total Length +1
🚧27. RCC is affected by water because of the corrosion of reinforcement bars.
🚧28. PCC is not affected by the water
🚧29. Maximum free fall of concrete = 1.5 m
🚧30. Air voids left in concrete is called as Honey Combing.
🚧31. The transverse reinforcement of column are called TIES.
🚧32. The transverse reinforcement in beams are called STIRRUPS.
🚧33. Cement ingredients are Burnt @ 1400°C temperature
🚧34. Short columns fail in Crushing.
🚧35. Long columns fail in Buckling.
🚧36. Intermediate columns can fail both in Buckling and Crushing.
🚧37. Strength of reinforcement shouldn't be less than 15 % of its designated strength.
🚧38. Compressive strength of bricks
▶️1st class bricks = 105 kg/cm2.
▶️2nd class bricks = 70 kg/cm2.
▶️3rd class bricks = 35 kg/cm2.
🚧39. PH value of water used concrete should not be less than 6.
🚧40. Riser = (150 - 200) mm.
🚧41. Tread = (250 - 300) mm.
🚧42. Height of parapet wall should be= 1m.
🚧43. TMT - Thermo mechanically treated bars.
🚧44. TMX - Thermax powered bars
🚧45. SDB - Super ductile bars.
#ConstructionNotes
@engineer03