🧠 How well do you #KnowYourTech ?

Full Stack is the entire depth of a computer system application - including front-end, database, and back-end systems, along with any other supplementary components. Benefits includes:

✅ Cost efficiency
✅ Increased efficiency for application deployment
✅ Increased agility to adapt to changes in the marketplace and to respond to new opportunities
✅ Improved scalability without having to make significant changes to applications

As part of GovTech’s efforts to enable government agencies to build such services quickly and effectively, we have developed the Singapore Government Tech Stack (SGTS), a common platform that enables citizens to have a more secure, seamless, consistent and connected user experience across the spectrum of government digital services.

Find out more about SGTS here:
🔗 https://www.tech.gov.sg/products-and-services/singapore-government-tech-stack

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Gateways serve as entry and exit points for data. They can be a network hardware device or node that connects different networks.

Benefits of using gateways include:
✅ Connectivity - enables communication and data transfer between networks
✅ Security - prevents unauthorised entry with multiple layers or protection
✅ Filtering - regulates collisions and broadcasts domain
✅ Protocol Conversion - converts the data format to match the architecture requirements of the destination

What else do you know about Gateways? Share with our community!

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We use it daily without really noticing it 👀 But what actually is HTTP? Is HTTPS its plural form? 🤷🏽‍♀️

👉 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a medium that lets your browser communicate with servers through the exchange of data.

👉 Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) is an extension of that, powered by Transport Layer Security (TLS), that – you probably guessed it by now – transfers data more securely by encrypting it. This makes HTTPS websites a lot less vulnerable to hackers!

Give this a 👍 if you learnt something new today!

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💡The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the vast network of interconnected objects and systems that exchange data with each other via the Internet. These devices can be found everywhere, from household appliances to industrial tools!

The IoT offers many benefits that can help us in several ways:
✅ We can access information anytime, anywhere
✅ We can connect electronic devices more effectively
✅ We can save time & money transferring data packets over a connected network
✅ We can automate tasks and reduce the need for human intervention

What smart devices do you have at home?

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Java is a platform-independent, object-oriented programming language known for its ability to perform a wide range of tasks. It can be used for tasks and projects that require both high performance and quick turnaround.

Java is used in areas such as;
✔️building and running mobile applications
✔️building and scaling cloud applications
✔️developing chatbots and other marketing tools
✔️powering enterprise-level web applications
✔️supporting artificial intelligence (AI) and internet of things (IoT) devices

💬 Have you used Java before?
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K for Kebab Menu 🌯 In the tech world it refers to the three-dot icon that stands vertically and allows a user access to additional options or settings. Originating from Google's Material Design Language, it can usually be found at the top right or top of a screen or window.

Can you think of other tech-related terms that are named after food? 😋

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A LAMP Stack, not the ones you'll find in your living room - but a bundle of four open-source software technologies that allows developers to build websites and web applications.

Here is what LAMP stands for:
L: Linux (operating system)
A: Apache (web server)
M: MySQL (database server)
P: PHP (programming language)

💡 Hope you are feeling enlightened by this new tech term sharing!

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Malware, or malicious software, refers to any program or file that is intentionally harmful to a computer, network, or server.

Malware can:
😱 Steal, encrypt, and delete sensitive data
😱 Alter or hijack core computing functions
😱 Monitor end users’ computer activity

Examples of malware include:
👾Computer viruses 👾Worms 👾Trojan horses 👾Ransomware 👾Spyware

Malware is increasingly used for scams! Always check for scam signs with official sources (e.g. visit www.scamalert.sg or call the Anti-Scam Helpline at 1800-722-6688).

If you suspect that you have been a victim of a scam, do tell authorities, family and friends, and report any fraudulent banking transactions to your bank immediately.

Check out the comments on ways you can protect yourself from malware!

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Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a machine learning technology that gives computers the ability to interpret, manipulate, and comprehend the human language.

Organisations could also benefit from NLP by automating tasks, such as:
💬 processing, analysing, and archiving large documents
💬 analysing customer feedback or call centre recordings
💬 running chatbots for automated customer service
💬 answering Who, What, When, Where questions
💬 classifying and extracting text --- One example of a platform that uses NLP would be GovText!

Developed by GovTech’s Data Science and Artificial Intelligence Division, GovText is a whole-of-government text analytics platform that focuses on helping public officers analyse their textual data efficiently.

Understand how we make use of NLP in our GovText platform:
🔗 https://go.gov.sg/smctr-devportal-kyt-govtext

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Have you heard about open source technology?

It refers to software with source code that anyone can inspect, modify for use, and enhance. By design, open source software licenses promote collaboration as they allow modifications to be made to the source code.

Some of GovTech’s software has also been open-sourced. For example, developers can access and tap on OpenAttestation, the base framework behind OpenCerts, HealthCerts and TradeTrust.

The entire framework of OpenAttestation and its products has been open-sourced, making it available for both the public and private companies to review, implement and integrate into their systems.

Find out more about our open source technologies:
🔗 https://go.gov.sg/smctr-devportal-kyt-opensource

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Received an alert for an app update? That's called a patch!

Patches are software and operating system (OS) updates that address security vulnerabilities within a program or product. Some best practices include:

👉 Enable automatic software updates
👉 Reboot your computer after installing new patches to allow updates to take effect
👉 Avoid software updates when using untrusted networks. When in public, use personal 4G/5G instead.

This ensures that your digital devices are protected by the most effective defence measure by keeping them updated!

📢 PSA: If you are downloading a new Singapore Government App, please
(1) ensure that you are downloading from official app stores
(2) the app is created by official Vendors and Developers. If in doubt, do ask around to verify the app's authenticity before downloading!

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What are Quick Response codes or QR codes?
👉 They are scannable pixelated barcodes that store data
👉 They work similarly to barcodes but consist of black squares and dots instead
👉 Users can scan the code with a QR reader or scanner

Some common ways we use QR codes in our daily lives:
✅ To download apps
✅ To provide contactless access to a restaurant menu
✅ To provide easy access to product information

The arrangement of each QR code varies depending on the information it contains, and that changes the arrangement of its black modules.

Find out more about the history of QR codes:
🔗 https://go.gov.sg/smctr-historyoftech-qrcode

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Reinforcement learning is a machine learning training method based on rewarding desired behaviours and/or rejecting undesired ones. Such as teaching a computer to play games; learning which tactics lead to victory and which do not.

Using this method, the digital agent learns through trial and error to behave in an environment by performing certain actions to achieve one or more objectives. The agent measures how close it is to reaching the objectives with each action and, with time, learns to adopt strategies using the actions that bring it closer to the goal. This learning method has been adopted in artificial intelligence (AI) as a way of directing machine learning through rewards and penalties.

Learn more about what our Data Science and Artificial Intelligence Division do at
🔗 https://go.gov.sg/smctr-devportal-kyt-reinforcementlearning

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Did you know that Scrum was first introduced in 1995 as a better way of implementing team collaboration for solving complex problems?

A framework for project management that emphasises teamwork, accountability, and iterative progress towards a well-defined goal, Scrum can also be thought of as a practical way to implement Agile.

Under the Scrum process, practitioners work with what they have and continually evaluate what is or is not working.

Learn more about Scrum and its part in Agile Development here:
🔗 go.gov.sg/smctr-devportal-kyt-agiledev

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2FA, or Two Factor Authentication, is an identity and access management security method that requires two forms of identification to access resources and data.

Some examples of 2FA products include SMS one-time passwords, biometric verification, and authentication apps.

2FA is important as it adds an additional layer of security to the authentication process, making it harder for attackers to gain access to an individual’s devices or online accounts.

#Singpass goes beyond 2FA in some situations, requiring users to perform a face scan to verify their identity, e.g. when setting up the Singpass app.

Learn more about keeping your Singpass safe:
🔗 go.gov.sg/even-safer-singpass

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🧠 #KnowYourTech - URLs

Do you know how to identify trustworthy websites from the Singapore Government? 🤔

URL, or Uniform Resource Locator, is also referred to as web address. It is a unique identifier used to locate a resource on the Internet and comprises multiple parts. These include a protocol domain name, and path that tells a web browser how and where to retrieve a resource. 👀

You use URLs by typing them directly into the address bar of a browser or by clicking a hyperlink found on a webpage, in an email, or from another application.

🌐 Sometimes when URLs get too long, URL shorteners are used. When accessing government websites, look out for URL shorteners that start with “go.gov.sg”. These links can only be created by public officers to assure the public that they are authentic.

For the full list of trusted websites from the government, please visit:
🔗 https://go.gov.sg/smctr-kyt-url-trustedsites

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🗣 Vishing, or voice phishing, is a type of cyberattack that uses voice and telephony technologies to trick targeted individuals into revealing sensitive data to unauthorised entities.

How can we protect our loved ones and ourselves from such scams? Know that the Police will never:
❌ ask for control of your bank accounts, money, or passwords
❌ require you to transfer your money to another account

Remember that the Police will not make calls from international numbers. Such numbers can be identified by the ‘+’ prefix in front of the calling number.

👉 Read on to find out more about how you can ACT against scams: https://go.gov.sg/smctr-kyt-vishing-spf

Stay vigilant!

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White Hat Hackers, aka Security Researchers, are the good guys who use penetration testing techniques to test an organisation’s information technology (IT) security and identify vulnerabilities under legal permission.

GovTech launched a Vulnerability Disclosure Programme (VDP) in 2018, to encourage public researchers and members of the public to test and report cybersecurity vulnerabilities in IT services, systems, resources and/or processes which may potentially affect government internet-accessible applications.

Learn more at:
🔗 https://go.gov.sg/smctr-kyt-whitehats-reportvulnerability

Spot cybersecurity vulnerabilities in our Singapore Government services? Report them:

1️⃣ Use the vulnerability disclosure link (“Report Vulnerability”) found on Government webpages and mobile applications
2️⃣ Email vulnerability_disclosure@tech.gov.sg with details of the suspected vulnerability

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We’ve heard about gigabytes and terabytes.. But have you heard about yottabytes? 🤔

The yottabyte is a measure used to denote the size of data. In fact, it is the largest unit approved as a standard size by the International System of Units (SI).

For reference, 1 yottabyte = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes!

It’s so big that there’s currently nothing big enough to measure in yottabytes 😲

What other cool tech facts do you know? Share with our community here.

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In our finale of this series, we share more about Zero Trust!

It refers to a new cybersecurity model that focuses on applying Zero Trust principle for continuous security posture validation. This approach assumes that all activities are “untrusted” even if they appear to be from legitimate government users. We practise this to protect government applications and keep information technology systems safe, access is permitted on a time-limited basis after coherent authentication and authorisation checks.

At GovTech, the Government Zero Trust Architecture (GovZTA) acts as a framework for the Singapore Government to implement Zero Trust.

Read more about how GovZTA adopts a layered defense approach throughout the stages of a cyber kill chain:
🔗 https://go.gov.sg/smctr-kyt-zerotrust

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