#Vocabulary

ANIMALS

1) Donkey - Male: Jack, Female: Jenny, Child: Foal

2) Bear- Male: Boar, Female: Sow, Child: Cub

3) Cat- Male: Tom, Female: Queen, Child: Kitten

4) Cattle- Male: Bull, Female: Cow, Child: Calf

5) Chicken- Male: Rooster or cock, Female: Hen, Child: Chick

6) Deer- Male: Buck or stag, Female: Doe, Child: Fawn

7) Dog- Male: Dog, Female: Bitch, Child: Pup

8) Duck- Male: Drake, Female: Duck, Child: Duckling

9) Elephant- Male: Bull, Female: Cow, Child: Calf

10) Fox- Male: Dog, Female: Vixen, Child: Cub

11) Goose- Male: Gander, Female: Goose, Child: Gosling

12) Horse- Male: Stallion, Female: Mare, Child: Foal

13) Lion- Male: Lion, Female: Lioness, Child: Cub

14) Rabbit- Male: Buck, Female: Doe, Child: Bunny

15) Sheep- Male: Ram, Female: Ewe, Child: Lamb

16) Swan- Male: Cob, Female: Pen, Child: Cygnet

17) Pig - Male: Boar, Female: Sow, Child: Piglet

18) Tiger- Male: Tiger, Female: Tigress, Child: Cub

19) Whale- Male: Bull, Female: Cow, Child: Calf

20) Wolf- Male: Dog, Female: Bitch, Child: Pup

21) Goat- Male: buck, billy, Female: doe, nanny, Child: kid

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#common_mistakes

“TO” AFTER “ARRIVE”

Don’t say: We arrived to the station.
Don’t say: When will you arrive to Rome?

The correct sentences are:

◾️We arrived at the station.
◾️We got to the station.(more informal)
◾️When will you arrive in Rome?

“Get to” is an informal way to say “arrive”… but don’t use “to” with the previous exceptions:

◾️I got home at midnight.
◾️What time did you get there?
◾️The dog got outside again.

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​​#Vocabulary

📚 problem

👎 Meaning:
▪️ noun difficulty; bad situation
▪️ noun puzzle, question

❇️ Synonyms for problem
┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
complication dilemma dispute headache
issue obstacle question trouble
botheration box count crunch
disagreement doubt hitch mess
pickle predicament quandary scrape
squeeze worriment can of worms disputed point
hot water point at issue
┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛

❇️ Antonyms for problem
┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
advantage agreement assistance blessing
help peace benefit certainty
opening solution good situation
┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛
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✅Take on
To agree to do some work or be responsible forsomething
Example:
Dont take on too much work, the extra cash isn't worth it.


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#grammar_tips

English Grammar - Modal Verbs

SHALL

📚 Shall is not used very much nowadays and mostly in formal speech and some legal documents. Originally Shall was used instead of Will in first person (with I and We) when talking about the future. Now almost everyone uses Will with all subjects.

📚 Nowadays, the most common use of shall in everyday English (although not in American English) is in questions that serve as offers or suggestions: "Shall I ...?" or "Shall we ...?"

Situations where Shall is still occasionally used:

1. Suggestion

▪️ Shall I get a pizza for dinner tonight?
▪️ Shall we take a taxi home?

2. Offers / Volunteering to do something

▪️ That bag looks heavy. Shall I carry it for you?
▪️ Shall I wait for you?

3. Instructions (asking for or giving)

▪️ What shall I do with your mail when it arrives?
▪️ I shall meet you there at 7.

4. Promises

▪️ You shall be the first person to know. (= I promise that you will be the first person)
▪️ I shall get you a new bike for your birthday.

5. Confirmation (Statement of Fact)

▪️ I shall turn 30 next week.
▪️ We shall know the results of the exam next week.

6. Formal written regulations and rules

▪️ A record shall be kept of all students arriving late to class (= school regulations)
▪️ Members of the board of directors shall be elected annually (= company regulations)

The Negative of Shall
📚 The negative of shall is shall not (= will not). The contraction of shall not is shan't (= won't). It is very rare to hear this used nowadays though you may find it written in older texts.

▪️ I shan't let the children bother you.

Shall in Question Tags
📚 Shall is used in questions tags when the main verb is Let's.

▪️ Let's go to the beach, shall we?

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#grammar_tips

💢 Linking verbs that describe changes💢

❇️We can use become, get, go and turn as a
linking verb. These types of linking verbs
connect the subject of the verb to an adjective,
and describe changes.

She hoped to become popular.
I'm already starting to go bald.
My work is getting better.
The leaves are turning brown.

❇️ Become and get can be used to describe
changes of emotional or physical state, or
situation.
He wants to become/get involved in politics.

❇️ We use get with adjectives such as old,
cold or dark to describe natural changes.
It gets dark very early in the winter.

❇️ Go is used especially to describe changes
that are not desirable
My grandfather is going deaf.

❇️ Turn can be also used with an adjective
to mean 'become' or 'change into a different
state or condition'.
The weather is turning cold.

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#grammar

🔴In spite of / despite


🔶 After "in spite of" and "despite" we use a noun or a pronoun.

🔹We enjoyed our camping holiday in spite of the rain.

🔹Despite the pain in his leg he completed the marathon.

🔹Despite having all the necessary qualifications, they didn’t offer me the job.

🔶Remember that the gerund (‘-ing’ form) is the ‘noun’ form of a verb.

🔶The only difference between in spite of and despite is the ‘of’.

❌Despite of the bad weather, there was a large crowd at the match.


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❇️ Collocations with make:

-Make arrangements for
-Make a change/changes
-Make a choice
-Make a comment/comments
-Make a contribution to
-Make a decision
-Make an effort
-Make an excuse
-Make friends
-Make an improvement
-Make a mistake
-Make progress
-Make a phone call


❇️ Collocations with Do:

*Do your best
*Do damage
*Do an experiment
*Do someone a good turn / do someone a favour
*Do harm
*Do your hair

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#vocabulary

💮 Male vs. female words for jobs, positions

🔹man - 🔸woman
🔹actor - 🔸actress
☝️Actor is becoming common for both men and women.
🔹prince - 🔸princess
🔹waiter - 🔸waitress
🔹manager - 🔸manageress
☝️Manager is now often used for both men and women.
🔹duke - 🔸duchess
🔹groom - 🔸bride
☝️Bridegroom is also used for a man.
🔹host - 🔸hostess
🔹widower - 🔸widow
🔹hero - 🔸heroine
🔹policeman - 🔸policewoman
Police officer is now often used for men and women.
🔹barman - 🔸barmaid
🔹headmaster - 🔸headmistress
☝️The unisex headteacher is now used very often.
🔹king - 🔸queen
🔹landlord - 🔸 landlady
🔹steward - 🔸stewardess
☝️The unisex word flight attendant is now used more than steward and stewardess.

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#grammar_tips

Addition and contrast

‼️ In addition, furthermore,etc ( and) ‼️
✅We use them when you add a second piece of information in a sentence to support the first piece of information.
▶️Ex: The food is excellent.Furthermore the prices are reasonable.
▶️Ex:My speaking is good in English in addition my writing skill is perfect.

‼️ Although, in spite of, etc ( but ) ‼️
✅We use them When you want to contrast two pieces of information in a sentence
▶️Ex:She still won the game although she was in a bad mood.
▶️Ex: They still went out inspite of the fact it was raining hard.

‼️ Whereas ‼️
✅It shows that something is ture of one thing but not ture of another.
▶️Ex: I am so careful whereas samira makes lots of mistakes.

‼️ However ‼️
✅You can use however or on the other hand to contrast two ideas in two sentences
▶️Ex: I don't agree with all of my English teacher however he is a good teacher.
▶️Ex: we don't like the hotel at all on the other hand we still enjoyed ourselves.

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#Grammar_note

👉 Is there a difference between Which and That?

☝️😯 We use “that” when we refer to people, animals, and things. We use “which” when we refer to animals and things.
If the clause is restrictive, you need to use the relative pronoun that, without it, the meaning would be unclear.

For example

✍️ The car that he bought is very expensive.

Here we are being specific about the price of the car he bought. Without it, the sentence would lose its original meaning and purpose.

☝️😯 Use pronoun which when a clause is non-restrictive. Meaning that you are not being specific but instead you are adding extra information to a sentence. A comma usually accompanies this as it denotes a pause in speech and it always precedes which.

For example

✍️ He bought a car, which is very expensive.

Here we are referring to him buying a car, not how expensive the car was. If we remove the clause, “which is very expensive,” it would have no effect on the sentence and still make sense. It serves to add further information only.

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#Phrases and #Idioms

Couch potato

Meaning/Usage: Used when someone watches too much television.

❇️Explanation:
This was created for someone watching too much television because in some western countries, a person usually sits on the "couch" and eats "potato" chips while watching television.

❇️Examples:
🔸"My husband is a couch potato. He sits in front of the TV all day long."
🔸"You have a huge belly because you're a couch potato."
🔸"I should be more active and less of a couch potato."

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​​#Idiomatic_Expressions

📚Not in a million years

✍🏾Meaning:

We use this expression to say that we will never do
something or that something will never happen

❕Example 1:
Mike, do you think you'll ever work in London again.
Not in a million years. I hate the place.

❕Example 2:
Do you think England will ever win the world cup again?
Not in a million years. Not with the current players

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#English_Grammar

📚List of common collective nouns

💢Note that some collective nouns are
interchangeable.

💢These collective nouns are used for people.

▪️A crowd of people/kids/protesters/shoppers
▪️A gang of pickpockets/robbers/thieves/youths
▪️A board of directors
▪️A mob of fans/teenagers
▪️A choir of singers
▪️A panel of experts/judges/
▪️A troupe of actors/dancers/singers
▪️A class of students
▪️A team of experts /investigators /detectives
▪️A pack of journalists/reporters/thieves
▪️A flock of children/tourists

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