🔆 PoSH Act, 2013 | Supreme Court Ruling

✅ Why in News: SC expanded the ambit of the PoSH Act (Sohail Malik case)
✅ Key Ruling: A woman can file a sexual harassment complaint with the ICC of her own workplace, even if the accused belongs to a different organisation
✅ Impact: ICC of the aggrieved woman’s workplace can exercise jurisdiction over outsiders

📍 About PoSH Act, 2013
✅ Originated from Vishakha Guidelines (1997)
✅ Protects all women at workplaces (employed or not, including domestic workers)
✅ Covers unwelcome sexually coloured behaviour creating hostile work environment
✅ Wide definition of workplace: Govt, private, NGOs, hospitals, houses & work-related travel

📍 Redressal Mechanism
✅ Internal Complaints Committee (ICC): Mandatory in workplaces with >10 employees
✅ Local Committee (LC): For workplaces without ICC

📍 Penalties
✅ Monetary fine, disciplinary action or termination, based on severity

#GS2 #polity #mains #governance
#polity_governance

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🔆 Yellow Line

📍 What is the Yellow Line?
✅ The new de facto border referenced by Israel’s military chief
✅ Created under the 2025 US-backed ceasefire

📍 What it Does
✅ Marks the Israeli withdrawal zone
✅ Divides Gaza into two parts:
• East: Israeli-controlled areas
• West: Palestinian-administered areas

#cse

🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS — 19 DEC 2025


🔆 REGULATORY / RBI
📍 RBI Handbook on Indian States
✅ RBI releases 10th edition of Handbook of Statistics on Indian States (2024–25)
✅ Coverage: 1951–2024–25
✅ Prepared by REMD, DEPR (RBI)
✅ New External Sector section added
✅ 11 new state-wise tables included (tourism, NSVA, groundwater, NPS/APY, exports)
✅ Old base year series replaced with 2011–12 base

🔆 NATIONAL
📍 Electric Mobility
✅ Tesla commissions India’s first charging station
✅ Location: Gurugram (DLF Horizon Center)
✅ 4 V4 Superchargers (250 kW) + 3 destination chargers

📍 Governance & Heritage
✅ PM inaugurates Param Vir Gallery at Rashtrapati Bhavan
✅ Dedicated to Param Vir Chakra awardees

📍 Skill Development
✅ 53+ lakh candidates trained under PMKVY in last 5 years
✅ Placement rate: ~70.5%
✅ Implemented by NSDC

🔆 ECONOMY
📍 Exports
✅ MSME exports cross ₹9.52 lakh crore (Apr–Sep FY26)
✅ Supported by Export Promotion Mission
➡ Niryat Protsahan (financial) + Niryat Disha (non-financial)

📍 Power & Energy
✅ India’s installed power capacity reaches 505 GW
✅ Non-fossil fuels > 50% of total capacity
✅ Achieved 5+ years ahead of India’s NDC target

🔆 DEFENCE
📍 Maritime Cooperation
✅ ICG Ship Sarthak makes first-ever port call at Chabahar (Iran)
✅ Boosts maritime security & India–Iran cooperation

🔆 MoUs / INTERNATIONAL
📍 Technology
✅ IIT Bombay + Vertiv partner for AI data-centre cooling solutions

📍 Diplomacy
✅ India–Saudi Arabia sign Visa Waiver Agreement
✅ Applies to diplomatic, official & special passport holders

📍 Trade
✅ India–Oman CEPA signed
✅ Oman grants zero-duty access on 98% tariff lines
✅ India liberalises 77.79% tariff lines

🔆 SCHEMES
📍 Mission Karmayogi
✅ National Civil Services Capacity Building Programme
✅ Digital platform: iGOT Karmayogi
✅ Focus: competency-based, continuous learning

📍 Digital Agriculture Mission
✅ Launches AgriStack, DSS, Soil Profile Maps
✅ Farmer ID piloted in 6 districts
✅ Enables data-driven advisories & crop insurance

🔆 IMPORTANT DAYS
📍 18 December
✅ International Migrants Day 2025
➡ Theme: My Great Story: Cultures & Development
✅ Minorities Rights Day

🔆 OBITUARY
📍 Art & Culture
✅ Ram Sutar, sculptor of Statue of Unity, passes away at 100

🔆 AWARDS
📍 International Honour
✅ PM Narendra Modi conferred Order of Oman (First Class)
✅ By Sultan Haitham bin Tarik
✅ On 70th anniversary of India–Oman diplomatic ties

#CurrentAffairs

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🔆 Rise & Fall of Harappan Civilization

📍 Rise (First Urbanisation in India)
✅ Agricultural surplus: Fertile Indus plains → wheat & barley
✅ Granaries at Mohenjo-daro supported artisans & traders
✅ Tech & craft specialization:
✅ Bronze metallurgy
✅ Bead-making (Chanhudaro)
✅ Mass pottery (potter’s wheel)
✅ Trade networks:
✅ Dockyard at Lothal
✅ Uniform seals & weights
✅ Trade with Mesopotamia
✅ Strong urban planning:
✅ Grid-pattern cities
✅ Standardized bricks
✅ Great Bath & advanced drainage

📍 Fall (c. 1900 BCE – Gradual De-urbanisation)
✅ Climate change: Drier climate, weak monsoon
✅ Drying of Ghaggar–Hakra (Saraswati)
✅ Ecological disasters: Floods & tectonic shifts
✅ River course changes at Mohenjo-daro
✅ Economic decline:
✅ Reduced surplus
✅ Decline in Mesopotamian trade
✅ Migration & de-urbanisation:
✅ Movement towards Gangetic plains & Gujarat
✅ Rural, dispersed Late Harappan settlements

#history #prelims #mains

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#Goodmorning 

⏳155 days  left CSP26 [ 24-05-26]
⏳244 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]

⏳211 days left CAPF AC 19 July
⏳163 days  left MPSC (MH) prelims [ 31-05-26]
⏳129 io days Left MPPSC (MP) Prelims
⏳114 days Left CDS1 /NDA 12 April
⏳66 days CGPSC prelims 22 February

#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability

SSC CGL Mains - 18 Jan 2026
Skill Test On - 19 Jan 2026

🔆 CDSCO

📍 Current Update
✅ CDSCO has mandated QR codes + toll-free numbers at all pharmacies for reporting adverse drug reactions (ADRs).

📍 About CDSCO
✅ HQ: New Delhi
✅ Statutory authority under the Drugs & Cosmetics Act, 1940
✅ Under Ministry of Health & Family Welfare

📍 Key Functions
✅ Regulates import of drugs
✅ Approves new drugs
✅ Oversees clinical trials
✅ Ensures drug safety, standards & quality control

#prelims #GS3
#science_and_technology
#science_technology

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#cse

🔆 Geoengineering Projects & Their Challenges

📍 1️⃣ Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI)
✅ Releases aerosols (SO₂, CaCO₃) to reflect sunlight & cool the Earth.
⚠️ Challenges: Termination shock, ineffectiveness in polar winters/summers.

📍 2️⃣ Sea Curtains / Sea Walls
✅ Buoyant barriers prevent warm ocean water from melting polar ice.
⚠️ Challenges: Marine disruption, toxicity, and impact on ocean circulation.

📍 3️⃣ Sea Ice Management
✅ Scattering microbeads or pumping seawater to thicken sea ice.
⚠️ Challenges: Ecotoxicity to marine life, counterproductive warming.

📍 4️⃣ Basal Water Removal
✅ Removes subglacial water to slow ice loss and sea-level rise.
⚠️ Challenge: Highly emission-intensive and costly to maintain.

📍 5️⃣ Ocean Fertilisation (OF)
✅ Adds nutrients to boost phytoplankton and absorb CO₂.
⚠️ Challenges: Ecosystem disruption, nutrient depletion, algal blooms.

#environment

🔆 Major Buddhist Sites in India

📍 Mahabodhi Temple – Bihar
✅ Site of Buddha’s Enlightenment (Bodhi)
✅ Built by Ashoka; rebuilt in Gupta period
✅ Current structure: 5th–6th century CE

📍 Sravasti – Uttar Pradesh
✅ Capital of Kosala Mahajanapada
✅ Buddha spent 24 years preaching
✅ Stupas, monasteries, temples

📍 Kushinagar – Uttar Pradesh
✅ Site of Mahaparinirvana
✅ Ramabhar Stupa (cremation site)
✅ Mahanirvana Temple (reclining Buddha)

📍 Kapilavastu – Uttar Pradesh
✅ Birthplace of Lord Buddha
✅ Stupas & relic caskets
✅ Kushana inscriptions (Kanishka)

📍 Ajanta Caves – Maharashtra
✅ 30 rock-cut Buddhist caves
✅ Jataka tales & murals
✅ 2nd century BCE – 5th century CE

📍 Ellora Caves – Maharashtra
✅ Buddhist, Hindu & Jain caves
✅ 600–1000 CE
✅ Ancient name: Elapura

📍 Pitalkhora Caves – Maharashtra
✅ Early rock-cut caves (2nd century BCE)
✅ Chaityas & Viharas
✅ Hinayana with later Mahayana murals

📍 Sirpur – Chhattisgarh
✅ Buddhist–Hindu–Jain centre
✅ On Mahanadi river
✅ Visited by Hiuen Tsang

📍 Ratnagiri – Odisha
✅ Part of Diamond Triangle
✅ Mahavihara (5th century CE)
✅ Giant Buddha with Padmapani & Vajrapani

📍 Lalitgiri – Odisha
✅ Oldest Buddhist complex in Odisha
✅ Linked to Puspagiri University

#prelims
#art_and_culture

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Week 1 short notes pdf

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