🔆 Contempt of Court

📍 Current Update
✅ Supreme Court clarified: criminal contempt powers are not a judge’s “personal armour” to silence criticism.
✅ Power to punish also includes the power to forgive.

📍 Contempt of Court (Basics)
✅ Governed by Contempt of Courts Act, 1971
➡️ Two Types:
• Civil Contempt → Wilful disobedience of court orders
• Criminal Contempt → Acts/words that lower court authority, interfere with justice, or obstruct proceedings

📍 Constitutional Provisions
✅ Article 129: Supreme Court → Court of Record with contempt powers
✅ Article 215: High Courts → Court of Record with contempt powers

#cse

🔆 Children in India – 2025 Highlights

📍 Nutrition:
✅ Stunting (under-5): 29.6% ↓ from 35.5% (NFHS-5).
✅ Wasting: 17%, still above WHO target (<15%).
✅ Anaemia: 55% among adolescent girls.

📍 Health Services:
✅ Full immunisation: 88% (Mission Indradhanush 5.0).
✅ Infant Mortality Rate: 24 / 1,000 live births.

📍 Education:
✅ Upper primary enrolment: 92%.
✅ Secondary dropout: 14%, higher among rural girls.
✅ Digital divide: Only 47% rural households have internet access.

📍 Child Protection:
✅ POCSO cases ↑ 12% (better reporting).
✅ Child labour ↓ to 3.7% (ages 5–14).

#GS2 #cse

🔆 Delhi Ridge

📍 Current Update
✅ MoEFCC has reconstituted the Delhi Ridge Management Board (DRMB) with statutory powers.

📍 About Delhi Ridge
✅ Dry deciduous forest in the heart of Delhi
✅ Geological extension of the 1,500-million-year-old Aravalli Range
✅ Spread: ~8,000 hectares
➡️ Divided into 4 zones:
• Northern Ridge
• Southern Ridge
• Central Ridge
• South Central Ridge

📍 Significance
✅ Acts as Delhi’s “green lungs”
✅ Shields the city from hot Rajasthan winds
✅ Habitat for 100+ bird species

#cse

🔆 Asian Development Bank (ADB)

📍 Current Update
✅ ADB raises India’s FY26 growth forecast to 7.2% (up from 6.5%).

📍 About ADB
✅ Founded: 1966
✅ HQ: Manila, Philippines
✅ Supports sustainable, inclusive, resilient growth in Asia–Pacific

📍 Membership
✅ 69 members (50 from Asia–Pacific)
✅ India = founding member

📍 Top Shareholders (2025)
✅ Japan – 15.6%
✅ USA – 15.6%
✅ China – 6.4%
✅ India – 6.3%
✅ Australia – 5.8%

#cse

🔆 Narco Test

📍 Current Update
✅ Supreme Court: Forced or involuntary narco tests are unconstitutional & invalid

📍 What is a Narco Test?
✅ Investigative technique using sedative drugs (e.g. Sodium Pentothal)
✅ Reduces inhibitions & reasoning, making subject more talkative

📍 Legal Position
✅ Article 20(3) → Protection against self-incrimination
✅ Selvi v. State of Karnataka → Narco test only with free consent
❌ Without consent → results inadmissible as evidence

📍 Recent Clarifications
✅ Manoj Kumar Saini (2023) & Vinobhai (2025)
➡️ Narco tests do not establish guilt
➡️ Information may be used only for investigation leads, not as proof

#polity #mains #cse

🔆 National Makhana Board

✅ Why in News: ₹476-crore Central Sector Scheme launched for holistic development of makhana sector
✅ Roadmap approved for: research, quality seed production, value addition & export promotion

📍 About National Makhana Board
✅ Ministry: Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare
✅ Location: Bihar
✅ Purpose: Boost value addition, branding & global positioning of makhana
✅ Goal: Enhance farmers’ income through scientific cultivation, post-harvest processing & value addition

#cse #prelims

🔆 Yellow Line

📍 What is the Yellow Line?
✅ The new de facto border referenced by Israel’s military chief
✅ Created under the 2025 US-backed ceasefire

📍 What it Does
✅ Marks the Israeli withdrawal zone
✅ Divides Gaza into two parts:
• East: Israeli-controlled areas
• West: Palestinian-administered areas

#cse

🔆 CDSCO

📍 Current Update
✅ CDSCO has mandated QR codes + toll-free numbers at all pharmacies for reporting adverse drug reactions (ADRs).

📍 About CDSCO
✅ HQ: New Delhi
✅ Statutory authority under the Drugs & Cosmetics Act, 1940
✅ Under Ministry of Health & Family Welfare

📍 Key Functions
✅ Regulates import of drugs
✅ Approves new drugs
✅ Oversees clinical trials
✅ Ensures drug safety, standards & quality control

#prelims #GS3
#science_and_technology
#science_technology

Join @PIB_UPSC
@upsc_science_and_technology
#cse

🔆 Exercise Desert Cyclone–II

✅ What: India–UAE Joint Military Exercise
✅ Where: Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

✅ Participants:
✅ Indian Army
✅ UAE Land Forces

✅ Aim:
✅ Enhance interoperability
✅ Strengthen bilateral defence cooperation

✅ Operational Focus:
✅ Sub-conventional operations under UN mandate
✅ Peacekeeping operations
✅ Counter-terrorism
✅ Stability & joint deployment scenarios

📌 UPSC Link: GS3 – Defence & Security | International Relations
#cse #Security

https://t.me/internal_security_upsc_MAINS

🔆 Renewables Surpass Coal Globally (Ember Report 2025)

✅ Milestone: In H1 2025, renewable energy became the largest global power source, overtaking coal.
✅ Fossil Fuel Decline: China & India saw reduced fossil generation as clean power met demand growth.
✅ Emissions: Despite a 2.6% rise in power demand, emissions fell — China (-46 MtCO₂), India (-24 MtCO₂); rose in EU & US.
✅ Clean Energy Surge: Solar (+25%) and Wind (+29%) achieved record expansion.

#Environment #cse

🔆 Competition Commission of India (CCI)

📍 Why in News
✅ CCI took cognizance of IndiGo flight disruption to examine possible abuse of market dominance

📍 About CCI
✅ Type: Statutory body under Competition Act, 2002
✔️ Amended by Competition (Amendment) Act, 2007

📍 Administrative Control
✅ Ministry: Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA)

📍 Composition
✅ Chairperson + 2 to 6 Members
✔️ Appointed by Central Government

📍 Mandate & Functions
✅ Prohibits anti-competitive agreements
✅ Prevents abuse of dominant position
✅ Regulates combinations (M&A, acquisitions, control)
✅ Advises statutory authorities on competition issues
✅ Protects consumer interests & ensures freedom of trade

📌 #cse

Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM

🔆 RBI releases Financial Stability Report (FSR)

📍 About FSR
✅ Biannual publication (June & December) by RBI
✅ Incorporates inputs from FSDC Sub-Committee
✅ Assesses current & emerging risks to India’s financial system

📍 Key Highlights of FSR
✅ Fiscal Health:
• Sovereign debt remains sustainable
• Supported by S&P upgrade to ‘BBB’, favourable interest rate–growth differential & low forex debt

✅ AI-led Market Optimism:
• Strong AI-driven sentiment
• ⚠️ May mask underlying vulnerabilities & increase global spillover risks

✅ Fintech & Credit Risks:
• Fintech lending grew 36.1%
• Higher stress among borrowers with multiple unsecured loans (5+ lenders)

✅ Stablecoins Warning:
• Foreign-currency stablecoins may undermine monetary sovereignty
• Risks to policy transmission & money laundering control

✅ Currency Trends:
• Rupee depreciated vs USD
• Due to falling terms of trade, higher tariffs & weaker capital flows

✅ Banking Sector Health:
• SCBs maintain strong capital buffers
• GNPA ratio at multi-decadal low of 2.2% (Sept 2025)

📍 About Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC)
✅ Nature: Apex, non-statutory body (2010) under Ministry of Finance
✅ Chair: Union Finance Minister
✅ Members: RBI Governor, SEBI, IRDAI, PFRDA, IBBI heads, CEA & Secretaries
✅ Functions:
• Macro-prudential supervision
• Inter-regulatory coordination
• Financial stability, inclusion & literacy

📍 FSDC Sub-Committee
✅ Chaired by RBI Governor
✅ Provides systemic risk inputs for FSR

#GS3 #Economy #cse

Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM

🔆 India–Russia Relations: Key Areas of Cooperation

📍 Trade & Economic Cooperation
✅ Record Bilateral Trade: Reached USD 68.7 billion (FY 2024–25) — highest ever.
✅ Major Indian Exports: Pharmaceuticals, organic & inorganic chemicals, iron & steel, marine products.
✅ Major Russian Exports: Crude oil, petroleum products, sunflower oil, fertilizers, coking coal, precious stones & metals.

📍 Defence & Security Cooperation
✅ Partnership evolved from a buyer–seller model to joint research & production.
✅ Example: Joint development of BrahMos Cruise Missiles.

📍 Multilateral Cooperation
✅ Strong coordination at global forums — UN, G20, BRICS, SCO, and others.

#ir #mains #cse

🔆 Rogue Planet

✅ Definition: A planetary body ejected from its original system, drifting freely in interstellar space without orbiting a star.
✅ Origin: Usually expelled during the early chaotic stages of planetary system formation or later due to orbital instabilities.
✅ Orbit: No parent star — moves independently through space.
✅ Significance: Offers insights into planet formation, system dynamics, and interstellar matter interactions.

#Science_and_Technology #cse

🔆 Preah Vihear Temple

📍 Why in News?
✅ India urges protection amid Thailand–Cambodia border clashes

📍 About Preah Vihear Temple
✅ Location: Cambodia (near Thailand border)
✅ Deity: Lord Shiva
✅ Built under:
• King Yashovarman I (9th–10th C)
• Completed by Suryavarman II (12th C), Khmer dynasty
✅ Status: UNESCO World Heritage Site

#prelims
#art_and_culture

@studytoday1
@upsc_art_and_culture
#cse

🔆 Exercise Pacific Reach 2025 (XPR-25)

📍 About the Exercise
✅ Type: Biennial multinational submarine rescue exercise.
✅ Host Nation: Singapore.
✅ Participants: Over 40 countries, including India.

#cse #prelims

@CSE_EXAM

📍 RRBs Current Status & Performance (as of March)
✅ Number of RRBs: 43, sponsored by 12 Scheduled Commercial Banks.
✅ Sponsorship: All PSBs except Punjab & Sind Bank sponsor at least one; J&K Bank is the only private sponsor.
✅ PSL Leadership: 89% of total lending directed toward priority sectors.
✅ Role in Financial Inclusion:
• PMJDY accounts: 18.5% share
• PMSBY enrolments: 13.3% share
• PM-Kisan beneficiaries: 16.9% share

#mains #cse

🔆 National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB)

📍 About
✅ Established in 1986
✅ Functions under the Ministry of Home Affairs
✅ Headquarters: New Delhi

📍 Nature
✅ National repository of crime and criminal-related data in India.

📍 Formation
✅ Based on recommendations of:
➡️ Tandon Committee
➡️ National Police Commission (1977–81)
➡️ Task Force of the Home Ministry

📍 Composition
✅ Officers from:
➡️ Indian Police Service (IPS)
➡️ Indian Revenue Service (IRS)
➡️ Paramilitary forces

📍 Important Facts
✅ Exempted from the Right to Information Act, 2005 under Section 24(1).
✅ Also compiles data on lightning fatalities in India.

📍 Nodal Agency For
✅ Online Cyber-Crime Reporting Portal
✅ Drug law enforcement and control of narcotics trafficking

📍 Associated Projects / Bodies
✅ Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (2009)
➡️ National database linking police stations across India.

✅ National Digital Police Portal (2017)
➡️ Enables online complaint filing and suspect search.

✅ Central Finger Print Bureau
➡️ National repository of fingerprints under NCRB.

✅ CyTrain Portal
➡️ Online training platform for cybercrime investigation and prosecution.

📍 International Association
✅ Partner agency of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.

📍 Major Reports Published
✅ Crime in India
✅ Accidental Deaths & Suicides in India
✅ Prison Statistics India

#GS2 #InternalSecurity #CSE_EXAM

🔆 BRICS

📍 About BRICS
✅ BRICS was formally institutionalised in 2009 through the first BRICS Leaders’ Summit.
✅ The term “BRIC” was coined in 2001.
✅ It is an intergovernmental forum aimed at promoting South–South cooperation, multipolarity and development finance.

📍 Agenda
✅ Strengthening cooperation among emerging economies.
✅ Promoting a multipolar world order.
✅ Supporting development finance and interests of the Global South.

📍 Members (11)
✅ Original Members:
➡️ Brazil
➡️ Russia
➡️ India
➡️ China
➡️ South Africa

✅ New Members:
➡️ Egypt
➡️ Ethiopia
➡️ Iran
➡️ United Arab Emirates
➡️ Indonesia – became the first Southeast Asian member in 2025.

✅ Partner Country:
➡️ Nigeria became the 9th BRICS partner country in January 2025.

📍 Importance
✅ BRICS represents over 42% of the global population and around 23% of world GDP.
✅ It acts as an important voice of the Global South and emerging economies.

📍 Institutional Features
✅ BRICS Leaders’ Summit is held annually.
✅ Chairmanship rotates every year among members in the order B-R-I-C-S.
✅ Each presidency lasts from 1 January to 31 December.
✅ BRICS has no permanent headquarters and no single official language.

🔆 17th BRICS Summit, 2025

📍 Key Details
✅ The 17th BRICS Summit was held in Rio de Janeiro in July 2025.
✅ Theme: “Strengthening Global South Cooperation for a More Inclusive and Sustainable Governance”.
✅ The previous summit was held in Kazan in 2024.

📍 Major Declarations

✅ Fortaleza Declaration (2014)
➡️ Adopted at the 6th BRICS Summit.
➡️ Led to the creation of the New Development Bank and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement.

✅ Johannesburg II Declaration (2023)
➡️ Adopted at the 15th BRICS Summit in Johannesburg.
➡️ It emphasized strengthening multilateralism, reforming global governance and promoting the interests of the Global South.

🔆 18th BRICS Presidency

📍 India’s Presidency in 2026
✅ Brazil handed over the BRICS Presidency to India for 2026.
✅ The President country sets the annual agenda, chairs meetings and hosts the BRICS Summit.

🔆 BRICS Parliamentary Forum

📍 About
✅ BRICS Parliamentary Forum was first held in 2015 in Moscow.
✅ It serves as a platform for dialogue among parliaments of BRICS countries.
✅ The 11th BRICS Parliamentary Forum was recently held in Brasilia.
✅ India will remain chair until the conclusion of the 12th forum in 2026.

#CSE_exam

🔆 Aerosols and Their Types

✅ Definition: Tiny solid or liquid particles suspended in the atmosphere (gas medium).

📍 Types:
✅ Primary Aerosols: Directly emitted — sea spray, dust, smoke, volcanic ash.
✅ Secondary Aerosols: Formed via chemical reactions — sulfates, nitrates from industrial emissions or biomass burning.

#Environment #cse