🔆 IMPORTANT FOLK DANCES OF INDIA
(Art & Culture | Prelims Ready)

📍 ANDHRA PRADESH
✅ Dhimsa, Kolattam, Butta Bommalu

📍 ARUNACHAL PRADESH
✅ Ponung (harvest dance – Adi tribe)
✅ Tapu Dance (war dance – males, Aran festival)
✅ Pakku Itu (Apatani tribe – protection of seedlings)
✅ Rikhamapada (Nyishi tribe)

📍 ASSAM
✅ Oja-Pali, Bihu, Bagurumba (Bodo tribe), Jhumura Hobjanai

📍 BIHAR
✅ Biraha, Jat-Jatin, Jogira, Chaiti

📍 CHHATTISGARH
✅ Saila (post-harvest), Suwa/Soowa (parrot dance), Gaur Maria (Bastar)

📍 GOA
✅ Tarangamel (Dussehra & Holi)
✅ Ghode Modni (martial + horse dance, Shigmo)
✅ Perni Jagar (ancient mask dance)
✅ Ranmale, Romta Mel, Fugdi

📍 GUJARAT
✅ Tippani, Rathwani Gher, Dandiya Raas, Dhol Rano
✅ Dhamal of Siddhis, Shikaar Nritya, Gheriya Nritya, Aalenia-Haaleni

📍 HARYANA
✅ Phag (farmers’ dance), Swang, Dhamyal

📍 HIMACHAL PRADESH
✅ Dandras, Charba, Chham Chhanak

📍 JHARKHAND
✅ Mardani Jhumar, Paika Dance, Saraikela Chhau

📍 KARNATAKA
✅ Yakshagana (Song of Yaksha – UPSC 2014)
✅ Dollu Kunitha, Veeragase, Ummatt-aat, Bayalata
✅ Kamsale, Hulivesha (Tiger dance)
✅ Buta Kola (natara movie), Gaarudi Gombe, Joodu Haligi

📍 KERALA
✅ Chakyar Koothu, Nangyar Koothu
✅ Koodiyattam (UNESCO heritage)
✅ Pandayani, Thullal

📍 MADHYA PRADESH
✅ Swang, Jawara, Matki, Baredi, Naurata
✅ Ahirai, Bhagoria, Pardhauni

📍 MAHARASHTRA
✅ Dhangari Gaja, Lavani, Povada

📍 MANIPUR
✅ Thang-Ta (UPSC 2018)
✅ Kartal Cholom, Jagoi, Thabal Chongba
✅ Tandan Pheichak, Lai Chingthokpa
✅ Lai Haraoba – base of all stylised Manipuri dances

📍 MEGHALAYA
✅ Nongkrem, Chad Laho
✅ Chad Sukra (sowing festival)
✅ Chad Pliang (plate dance)
✅ Ajema Roa (Garo), Chambil Moa, Napsepgrika

📍 MIZORAM
✅ Cheraw, Chheih Lam, So Laka, Khuallam

📍 NAGALAND
✅ Aluyattu, Agurshikukula, Butterfly Dance
✅ Changai, Leshalaptu, Modse
✅ Monyoasho, Sadal Kekai, Moyashai
✅ Khupielilie, Zeliang Dance, Chang Lo

📍 ODISHA
✅ Dalkhai, Mayurbhanj Chhau, Danda Jatra, Ranapa, Ghumura

📍 PUNJAB
✅ Bhangra, Giddha, Luddi, Julli, Gatka

📍 RAJASTHAN
✅ Bhavai, Ghoomar, Kalbelia, Terah Taali

📍 SIKKIM
✅ Bhutia Dance, Lepcha Dance, Singhi Chham

📍 TAMIL NADU
✅ Karakattam, Kummi, Kolattam
✅ Mayil Aattam, Poikkal Kudurai Aattam
✅ Theru Koothu, Ottan Koothu, Sevai Attam

📍 TELANGANA
✅ Perini Sivatandavam, Chindu Bhagavatham

📍 TRIPURA
✅ Hoza Giri, Dhamail, Maimata, Garia
✅ Lebang Bomani, SangraiMogh Dance
✅ Chawn Lam, Mosak Sumani
✅ Pheiphit Lam, Waikhong Lam
✅ Lam-Lam, Dar-Lam, Khonglaam Dance

📍 UTTARAKHAND
✅ Langvir Nritya, Chhamfuli, Chholia
✅ Chanchari, Jhora (Kumaon), Hurkiya Baul

📍 WEST BENGAL
✅ Purulia Chhau, Gaudiya Nritya
✅ Alkap, Rabindra Nritya, Dhali
✅ Raibenshe, Bratachari, Kali Naach, Baul Dance

📍 LADAKH
✅ Jabro, Tukhstammo, Shondol, Shon, Koshan

#prelims
#art_and_culture

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🔆 FORGE Initiative (Forum on Resource, Geostrategic Engagement)
(International Relations | Critical Minerals)

📍 Context
✅ United States announced the launch of FORGE
✅ Announced during the inaugural Critical Minerals Ministerial
✅ Ministerial hosted in Washington DC
✅ Participation of 50+ countries, including India
✅ Aim: Strengthen cooperation to secure & diversify global critical mineral supply chains

📍 About FORGE

✅ Successor to MSP (Minerals Security Partnership)
• MSP focused on strengthening critical mineral supply chains to support economic prosperity and climate goals

✅ Objective
• Enable policy-level and project-level collaboration among partner countries
• Build diversified, resilient, and secure critical mineral supply chains

📍 Why it Matters

✅ Critical minerals are essential for:
• Clean energy transition (EVs, batteries, renewables)
• Advanced technologies
• Strategic & defence industries

✅ Reduces overdependence on limited suppliers
✅ Enhances geostrategic cooperation among like-minded countries

📌 Prelims Pointers
✅ FORGE = Successor to MSP
✅ Focus: Critical minerals security
✅ Platform: Multilateral cooperation

#goverment_schemes

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🔆 Different Sects under Shaivism
(Art & Culture | Indian Philosophy)

📍 Nathpanthi
✅ Follow teachings of Gorakhnath and Matsyendranath
✅ Worship Adinath (a form of Shiva)
✅ Practice Hatha Yoga; monks wear loin cloth/dhoti and smear ashes
✅ Wandering ascetics; do not stay long at one place
✅ Maintain a sacred fire called Dhuni
✅ Also known as Siddha Siddanta

📍 Lingayatism
✅ Distinct Shaivite tradition believing in monotheism
✅ Worship Lord Shiva in the form of Linga
✅ Established in 12th century AD by Basava
✅ Rejects authority of the Vedas and caste system
✅ Also known as Veerashaivism
✅ Questioned the theory of rebirth
📌 (UPSC 2016)

📍 Dashanami Sanyasis
✅ Associated with Advaita Vedanta tradition
✅ Disciples of Adi Shankaracharya
✅ Known as “Dash Nam Sanyasi”
✅ Divided into 10 monastic groups

📍 Aghoris
✅ Devotees of Shiva as Bhairava
✅ Monists seeking liberation from the cycle of reincarnation
✅ Practice sadhana on cremation grounds
✅ Believe in removal of worldly bonds like lust, anger, greed, fear, hatred
✅ Follow extreme tamasic ritual practices

📍 Siddhars / Siddhas
✅ Originated mainly in Tamil Nadu
✅ Saints who were doctors, alchemists, mystics
✅ Attained spiritual perfection through secret rasayanas and pranayama
✅ Practiced breath control to reduce number of breaths
✅ Considered founders of Varma (Varmam) –
• Martial art for self-defence
• Medical treatment system
✅ Monotheistic and condemned idolatry
📌 (UPSC 2016)

📌 Prelims Focus
✅ Nathpanthi → Hatha Yoga, Gorakhnath
✅ Lingayatism → Basava, anti-caste, Linga worship
✅ Dashanami → Adi Shankaracharya, Advaita
✅ Aghori → Bhairava, cremation rituals
✅ Siddhars → Tamil Nadu, medicine + mysticism

📌 #prelims
#art_and_culture

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Day 51 :7 february target:


Topics -


Backlogs If Any

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🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS — 4 FEBRUARY 2026

🔆 DIGITAL PAYMENTS

📍 UPI International Expansion
✅ India exploring UPI linkage with Alipay+
📍 What is Alipay+?
✅ Global merchant-facing payments network
✅ HQ: Singapore (Ant International)
📍 Benefit:
✅ UPI users can pay overseas merchants without foreign wallets
📍 Current UPI countries:
✅ Singapore, UAE, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, France

🔆 INTERNATIONAL

📍 Social Media Regulation
✅ Spain proposes complete ban on social media for under-16s
📍 Announced by: PM Pedro Sánchez
📍 Platform executives to be personally liable for harmful content
📍 Covered platforms:
✅ Instagram, TikTok, Snapchat, Facebook, X

📍 Critical Minerals
✅ Project Vault announced by US President Donald Trump
📍 Investment: $12 billion
📍 Objective:
✅ Reduce US dependence on China for rare earths
📍 Key minerals:
✅ Gallium (semiconductors, 5G)
✅ Cobalt (batteries, jet engines)

🔆 NATIONAL

📍 Innovation Ecosystem
✅ Atal Innovation Mission hosts AIM SUMVAAD
📍 Venue: Dr Ambedkar International Centre, New Delhi
📍 Key launches:
✅ Youth Co:Lab National Innovation Challenge 2026 (with UNDP)
✅ National Incubator Assessment Framework (NIAF)
📍 Aim:
✅ Transparency, benchmarking & competition among incubators

📍 Sports Infrastructure
✅ Union Minister Mansukh Mandaviya lays foundation stones
📍 Investment: ₹120 crore
📍 Under:
✅ Khelo India Scheme
📍 Includes:
✅ 6 new sports infrastructure projects
✅ 2 athlete support facilities

🔆 ENVIRONMENT / ENERGY

📍 India–Bhutan Power Cooperation
✅ Review of cross-border transmission till 2040
📍 Focus:
✅ Grid connectivity
✅ Power scheduling during lean seasons
📍 Key projects:
✅ Punatsangchhu-I (1200 MW)
✅ Punatsangchhu-II (1020 MW)
✅ Sankosh Hydropower Project

🔆 DEFENCE

📍 Joint Military Exercise
✅ KHANJAR-XIII (India–Kyrgyzstan)
📍 Location: Misamari, Assam
📍 Duration: 4–17 Feb 2026
📍 Purpose:
✅ Special forces interoperability & counter-terror cooperation

📍 Missile Technology
✅ DRDO successfully tests Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR)
📍 Location: ITR Chandipur, Odisha
📍 Advantage:
✅ Long-range supersonic missile capability
📍 Developed by:
✅ DRDL, RCI & HEMRL

🔆 STATES

📍 Andhra Pradesh
✅ Pilloo AI launched for voice-based accounting
📍 Features:
✅ Invoices, payments, balance sheets via voice
📍 Aim:
✅ Digital empowerment of MSMEs

📍 Assam
✅ ₹50 crore heritage grant for Koch Dynasty (Darrang Kings)
📍 Objective:
✅ Preserve royal palaces & monuments
📍 Occasion:
✅ Mahabir Chilarai Divas

🔆 SCHEMES

📍 PM VIKAS
✅ Central Sector Scheme under Ministry of Minority Affairs
📍 Objective:
✅ Socio-economic empowerment of 6 minority communities
📍 Components:
✅ Skilling
✅ Women entrepreneurship
✅ Education (via NIOS)
✅ Infrastructure (PMJVK)

🔆 IMPORTANT DAY

📍 World Cancer Day – 4 February
✅ Theme 2026: United by Unique

🔆 APPOINTMENTS

📍 Defence & Aviation
✅ Divakar Jayant (INAS) → DG Naval Armament
✅ Nivedita Dubey → First woman Director (HR), AAI
✅ M. Anitha (IRS) → Director, Ministry of Defence

🔆 AWARDS

📍 Ports & Sanitation
✅ Paradip Port Authority wins Swachhata Pakhwada Award 2025
📍 Pillars:
✅ Jan Bhagidari
✅ Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam
✅ Safai Mitra Suraksha

📍 Science
✅ Veerabhadran Ramanathan wins Crafoord Prize 2026
📍 Field: Geosciences (Climate Science)
📍 Known as: Nobel of Geosciences

🔆 SPORTS

📍 Shooting
✅ India to host Asian Rifle/Pistol Championship 2027
📍 Venue: Karni Singh Shooting Range, Delhi
📍 First time:
✅ Asian Olympic Qualifier + World Cup Qualifier in same cycle

📍 Squash
✅ Anahat Singh (17 yrs) enters World Top-20
📍 Won:
✅ PSA Bronze title – Squash On Fire Open (Washington)
📍 Achievement:
✅ Youngest Asian ever in Top-20

#CurrentAffairs

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🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS — 5 FEBRUARY 2026

🔆 BANKING & FINANCE

📍 World Bank Loan for Skill Development
✅ World Bank approves USD 830 million loan for PM-SETU
📍 Full form: Pradhan Mantri – Skilling & Employability Transformation through Upgraded ITIs
📍 Objective:
✅ Modernise ITIs & NSTIs
✅ Improve employability & job outcomes
📍 Targets:
✅ 1 million skilled workers/year
✅ ≥25% women participation
📍 Loan terms:
✅ Maturity: 19.5 years
✅ Grace period: 4 years
📍 Under World Bank Country Partnership Framework (FY26–31)

🔆 SKILLING & EMPLOYMENT

📍 Women-Centric Skilling
✅ MSDE + IPE Global Ltd sign MoU
📍 Objective:
✅ Build gender-responsive skilling ecosystem
📍 Focus:
✅ Employability
✅ Inclusive economic growth
✅ Women-led development

🔆 GOVERNANCE / PARLIAMENTARY AFFAIRS

📍 NYPS 2.0 Launched
✅ Ministry: Parliamentary Affairs
📍 Platform: National Youth Parliament Scheme (NYPS) 2.0
📍 What’s new:
✅ Participation opened beyond educational institutions
📍 Three modes:
➡ Institution
➡ Group
➡ Individual participation

🔆 EDUCATION & URBAN STUDIES

📍 Global Student City Ranking
✅ Delhi ranked world’s most affordable city for international students
📍 Report by:
➡ Knight Frank India
➡ Deloitte India
➡ QS Quacquarelli Symonds
📍 Key insight:
✅ India hosts ~155 million youth (18–23 yrs) – world’s largest cohort
📍 Tier-1 anchor cities:
➡ Delhi NCR
➡ Bengaluru
➡ Mumbai

🔆 RURAL DEVELOPMENT

📍 Employment Guarantee Reform
✅ Budget allocation:
➡ ₹95,692 crore – VB-G RAM-G
➡ ₹30,000 crore – MGNREGA
📍 VB-G RAM-G:
➡ Viksit Bharat – Guarantee for Rozgar Aajeevika Mission (Grameen)
➡ 125 days assured employment
➡ Will eventually replace MGNREGA

🔆 COOPERATIVE MOVEMENT

📍 Bharat Taxi App
✅ India’s first cooperative-based ride-hailing platform
📍 Launch:
➡ 5 Feb 2026
➡ Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi
➡ By Amit Shah
📍 Model:
✅ Driver-owned
✅ Zero-commission
📍 Competitors:
➡ Ola, Uber, Rapido

🔆 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

📍 Drone Certification Ecosystem
✅ National Test House (NTH) collaboration for EMI/EMC drone testing
📍 Supports:
➡ Drone Rules, 2021
➡ CSUAS, 2022
📍 NTH:
➡ Established: 1912
➡ Under: Department of Consumer Affairs
➡ NABL-accredited labs nationwide

📍 India–EU Digital Trust
✅ MeitY + EU DG CONNECT sign pact on Advanced e-Signatures
📍 Focus:
➡ Electronic signatures
➡ Electronic seals
➡ PKI systems
📍 Implemented via:
➡ Controller of Certifying Authorities
➡ IT Act, 2000

🔆 STATES

📍 Kerala
✅ Launch of NeophyteID App
📍 Purpose:
➡ AI-based detection of invasive plant species
📍 Developed by:
➡ Malabar Botanical Garden & Institute for Plant Sciences
📍 Tech:
➡ YOLOv11 AI model
➡ Image recognition + geospatial tracking

📍 Madhya Pradesh
✅ Introduction of ‘Garbh Sanskar’
📍 To be taught in:
➡ All universities
➡ Govt hospitals (dedicated rooms)
📍 Concept:
➡ Education & nurturing in the womb

🔆 IMPORTANT DAY

📍 International Day of Human Fraternity
✅ Observed on 4 February
📍 Theme 2026:
➡ “Dialogue Over Division”

🔆 APPOINTMENTS

📍 Manipur
✅ Yumnam Khemchand Singh sworn in as Chief Minister

🔆 SPORTS

📍 Shooting
✅ Esha Singh wins Gold – Women’s 10m Air Pistol
📍 Event:
➡ Asian Rifle & Pistol Championship 2026
📍 Final score:
➡ 239.8
📍 Team Gold:
➡ Esha Singh
➡ Manu Bhaker
➡ Suruchi Singh

#CurrentAffairs

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🔆 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (13 April 1919)
(Modern Indian History | GS Paper-1)

📍 Context
✅ Amritsar witnessed intense unrest due to growing resentment against British rule.
✅ Hartals, shop closures and halted trade reflected public anger.

📍 Immediate Provocation
✅ 9 April 1919: Arrest of nationalist leaders Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr. Satyapal.
✅ Arrests triggered widespread protests across the city.

📍 Escalation of Violence
✅ 10 April: Police fired on protesters → violence intensified.
✅ British deployed troops under Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer.
✅ Martial law–like conditions imposed.

📍 Dyer’s Proclamation (13 April)
✅ Ban on public gatherings, demonstrations and assemblies.
✅ Movement restricted without official passes.

📍 The Gathering at Jallianwala Bagh
✅ Baisakhi Day: Thousands gathered at Jallianwala Bagh,
• unaware of prohibitory orders
• to protest the Rowlatt Act and April 10 firing

📍 The Massacre
✅ Dyer ordered troops to fire on an unarmed crowd (men, women, children).
✅ Official British figures:
• 379 deaths, ~1,100 injured
✅ INC estimates:
• 1,000+ deaths, ~1,500 injured
✅ Over 1,650 bullets fired without warning or dispersal order.

📍 Aftermath: Martial Law
✅ Martial law imposed in Punjab.
✅ Brutal reprisals:
• Public floggings
• Inhuman punishments
• Collective humiliation

📍 National & International Reaction
✅ Rabindranath Tagore renounced his Knighthood.
✅ The massacre shattered faith in British justice.

📍 Gandhi’s Response
✅ 18 April 1919: Gandhi withdrew the Rowlatt Satyagraha.
✅ Declared it a “Himalayan Blunder”.
✅ Yet reaffirmed faith in non-violence and India’s moral strength.

📌 Historical Significance
• Marked a turning point in India’s freedom struggle
• Ended belief in British moral legitimacy
• Radicalised national movement → path towards Non-Cooperation Movement (1920)

#history #prelims #mains

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🔆 CBDC vs e-RUPI

📍 Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC)
✅ Issuer: Issued and regulated by Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
✅ Purpose:
• Digital alternative to physical currency
• Intended to replace/augment cash for transactions
✅ Scope:
• Wide usage — from daily retail payments to large-value transactions
✅ Technology:
• Can be based on blockchain or other digital ledger technologies
✅ Accessibility:
• Available to the general public through banks and financial institutions

📍 e-RUPI
✅ Issuer: Issued by NPCI in collaboration with Government departments
✅ Purpose:
• Prepaid, one-time payment instrument
• Used for specific goods or services
✅ Scope:
• Mainly for government welfare schemes and employee benefits
✅ Technology:
• Based on QR codes and UPI (Unified Payments Interface)
✅ Accessibility:
• Available only to targeted beneficiaries as identified by the issuer

📌 Key Difference at a Glance
• CBDC → Universal digital currency, cash-like, system-wide
• e-RUPI → Targeted, purpose-specific, voucher-based

#GS3
#prelims
#science_technology
#science_and_technology

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