UPSC Geo- Scientist 2026


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🔆 Forty-Second Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976

📍 Key Additions:
✅ Preamble: Added "socialist," "secular," and "integrity" to define India's core values.
✅ Directive Principles (Articles 39A, 43A, 48A): Introduced:
🟢 Equal justice and free legal aid.
🏭 Participation of workers in industrial management.
🌳 Protection of environment, forests, and wildlife ✅ Fundamental Duties (Article 51A): Introduced Part IV-A, listing ten Fundamental Duties for citizens. ✅ Administrative Tribunals (Part XIV-A): Added Article 323A (administrative tribunals) and Article 323B (tribunals for other matters). ✅ Article 368 (Clauses 4 & 5): Made constitutional amendments beyond judicial scrutiny.

📍 Key Changes:
✅ Directive Principles Supremacy: Amended Article 31C to give Directive Principles precedence over Fundamental Rights in certain cases.
✅ Judicial Powers Curtailed: Restricted judicial review by Supreme Court and High Courts.
✅ Executive Powers Enhanced: Made the President bound by the Cabinet's advice.
✅ Tenure of Legislatures: Extended the term of Lok Sabha and State Assemblies from 5 to 6 years.
✅ President’s Rule: Increased its duration from 6 months to 1 year.
✅ Parliamentary Procedure: Removed the requirement of quorum for parliamentary and state legislative sessions.
✅ Lok Sabha Seats Frozen: Froze representation based on the 1971 census until 2001.
✅ Seventh Schedule: Moved five subjects (education, forests, protection of wildlife, weights and measures, and administration of justice) from the State List to the Concurrent List.

📍 Significance:
✅ Strengthened the Directive Principles to emphasize socio-economic reforms.
✅ Introduced Fundamental Duties to promote civic responsibility among citizens.
✅ Enhanced centralization of powers but raised concerns about weakening the federal structure.

The Forty-Second Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976, often referred to as the "Mini-Constitution", brought sweeping changes to India’s governance framework, reflecting the authoritarian tendencies of the Emergency period while emphasizing the goals of a socialist and secular state.

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🔆 Important Temples of Hampi (Vijayanagara Architecture)

📍 Hazara Temple (Hampi)
✅ Probably meant for exclusive use of the king and royal family
✅ Sculpted wall panels depict scenes from the Ramayana

📍 Virupaksha Temple (Hampi)
✅ Earliest shrine dated to 9th–10th centuries
✅ Substantially enlarged during the Vijayanagara Empire

✅ The hall in front of the main shrine was built by Krishnadeva Raya to mark his accession
➡️ Decorated with delicately carved pillars
➡️ He also constructed the eastern gopuram

📍 Vittala Temple (Hampi)
✅ Principal deity: Vittala (a form of Vishnu, widely worshipped in Maharashtra)
✅ Characteristic feature: Chariot streets extending in a straight line from the temple gopuram

📌 UPSC Relevance
✅ GS-1 – Art & Culture (Temple Architecture)
✅ Linked to Vijayanagara Empire
✅ Important for Prelims (Temple–Feature matching)

#prelims
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🔆 Capillarity [UPSC 2012]

📍 Concept
✅ Capillarity is the phenomenon by which a liquid rises or falls in a narrow space due to intermolecular forces.
✅ Occurs when adhesion (liquid–solid force) exceeds cohesion (liquid–liquid force).
✅ Responsible for capillary rise in thin tubes.

📍 Application
✅ Plants use capillarity to transport water to different parts.

🔆 Transplanting of Plants [UPSC 2013]

📍 Importance
✅ Essential for crops like rice, tomato, onion, brinjal, marigold, chrysanthemum, papaya, tobacco
✅ Ensures better root establishment
✅ Protects seedlings from pests & weeds
✅ Optimizes nursery space utilization

📍 In Rice Cultivation
✅ Traditionally used for efficient water management
✅ Promotes growth in waterlogged conditions

📍 System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
✅ Eliminates need for conventional transplantation
✅ Involves planting single, young seedlings at wider spacing
✅ Minimizes water usage by keeping soil moist (not continuously flooded)
✅ Enhances root growth, canopy development & microbial activity
✅ Reduces seed, water & labour inputs while improving yields

➡️ Considered a sustainable & resource-efficient alternative

🔆 Vegetative Propagation of Plants [UPSC 2014]

📍 Definition
✅ A form of asexual reproduction
✅ New plants grow from stems, roots, leaves or buds
✅ Produces genetically identical offspring
✅ Enables faster propagation

📍 Examples
✅ Potato – Tubers
✅ Sugarcane – Stem cuttings
✅ Banana – Suckers
✅ Ginger & Turmeric – Rhizomes
✅ Onion & Garlic – Bulbs
✅ Sweet Potato – Root tubers

📍 Ornamental Plants
✅ Rose, Hibiscus, Jasmine – Stem cuttings
✅ Bryophyllum – Leaf buds

📌 UPSC Relevance
✅ GS-3 – Agriculture & Plant Physiology
✅ Important for Prelims (Concept + Examples based questions)

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🔆 Weekly Current Affairs | February 2026 – 1st Week
(1st – 7th February 2026)

🏛️ Economy & Banking

📍 RBI MPC – February 2026 (59th Meeting)
✅ Repo Rate unchanged at 5.25%
✅ Neutral stance continued
✅ FY26 GDP Growth: 7.4%
✅ FY26 Inflation projection: 2.1%

📍 India Forex Reserves Touch Historic High
✅ Reached $723.8 billion (Jan 30)
✅ Provides 11+ months import cover

📍 Risk-Based Deposit Insurance Premiums (From April 1)
✅ Premium linked to bank’s risk profile
✅ Implemented by DICGC
✅ Replaces flat-rate system (since 1962)

📍 ₹2000 Note Withdrawal Status
✅ 98.42% notes returned
✅ ₹5,609 crore still in circulation (Jan 31, 2026)

📍 UPI Record – January 2026
✅ Value: ₹28.33 trillion
✅ Volume: 21.70 billion transactions
📌 Source: NPCI

💰 Union Budget 2026–27 Highlights

📍 Fiscal & Debt Targets
✅ Fiscal Deficit: 4.3% of GDP
✅ Debt-to-GDP: 55.6% (FY27)
🎯 Target: 50% ±1% by FY31

📍 Capital Expenditure
✅ ₹12.2 lakh crore (4.4% of GDP)

📍 Defence Allocation
✅ ₹7.85 lakh crore (Highest among Ministries)
✅ 15% increase over last year

📍 Railways Allocation
✅ ₹2.92 trillion outlay
✅ High-Speed Corridors announced

📍 Biopharma Shakti Plan
✅ ₹10,000 crore outlay
🎯 Make India a global biologics hub

📍 Nuclear Research Boost
✅ ₹2,410 crore allocation
✅ Major support to BARC & IGCAR

📍 MSME ‘Champion’ Strategy
✅ ₹10,000 crore SME Growth Fund
✅ Mandatory TReDS for CPSE purchases

🌍 International Affairs

📍 EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)
✅ Fully enforced from Jan 1, 2026
✅ Covers steel, aluminium, cement, fertilisers
⚠️ Impact on Indian exports

📍 US Tariffs on India Reduced
✅ From 25% → 18%

📍 FORGE Initiative (USA)
✅ Successor to Minerals Security Partnership
🎯 Secure critical mineral supply chains

📍 India Pays $35.18 million to UN Budget
✅ Secures place on UN “Honour Roll”

🇮🇳 National Developments

📍 NHIS & ASISSE Launch (April 2026)
✅ India’s first National Household Income Survey
✅ Fully digital (CAPI-based)

📍 PRAGATI – 50th Meeting Chaired by PM
🎯 Focus: Project monitoring & grievance redressal

📍 SabhaSaar Initiative
✅ AI-based Gram Sabha meeting summarisation
✅ Adopted by 1.11 lakh Gram Panchayats

📍 DRAP – Zero Dumpsite Target by Oct 2026
✅ Covers 214 priority dumpsites
♻️ Linked to Swachh Bharat Mission

📍 Battery Pack Aadhaar (Draft Guidelines)
🎯 Unique digital ID for EV & Industrial batteries

🛡️ Defence & Security

📍 Agnipath Allocation Up 58%
✅ ₹17,396 crore (FY27)

📍 Agni-III Missile Test Successful
🎯 Range: 3,000–3,500 km

📍 Exercise KHANJAR-XIII
📍 India–Kyrgyzstan Special Forces exercise
📍 Venue: Assam

📍 Vayu Shakti 2026
📍 Pokaran Field Firing Range, Rajasthan
✈️ 120+ aircraft participated

🔬 Science & Technology

📍 India’s First Government AI Clinic
📍 GIMS, Greater Noida
🎯 AI integration in public healthcare

📍 MCP Server by NSO
🎯 AI-ready access to datasets (PLFS, CPI, IIP etc.)

📍 Haven-1
🚀 World’s first fully private space station (Vast Space)

📍 Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet Test (DRDO)
🎯 Long-range supersonic missile tech

🌿 Environment & Biodiversity

📍 Patna Bird Sanctuary & Chhari-Dhand
✅ Added to Ramsar list
🇮🇳 Total Ramsar Sites: 98

📍 India Most Vulnerable to Extreme Heat (Oxford Study)
⚠️ 3.79 billion people exposed globally by 2050

🏅 Sports Highlights

📍 Australian Open 2026
🏆 Men’s Champion: Carlos Alcaraz
🏆 Women’s Champion: Elena Rybakina

📍 ICC U-19 World Cup 2026
🏆 India won 6th title
🔥 Vaibhav Suryavanshi: 175 (Final)

📍 Asian Shooting Championships 2026
🥇 India topped medal table (10 Gold)

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🔆 Medieval Indian Scholars & Their Works

📍 Ziauddin Barani
✅ Fatwa-i-Jahandari – Exemplifies refined Persian prose writing
✅ Tarikh-i-Firoz Shah – Historical account of the Tughlaq dynasty

📍 Minhaj-us-Siraj
✅ Tabaqat-i-Nasari – Comprehensive history of Muslim dynasties up to 1260 AD

📍 Zia Nakshabi
✅ Pioneer in translating Sanskrit stories into Persian
✅ Author of Tutinama – Tales of a Parrot (collection of short stories

📍 Maldhar Basu
✅ Bengali poet; author of Sri-Krishna Vijaya
✅ Received patronage from Bengal Sultans
➡️ Conferred the title Gunaraja Khan

📍 Firishta
✅ Gulshan-i-Ibrahimi (Tarikh-i-Firishta)
➡️ Narrative of events from Mahmud of Ghazni (11th century)
➡️ Up to the reign of Ibrahim Adil Shah II of Bijapur

📌 UPSC Relevance
✅ GS-1 – Medieval Indian History
✅ Important for Prelims (Scholar–Work matching)
✅ Useful for Mains (Historiography & Persian sources)

#history #prelims #mains

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🔆 Harvest Festivals of India

📍 Context
✅ Traditional harvest festivals are being celebrated across India
✅ They mark:
• Change of seasons
• Sun’s northward journey (Uttarayana)
• Completion of agricultural harvest

📍 Significance of Harvest Festivals
✅ Celebrate agrarian economy and farmer community
✅ Reflect solar movements and seasonal cycles
✅ Promote social cohesion, gratitude, and cultural continuity

🔆 Major Traditional Harvest Festivals

📍 Makar Sankranti (Maharashtra)
✅ Marks the Sun’s transition into Capricorn (Makara Rashi)
✅ Associated with sesame sweets, charity, and community bonding

📍 Uttarayana (Gujarat & Rajasthan)
✅ Famous for kite flying traditions
✅ Symbolises joy, optimism, and longer daylight hours

📍 Pongal (Tamil Nadu)
✅ Four-day harvest festival
• Bhogi – discarding old, welcoming new
• Thai Pongal – cooking rice-lentil dish Pongal
• Mattu Pongal – honouring cattle
• Kaanum Pongal – social gatherings
✅ Expresses gratitude to Sun, rain, land, and cattle

📍 Lohri (Punjab)
✅ Celebrated a day before Makar Sankranti
✅ Marks Rabi crop harvest
✅ Bonfires, folk songs, Bhangra & Gidda

📍 Magh Bihu (Assam)
✅ Celebrates end of harvest season
✅ Community feasts, traditional sports
✅ Bonfires called Meji

📍 Kanuma (Telangana)
✅ Festival of gratitude towards agriculture and farmers
✅ Honours cattle and agrarian tools

#prelims
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🔆 Ancient Scripts of India

📍 Brahmi Script
✅ Precursor to many modern Indian scripts – Devanagari, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Odia, Assamese, Bengali
✅ Written left to right

📍 Grantha Script
✅ Widely used (6th–20th century) in Tamil Nadu & Kerala
✅ Used for writing Sanskrit & Manipravalam
✅ Evolved from Brahmi; precursor to Malayalam, Tigalari, Sinhala

📍 Gupta Script
✅ Associated with Gupta Empire
✅ Descended from Brahmi
✅ Gave rise to Nagari, Sharada, Siddham, Devanagari, Gurmukhi, Assamese, Bengali, Tibetan scripts

📍 Gurmukhi Script
✅ Standardised in 16th century by Guru Angad
✅ Derived from Sarada script
✅ Used for Guru Granth Sahib & Punjabi language

📍 Indus Script
✅ Script of the Indus Valley Civilization
✅ Comprises symbols; not deciphered yet

📍 Kharosthi Script
✅ Sister script of Brahmi
✅ Used in ancient Gandhara
✅ Deciphered by James Prinsep
✅ Written mostly right to left
✅ Numerals similar to Roman numerals

📍 Modi Script
✅ Used historically for Marathi
✅ Official script of Maharashtra till 20th century
✅ Also used for Urdu, Kannada, Gujarati, Hindi, Tamil

📍 Sarada Script
✅ Developed around 8th century
✅ Written in Abugida style
✅ Used for Sanskrit & Kashmiri
✅ Now limited to ceremonial use

📍 Urdu Script
✅ Written right to left
✅ Modified Perso-Arabic alphabet
✅ Influenced by Nastaliq style
✅ Extended form Shahmukhi used for Punjabi & Saraiki

📍 Vatteluttu Script
✅ Developed from Tamil-Brahmi
✅ Written in Abugida style
✅ Used for writing Granthi, Pallava & Tamil scripts

🔆 Language & Manuscript Initiatives

📍 National Translation Mission (2008)
✅ Promote translation across Indian languages
✅ Implemented by CIIL

📍 National Dictionary of Indian Languages (2008)
✅ Compile comprehensive dictionaries
✅ Implemented by CIIL, Mysuru

📍 Mission Bhashini
✅ Launched by MeitY
✅ Focus on AI/NLP, speech recognition, translation
✅ Implemented by C-DAC

📍 National Mission for Manuscripts (2003)
✅ Preserve & digitise ancient manuscripts
✅ Implemented by IGNCA

📌 UPSC Relevance
✅ GS-1 – Art & Culture
✅ Important for Prelims (Script–Feature matching)
✅ Linked to language preservation & cultural heritage

#prelims
#art_and_culture

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🔆 Life Cycle of a Star

📍 Context
✅ Scientists recently captured the clearest view of a star collapsing directly into a black hole without exploding as a supernova — a rare phenomenon termed “failed supernova.”

📍 Birth Stage
✅ Molecular Clouds (Nebulae): Stars originate in vast, cold clouds of gas and dust.
✅ Protostar Formation: Gravity pulls dense regions together, causing collapse and formation of a protostar.
✅ Increasing temperature and pressure in the core prepare the star for nuclear fusion.

📍 Life Stage (Main Sequence)
✅ Nuclear Fusion Begins: Hydrogen fuses into helium in the core, releasing enormous energy.
✅ Hydrostatic Equilibrium: Outward radiation pressure balances inward gravitational pull.
✅ This is the longest and most stable phase of a star’s life (e.g., Sun is currently in this phase).

📍 Death Stage

✅ Low-Mass Stars (like the Sun)
• Expand into Red Giants
• Shed outer layers forming a Planetary Nebula
• Core remains as a White Dwarf, which gradually cools

✅ High-Mass Stars
• Fuse heavier elements up to iron
• Core collapse occurs (iron fusion does not release energy)
• Leads to a Supernova Explosion
• Remnant becomes a Neutron Star or Black Hole

📍 Key Insight
✅ In rare cases, very massive stars may collapse directly into a black hole without a visible supernova explosion.

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Day 60: 16 february target:

Science and Technology
Topics:
Space technology
Bio-technology
Defence
Health

Current Affairs: june, july 2025
Related

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🔆 First Phase: Peasant Movements Before 1857

📍 Sanyasi Revolt (1763–1800, Bengal)
✅ Leaders: Maznoom Shah, Bhawani Pathak, Devi Choudhurani
✅ Cause: British restrictions on pilgrimages; Bengal Famine (1770) triggered widespread distress
✅ Participants: Landless peasants, displaced zamindars, disbanded soldiers; active role of Sanyasis & Fakirs
✅ Character: Attacks on British factories; seizure of goods, cash, arms & ammunition; united Hindu–Muslim resistance
✅ British Response: Suppressed under Warren Hastings
✅ Cultural Impact: Reflected in Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay’s Anandamath

📍 Narkelberia Uprising (1782–1831, West Bengal)
✅ Leader: Mir Nithar Ali (Titu Mir)
✅ Cause: Muslim tenants’ resistance against Hindu landlords (beard tax on Faraizis); opposition to British indigo planters
✅ Nature: Armed uprising; regarded as one of the earliest peasant revolts against the British
✅ Evolution: Merged with Wahabi Movement; assumed broader religious & socio-political character

📍 Pagal Panthis (Hajong & Garo tribes) (1825–1833, Mymensingh, Bengal)
✅ Leaders: Karam Shah, Tipu Shah
✅ Cause: Zamindari oppression & unjust rent demands
✅ Nature: Semi-religious peasant uprising led by religious mendicants
✅ Outcome: Rent reduction & concessions; movement weakened; leaders arrested & tried

📍 UPSC Focus
✅ Early agrarian resistance against colonial exploitation
✅ Hindu–Muslim unity in anti-colonial struggles
✅ Link with socio-religious movements

#history #prelims #mains

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🔆 Mirabai (1498–1546 CE)

📍 Early Life
✅ Born in Merta
✅ Married to Bhoj Raj, son of Rana Sanga of Mewar
✅ Renounced royal life to live as a wandering devotee of Krishna

📍 Bhakti & Philosophy
✅ Leading female saint-poet of the Bhakti movement
✅ Advocate of Saguna Bhakti (devotion to a personal God)
✅ Composed devotional songs expressing intense love for Krishna
✅ Famous work: Rag-Govind

📍 Social Message
✅ Disciple of Raidas
✅ Rejected caste hierarchy and social orthodoxy
✅ Spiritual equality over ritualism

📍 Legacy
✅ Songs widely sung in Rajasthan and Gujarat
✅ Popular among marginalised and underprivileged communities
✅ Symbol of devotion, courage, and social defiance

#history #prelims #mains

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🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS — 16 FEB 2026

🔆 INTERNATIONAL

📍 Henley Passport Index – Feb 2026
✅ India Rank: 75th (↑ from 80)
✅ Visa-free/Visa-on-arrival: 56 destinations
🥇 Singapore – 192 destinations (Top)
🔻 Afghanistan – 24 (Lowest)

📍 WHO Prequalifies New nOPV2 Vaccine
✅ Targets cVDPV2 outbreaks
✅ Genetically stable, 24-month shelf life
✅ Produced by Biological E, Hyderabad

🔆 NATIONAL

📍 Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF)
✅ Loan target doubled: ₹1 lakh crore → ₹2 lakh crore
✅ 3% interest subvention
✅ Credit guarantee up to ₹2 crore
📌 Implementation: 2020–2030

📍 APEDA – 40th Establishment Day
✅ Statutory body under APEDA Act, 1985
📌 Ministry: Commerce & Industry

📍 Wheat Export Ban Lifted (after 4 years)
🌾 India: 2nd largest wheat producer (~14% global output)

📍 Urban Challenge Fund (UCF)
✅ Corpus: ₹1 lakh crore
✅ Total expected investment: ₹4 lakh crore
📌 Focus: Tier-II/III, NE & hilly regions
📌 Funding: 25% Centre | 50% Market | 25% States

📍 India’s First Underwater Road-Rail Tunnel (Assam)
✅ Under Brahmaputra River
✅ Length: 33.7 km (15.79 km tunnel)
✅ Cost: ₹18,662 crore
📌 Distance reduced: 240 km → 34 km

🔆 DEFENCE

📍 IMACC 2026
✅ First International Military Adventure Challenge Cup
📍 Eastern Himalayas (18–23 Feb)
🌍 7 friendly nations participating

🔆 MoUs

📍 IIT Bombay – Columbia University
✅ AI for Manufacturing Research Centre

📍 NALCO – NLC India Ltd
✅ 1080 MW thermal captive power + renewable collaboration

🔆 STATES

📍 Rajasthan Budget FY27
💰 ₹6.11 lakh crore outlay
📌 Fiscal deficit: 3.69% of GSDP
📌 ₹5,000 crore for JJM-Urban
📌 DMIC-linked industrial expansion

📍 Herath Poshte
🕉 Traditional greeting during Kashmiri Shivaratri

🔆 SCHEMES

📍 PM RAHAT Scheme
✅ Cashless treatment up to ₹1.5 lakh for road accident victims

📍 Lakhpati Didi Target Revised
🎯 Target doubled to 6 crore by March 2029

📍 Startup India Fund of Funds 2.0
💰 Corpus: ₹10,000 crore
📌 Focus: Manufacturing & high-tech

📍 PM-DAKSH Scheme
📌 Placement benchmark: 70% mandatory
📌 Now merged with PMKVY

🔆 IMPORTANT DAYS

📅 12 Feb – International Darwin Day
📅 15 Feb – Corps of Signals Raising Day (116th)

🔆 APPOINTMENTS

📍 ICAI (2026–27)
✅ President: CA Prasanna Kumar D
✅ Vice-President: CA Mangesh Kinare

📍 Deepak Gupta – CMD, GAIL (India) Ltd

🔆 AWARDS
📍 VOC Port Authority
🥇 IGBC Platinum
🌱 Shunya & Shunya Plus Certifications

🔆 SCIENCE & TECH
📍 Vast Space – NASA Private ISS Mission
🚀 Launch target: 2027
🛰 Developing Haven-1 Commercial Space Station

🔆 SPORTS
📍 Asian Rifle/Pistol Championship 2026
🥇 India tops medal tally
🏅 Total: 94 Medals (51G, 23S, 20B)

#CurrentAffairs

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Nikhil Baviskar
Public works department ( PWD ) Officer in Government of Maharashtra
Appeared for UPSC Interviews in 2023 & 2024
Secured one of the highest marks in GS Paper-1
(History & Geography)

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