🔆 Key Takeaways:

📍 James Princep:
✅ Deciphered Brahmi and Kharoshti scripts in 1837.

📍 Kautilya’s Arthashastra:
✅ Important ancient Indian text on governance, politics, and economics.

📍 Five Major Political Centres of Magadha Empire:
1. Capital: Pataliputra
2. Provincial Centres: Taxila, Ujjayini, Tosali, Suvrangiri
• Suvrangiri: Known for tapping the gold mines of Karnataka.

📍 Magesthenes:
✅ In his Indica Book, he mentioned a committee with 6 sub-committees.

📍 Dhamma Mahamattas:
✅ Term for one who upholds the Dhamma.

📍 Samantas:
✅ Wealthy individuals maintaining control over land.

📍 Allahabad Prashasti:
✅ Composed in Sanskrit by Samudragupta’s court poet Harisen.

📍 Junagadh (Girnar) Rock Inscription:
✅ Mentions about three kings:
• Ashoka
• Rudradaman
• Skandagupta

📍 Gahapati:
✅ Large landowners in Tamil South India, known as Vellalar and Ploughmen as Uzhavar.

📍 Harshacharita:
✅ Biography of Harshavardhana written by Banabhatta.

📍 Agrahara:
✅ A term for Brahmin settlements where land was granted.

📍 Land Granted to Brahmana:
✅ Brahmanas were exempted from land revenue and could collect dues.

📍 Types of Pottery in Ancient History:
✅ Explained in class.

📍 Shrenis:
✅ Merchants’ guilds/associations.

📍 Malabathrum:
✅ Cinnamon, Black Pepper, and Yavana Priya.

📍 Successful Merchants in South India:
✅ Called MASATTWAN in Tamil, SETTHIS, and SATTAVAHAS in Prakrit.

📍 Coins in Ancient India:
✅ Explained in class.

📍 Pattivedaka:
✅ Journalists during Ashoka’s reign who informed the ruler about his empire.

📍 DC Sarkar:
✅ Published “Indian Epigraphy and Indian Epigraphical Glossary”.

Governor

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🔆 Jiyo Parsi Scheme

📍 Launch
✅ Launched in 2013–14 as a Central Sector Scheme.

📍 Aim
✅ To address the declining population of the Parsi community in India through structured interventions and medical assistance.

📍 Implemented By
✅ Ministry of Minority Affairs

📍 Beneficiaries / Target Group
✅ Parsi couples and families in India.

📍 Financial Assistance
✅ Provides financial support for fertility treatment under standard medical protocols.
✅ Assistance is transferred directly through Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT).

📍 Key Features
✅ Supports:
➡️ Infertility treatment and related medical care
➡️ Childcare assistance
➡️ Support for dependent elderly members

✅ The scheme aims to improve the demographic profile of the Parsi community by encouraging higher birth rates.

📍 Performance
✅ Since its launch, the scheme has supported more than 400 Parsi children.

📍 Significance
✅ The Parsi population in India has been steadily declining due to low fertility rates and ageing population.
✅ Jiyo Parsi is a targeted intervention to preserve the cultural and demographic identity of the community.

#goverment_schemes

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🔆 Salkhan Fossil Park

📍 Context
✅ Recently added to the UNESCO Tentative List for World Heritage Sites.

📍 Location
✅ Located in Sonbhadra district, Uttar Pradesh.
✅ Situated in the Kaimur Range, a part of the Vindhya Range, near the Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary.
✅ Officially known as Sonbhadra Fossils Park.

📍 Age
✅ Contains fossils dating back nearly 1.4 billion years to the Mesoproterozoic era.

📍 Key Feature
✅ Famous for prehistoric stromatolites formed by ancient microorganisms.
✅ These stromatolites are among the earliest evidence of life on Earth.

📍 Significance
✅ One of India’s oldest and best-preserved fossil sites.
✅ Represents living relics of Mesoproterozoic life and early biological evolution.

📍 UNESCO Status
✅ Recently included in the Tentative List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

📍 Global Recognition
✅ Recognised as a geo-heritage site under the 2020 guidelines of the International Union for Conservation of Nature for “Evolution of Life”.
✅ Also aligns with UNESCO’s 2021 framework on Earth’s history and evolution of life.

#prelims
#art_and_culture

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🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS — 6 APRIL 2026

🔆 INTERNATIONAL

📍 Newcastle Disease Spreads Across Europe
✅ Europe witnessed the spread of Newcastle Disease in 2026
✅ Disease caused major losses in poultry production
✅ Newcastle Disease is a highly contagious viral disease of birds
✅ Caused by Avian Paramyxovirus-1 (APMV-1)

📍 India and UN Review UNDPF Operations
✅ India and the United Nations reviewed operations of the United Nations Development Partnership Fund (UNDPF)
✅ Focus is to improve effectiveness of development projects
✅ UNDPF was launched in 2017 with an initial fund of $150 million
✅ Main aim: Achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and promote South-South cooperation
✅ Special focus on:
• Least Developed Countries (LDCs)
• Small Island Developing States (SIDS)

📍 Oxford University Launches UK-wide Tour of Shikshapatri
✅ University of Oxford launched a nationwide UK tour of the sacred Hindu text Shikshapatri to mark its 200th anniversary
✅ The tour is organised by Bodleian Libraries
✅ Shikshapatri was composed by Sahajanand Swami
✅ It was written in 1826 at Vadtal

🔆 NATIONAL

📍 ECINet Introduces ‘Know Your Candidates’ KYC Feature
✅ Election Commission of India launched the “Know Your Candidates” feature on ECINet
✅ Aim: Increase transparency and help voters make informed choices
✅ ECINet stands for Election Commission Integrated Network
✅ It is India’s first unified portal for elections
✅ It merges more than 40 standalone apps such as Suvidha, VIGIL and KYC into one interface
✅ The feature will be used in upcoming elections in Assam, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Puducherry

📍 Raja Ravi Varma Painting Sets New Record
✅ Painting “Yashoda and Krishna” by Raja Ravi Varma became the most expensive painting ever sold in India
✅ Sold for ₹167.20 crore (~USD 17.98 million)
✅ Bought by Cyrus S. Poonawalla
✅ Painting depicts Yashoda milking a cow while Krishna reaches for milk
✅ It surpassed the earlier record held by a painting of M. F. Husain
✅ Raja Ravi Varma is known as the “Father of Modern Indian Art” and the “Raphael of the East”

📍 Namo Drone Didi Yojana: Karnataka Tops the List
✅ Karnataka has the highest number of women Self-Help Groups trained as drone pilots under Namo Drone Didi Yojana
✅ Namo Drone Didi Yojana is a Central Sector Scheme
✅ Scheme outlay: ₹1,261 crore
✅ Duration: 2023–24 to 2025–26
✅ Government provides 80% subsidy on drone cost and accessories up to ₹8 lakh
✅ Remaining 20% financed through loan support by National Agriculture Infra Financing Facility with 3% interest subvention

📍 First Administrative Capacity Building Programme for Scientists Launched
✅ Union Minister Jitendra Singh launched India’s first administrative capacity-building programme for scientists and academicians
✅ Programme launched under Mission Karmayogi
✅ Aim: Improve administrative and governance skills
✅ Capacity Building Commission collaborated with the National Monuments Authority to design the programme
✅ Revamped UNNATI portal was also launched
✅ UNNATI stands for National Nurturing and Adaptive Technological Interface

📍 Major Ports Handle Record Cargo in FY26
✅ India’s major ports handled a record 915 million tonnes of cargo in FY 2025–26
✅ Cargo traffic increased by around 7%
✅ Top performing ports:
• Deendayal Port Authority
• Paradip Port Authority
• Jawaharlal Nehru Port Authority

🔆 DEFENCE

📍 Israel Delivers First Batch of NEGEV LMGs to India
✅ Israel’s PLR Systems delivered the first batch of NEGEV Light Machine Guns to India on 1 April 2026
✅ Manufacturing facility is located at Malanpur, Madhya Pradesh
✅ NEGEV LMGs will strengthen India’s defence preparedness

📍 BRO Celebrates 47th Raising Day of Project Chetak
✅ Border Roads Organisation celebrated the 47th Raising Day of Project Chetak at Bikaner, Rajasthan
✅ Motto of Project Chetak: “Chetak Ka Prayas, Desh Ka Vikas”

🔆 STATES

📍 Entry Restrictions for Non-BS-VI Goods Vehicles from November 2026
✅ From 1 November 2026, entry of non-BS-VI, non-CNG and non-electric goods vehicles will be restricted

✅ The move is aimed at reducing pollution
✅ Bharat Stage emission norms are based on European Euro standards
✅ BS-VI reduced sulphur content in fuel from 50 ppm to 10 ppm
✅ BS-VI norms also reduce particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx)

📍 Rongali Bihu Celebrations Begin in Assam
✅ Rongali Bihu, also known as Bohag Bihu, marks the Assamese New Year festivities
✅ It is one of the most important festivals of Assam

🔆 IMPORTANT DAYS

📍 International Children’s Book Day 2026
✅ Observed on 2 April 2026
✅ Theme: “Plant Stories and the World Will Bloom”

📍 International Day for Mine Awareness 2026
✅ Observed on 4 April 2026 every year to raise awareness about landmines

📍 National Maritime Day 2026
✅ National Maritime Day is celebrated in India every year on 5 April

🔆 AWARDS
📍 President’s Police Colours Awarded
✅ Uttarakhand Police and Odisha Police were honoured with the President’s Police Colours
✅ Approved by President Droupadi Murmu
✅ Uttarakhand Police received the honour on 2 April 2026
✅ Odisha Police received it on 30 March 2026
✅ Award recognises bravery, discipline and professionalism

🔆 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
📍 BIRAC-BioNest Incubation Centre Supports 26 Startups
✅ Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council BioNest Incubation Centre is functioning at Central Food Technological Research Institute
✅ Total startups supported so far: 26

🔆 SPORTS
📍 Murali Sreeshankar Wins Long Jump Event
✅ Murali Sreeshankar won men’s long jump at Indian Athletics Series 2026 in Bengaluru
✅ Winning jump: 8.15 m
✅ Men’s triple jump winner: Abdulla Aboobacker with 16.82 m

#CurrentAffairs

🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS — 8 APRIL 2026

🔆 INTERNATIONAL

📍 France Hosts One Health Summit 2026
✅ One Health Summit held in Lyon, France from 5–7 April 2026 under France’s G7 Presidency
✅ One Health approach links:
➡ Human health
➡ Animal health
➡ Plant health
➡ Environment
✅ Key focus areas: zoonotic diseases, antimicrobial resistance, sustainable food systems and pollution
✅ Quadripartite partners:
➡ World Health Organization
➡ Food and Agriculture Organization
➡ United Nations Environment Programme
➡ World Organisation for Animal Health

📍 Russia–India Cooperation
✅ Russia’s First Deputy PM Denis Manturov visited India on 2–3 April 2026
✅ Co-chaired IRIGC-TEC meeting with S. Jaishankar
✅ IRIGC-TEC is the key platform for India–Russia trade, economic, scientific and cultural cooperation

🔆 NATIONAL

📍 Bharat Tribes Fest 2026
✅ Bharat Tribes Fest 2026 held at Sunder Nursery from 18 March–5 April
✅ Organised by Ministry of Tribal Affairs and TRIFED
✅ New tribal brand launched: RISA – Timeless Tribal
✅ Brand includes:
➡ 10 clusters
➡ 5 tribal weaves
➡ 2 embroideries
➡ 3 crafts

📍 New TV Rating Policy 2026
✅ Ministry of Information & Broadcasting notifies Television Rating Policy 2026
✅ Replaces TRP Guidelines, 2014
📍 Key Reforms
✅ Landing page viewership will not be counted
✅ Minimum 50% independent directors mandatory in TV rating agencies
✅ Net worth requirement reduced from ₹20 crore → ₹5 crore
✅ TV rating agencies must expand sample size to 80,000 metered homes within 18 months
✅ Long-term target: 1.2 lakh homes

📍 Textile Demand Report 2024
✅ Union Minister Giriraj Singh releases report “Market for Textiles & Clothing: National Household Survey 2024”
✅ Textile and apparel demand increased from ₹4.89 lakh crore (2010) to ₹14.95 lakh crore (2024)
✅ CAGR: 8.3%
✅ Per capita demand rose from ₹2,119 to ₹6,066

📍 NHRC Meeting on Food Adulteration
✅ National Human Rights Commission organised Core Group meeting on Right to Food & Nutrition in New Delhi
✅ Theme: “Tackling Food Adulteration in India”
✅ Chaired by Justice V. Ramasubramanian
✅ Focus: scale of adulteration, reforms needed and better enforcement of Right to Food

🔆 STATES

📍 ITBP to Host Water Sports Championship
✅ Indo-Tibetan Border Police to host 25th All India Police Water Sports Cluster Championship at Tehri Lake, Uttarakhand
✅ Championship will continue till 12 April 2026
✅ Total events: 52
✅ Includes canoeing, rowing and kayaking

📍 Maharashtra Launches ‘My Village, Healthy Village’
✅ Maharashtra CM Devendra Fadnavis launches “My Village, Healthy Village” campaign
✅ Aim: Improve rural healthcare and promote preventive health services at village level
✅ Launched on World Health Day (7 April)

🔆 SCHEMES

📍 PLI Scheme for Food Processing
✅ Production Linked Incentive Scheme for Food Processing Industry (PLISFPI) launched by Ministry of Food Processing Industries
✅ Duration: FY 2021–22 to FY 2026–27
✅ Total outlay: ₹10,900 crore
📍 Focus Areas
✅ Ready-to-Eat / Ready-to-Cook products
✅ Processed fruits & vegetables
✅ Marine products
✅ Mozzarella cheese
✅ Also supports innovative and organic products by SMEs and branding abroad

🔆 APPOINTMENTS

📍 Sports & Corporate
✅ Blanka Vlašić appointed International Event Ambassador for TCS World 10K Bengaluru 2026
✅ Ranveer Singh becomes brand ambassador of Jindal Stainless

📍 Other Appointments
✅ Menaka Guruswamy takes oath as India’s first openly queer MP
✅ Tejveer Singh assumes charge as Secretary, Department of Chemicals & Petrochemicals
✅ PM congratulates To Lam on his election as President of Vietnam

🔆 BOOKS & AUTHORS

📍 New Autobiography Released
✅ Former CBI Director R. K. Raghavan releases autobiography “A Road Well Travelled”
✅ First copy received by Nandini Azad in Chennai
✅ Book covers life and career of the former CBI Director

🔆 SPORTS

📍 ISSF World Cup 2026
✅ At ISSF World Cup in Granada, Indian pair Palak Gulia and Mukesh Nelavalli win gold in 10m Air Pistol Mixed Team event
✅ It is Mukesh Nelavalli’s first ISSF World Cup medal

✅ Palak Gulia had earlier won individual gold at Asian Games 2023

📍 Para Archery
✅ Payal Nag becomes world’s first quadruple amputee archer to win international gold
✅ She won gold at 2026 World Para Archery Series Final in Bangkok

#CurrentAffairs

🔆 National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) – Ensuring Social Security

✅ Implementing Ministry: Ministry of Rural Development
✅ Type: Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS)
✅ Coverage: Applicable in both rural and urban areas

✅ Objectives:
• To ensure minimum social security for vulnerable groups — elderly, widows, and persons with disabilities (Divyangjan).
• To provide financial and food assistance to BPL families.
• Realizes Article 41 of the Constitution — Right to work, education, and public assistance in cases of old age or disability.

✅ Beneficiary Reach: ~3.09 crore individuals across India.

✅ Implementation Highlights:
• Beneficiary Selection: By Gram Panchayats/Municipalities.
• Disbursement: 94% through Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) to bank/post accounts.
• Monitoring: Nodal Secretaries in each State/UT oversee implementation and quarterly reporting.

✅ Major Components:
1️⃣ IGNOAPS: ₹200–₹500 monthly pension for elderly (60+ years).
2️⃣ IGNWPS: ₹300 monthly pension for widows (40–59 years).
3️⃣ IGNDPS: ₹300–₹500 monthly for persons with ≥80% disability (18–79 years).
4️⃣ NFBS: ₹20,000 one-time support to BPL families on death of main breadwinner (18–59 years).
5️⃣ Annapurna Scheme: 10 kg free food grains/month for senior citizens not receiving pension.

#goverment_schemes

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🔆 Self Reliant India (SRI) Fund Scheme

📍 Launch
✅ Launched in 2020 under the Atmanirbhar Bharat Package.

📍 Aim
✅ To provide equity and quasi-equity funding to MSMEs with growth potential.
✅ Seeks to reduce dependence on debt and strengthen the long-term capital base of MSMEs.

📍 Implemented By
✅ Implemented through NSIC Venture Capital Fund Limited (NVCFL).
✅ NVCFL is a Category-II Alternative Investment Fund registered with the Securities and Exchange Board of India.

📍 Eligibility
✅ MSMEs meeting revised eligibility norms can avail benefits.
✅ Eligible enterprises may have turnover up to ₹500 crore.

📍 Target Corpus
✅ Total target corpus: ₹50,000 crore
➡️ ₹10,000 crore contributed by the Government of India
➡️ ₹40,000 crore mobilised from private investors

📍 Fund Structure
✅ Operates through a Mother Fund–Daughter Fund model.
✅ The Government-supported Mother Fund invests in Daughter Funds, which in turn invest in eligible MSMEs.

📍 Significance
✅ Supports promising MSMEs facing shortage of risk capital.
✅ Helps MSMEs scale up, generate employment and improve competitiveness.
✅ Forms an important component of the ₹20 lakh crore Atmanirbhar Bharat package.

#goverment_schemes

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🔆 Tianwen-2 Mission

📍 Context
✅ Recently launched in 2025 by China.

📍 Aim
✅ The mission aims to:
➡️ Return samples from a near-Earth asteroid
➡️ Explore a comet

📍 Asteroid Target
✅ The target asteroid is 469219 Kamoʻoalewa.
✅ The mission seeks to bring back more than 100 g of asteroid material to Earth.
✅ Kamoʻoalewa was discovered in 2016 using the Pan-STARRS1 Telescope.
✅ Scientists believe the asteroid may contain fragments of the Moon ejected during an ancient collision.

✅ The mission will use the “touch-and-go” technique:
➡️ The spacecraft arm will briefly touch the asteroid surface for about 5 seconds
➡️ It will collect samples and then move away

📍 Comet Target
✅ After the asteroid mission, Tianwen-2 will proceed to study comet 311P/PanSTARRS.

📍 Significance
✅ If successful, China will join a small group of countries, including the United States and Japan, that have successfully returned asteroid samples to Earth.

📍 Other Tianwen Missions
✅ Tianwen-1
➡️ Launched in 2020 by China.
➡️ It was China’s first successful Mars mission.
➡️ The spacecraft landed in Utopia Planitia.

✅ Tianwen-3
➡️ Planned around 2028.
➡️ It aims to collect and return samples from Mars.

✅ Tianwen-4
➡️ Planned around 2030.
➡️ It aims to explore Jupiter.

#GS3
#prelims
#science_technology
#science_and_technology

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🔆 Maa Kamakhya Temple

📍 Location
✅ Located in Guwahati, atop the Nilachal Hill on the banks of the Brahmaputra River.
✅ Dedicated to Goddess Kamakhya.

📍 Background
✅ According to legend, the temple was originally built by Narakasura.
✅ Historical records date to 1565, when Nara Narayan rebuilt the temple.

📍 Architecture
✅ Reconstructed in the Nilachal style of architecture.
✅ The Nilachal style combines Nagara and Saracenic/Mughal architectural influences.
✅ The temple has a distinctive brick dome shaped like a 16-sided polygon.

📍 Religious Significance
✅ Kamakhya is one of the 51 Shakti Peethas.
✅ Each Shakti Peetha is associated with a body part of Sati.
✅ It is one of the most important centres of the Shakti cult in India.

📍 Festival
✅ The famous Ambubachi Mela is celebrated here.
✅ The festival marks the annual menstruation of the presiding Goddess.

#prelims
#art_and_culture

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🔆 E. V. Ramaswamy (Periyar) (1879–1973)

📍 Who was Periyar?
✅ E. V. Ramasamy was a noted social reformer, rationalist and philosopher from Tamil Nadu.
✅ He was inspired by the constructive political programmes of Mahatma Gandhi in his early years.

📍 Publications
✅ Periyar founded and published the Tamil weekly Kudi Arasu.
✅ The publication promoted social reform, rationalism and opposition to caste discrimination.

📍 Activism
✅ He actively participated in the Vaikom Satyagraha.
✅ He also took part in the Non-Cooperation Movement.

📍 Titles
✅ He came to be known as “Vaikom Veeran” for his role in the Vaikom movement.
✅ His followers called him “Periyar”, meaning “great man”.

📍 Leadership and Political Role
✅ In 1932, he co-founded the Self-Respect Socialist Party along with Singara Velu Chettiar.
✅ He later became the leading figure of the Self-Respect Movement, which campaigned against caste hierarchy, patriarchy and social inequality.

📍 Significance
✅ Periyar played a major role in shaping the Dravidian movement in South India.
✅ He advocated:
➡️ Social equality
➡️ Women’s rights
➡️ Rationalism
➡️ Abolition of caste discrimination

#history #prelims #mains

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🔆 Ozone Depleting Substances (ODSs)
📍 Definition:
✅ Chlorine, bromine, CFCs, carbon tetrachloride, halons, etc.

📍 Potential Drivers of Ozone Hole over Antarctica:
1. Changes in Antarctic polar vortex
2. Changes in solar cycle
3. Increased atmospheric abundance of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

📍 Polar Vortex
✅ Stratospheric wind patterns with vast low-pressure areas and very cold air, more pronounced over the South Poles.
✅ Leads to formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs).

📍 Impact of Volcanic Eruptions on Ozone Layer:
✅ Triggers massive stratospheric water vapor plume.
✅ Injects large quantities of sulphur dioxide (facilitates chemical conversion of chlorine making it more reactive).
✅ Contributes atmospheric bromine and hydrogen chloride.
✅ Eruption particles provide surfaces for chemical reactions for ODSs.

📍 PSCs (Polar Stratospheric Clouds):
✅ Also known as nacreous clouds or mother of pearl.
✅ Formed below -78°C and trap outgoing longwave radiation.

📍 Location:
✅ Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai, a submarine volcano in the Tongan archipelago located in the Southern Pacific Ocean, erupted in January 2022.

📍 Ozone Layer Depletion Process (Infographic):
✅ 1st step: UV rays split chlorine atom from CFC molecule.
✅ 2nd step: Chlorine atom breaks up ozone molecule.
✅ 3rd step: The chlorine molecule left behind creates chlorine monoxide and oxygen (O2).

#environment

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