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COLLECTIVE EXPERIENCE OF FACULTY : Cleared UPSC Prelims 30 times | Mains 30 times | 4 Final Selections (AIR 63, 77, 89 & 96)
• Test Series Schedule : click here
• Free Test Available : click here
• Test Series Admission : Enroll now
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🔆 Indian Councils Act, 1892
📍 About the Act
🟢 The Indian Councils Act, 1892 exclusively dealt with the powers, functions and composition of legislative councils in India.
📍 Need for the Act
🟢 Earlier reforms were grudgingly conceded and proved inadequate, leading to demands for further reforms.
🟢 The non-official element under the Indian Councils Act, 1861 did not truly represent people; it mainly consisted of big zamindars, retired officials and Indian princes.
🟢 Rise of nationalism was fuelled by university education, English as a lingua franca, administrative apathy and repressive measures such as the Vernacular Press Act and Indian Arms Act.
🟢 Lytton’s repressive policies further strengthened anti-colonial sentiments.
🟢 The rise of the Indian National Congress created demands for greater political representation of Indians.
🟢 Lord Dufferin proposed liberalisation of councils and appointed a committee to prepare a plan for enlarging provincial councils and introducing the elective principle, without introducing parliamentary government.
📍 Major Provisions
🟢 Central Legislative Council: Additional members were increased to 10–16.
🟢 Provincial Councils: Additional members were 8–20 in Madras and Bombay, while the North-West Frontier Province could have a maximum of 15.
🟢 Non-official Members: Two-fifths of council members were to be non-official, partly nominated and partly elected.
🟢 Financial Discussion: Members could express views on financial statements/budgets, but could not move resolutions on them.
🟢 Right to Question: Members could ask questions on matters of public interest after giving six days’ notice. This provision was also extended to provincial legislative councils.
📍 Introduction of the Elective Principle
🟢 The Act did not explicitly use the word “election”; the process was described through selection of non-official members.
🟢 In the Central Council, five non-official members were elected—one each by four provincial legislative bodies and one by the Calcutta Chamber of Commerce.
🟢 The remaining five were nominated by the Governor-General.
🟢 In provinces, district boards, municipalities, universities and chambers of commerce acted as electoral colleges.
📍 Significance
🟢 Introduced the elective principle indirectly into legislative councils.
🟢 Increased opportunities for Indians to participate in legislative functioning.
🟢 Provided limited space for discussion of financial matters and public-interest issues.
🟢 Leaders such as Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Ashutosh Mukherjee, Rash Bihari Ghosh and Surendra Nath Banerjee entered the legislature.
📍 Key Takeaway
The Indian Councils Act, 1892 marked a limited step towards representative institutions by enlarging councils and introducing an indirect and restricted elective principle, but it fell short of nationalist demands for genuine political representation.
📌 UPSC Mains Model Question
“The Indian Councils Act, 1892 marked an important, though limited, step towards representative government in colonial India.” Discuss.
(10 Marks | 150 Words)
#history #prelims #mains
Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM https://t.me/Upsc_4_history
📍 About the Act
🟢 The Indian Councils Act, 1892 exclusively dealt with the powers, functions and composition of legislative councils in India.
📍 Need for the Act
🟢 Earlier reforms were grudgingly conceded and proved inadequate, leading to demands for further reforms.
🟢 The non-official element under the Indian Councils Act, 1861 did not truly represent people; it mainly consisted of big zamindars, retired officials and Indian princes.
🟢 Rise of nationalism was fuelled by university education, English as a lingua franca, administrative apathy and repressive measures such as the Vernacular Press Act and Indian Arms Act.
🟢 Lytton’s repressive policies further strengthened anti-colonial sentiments.
🟢 The rise of the Indian National Congress created demands for greater political representation of Indians.
🟢 Lord Dufferin proposed liberalisation of councils and appointed a committee to prepare a plan for enlarging provincial councils and introducing the elective principle, without introducing parliamentary government.
📍 Major Provisions
🟢 Central Legislative Council: Additional members were increased to 10–16.
🟢 Provincial Councils: Additional members were 8–20 in Madras and Bombay, while the North-West Frontier Province could have a maximum of 15.
🟢 Non-official Members: Two-fifths of council members were to be non-official, partly nominated and partly elected.
🟢 Financial Discussion: Members could express views on financial statements/budgets, but could not move resolutions on them.
🟢 Right to Question: Members could ask questions on matters of public interest after giving six days’ notice. This provision was also extended to provincial legislative councils.
📍 Introduction of the Elective Principle
🟢 The Act did not explicitly use the word “election”; the process was described through selection of non-official members.
🟢 In the Central Council, five non-official members were elected—one each by four provincial legislative bodies and one by the Calcutta Chamber of Commerce.
🟢 The remaining five were nominated by the Governor-General.
🟢 In provinces, district boards, municipalities, universities and chambers of commerce acted as electoral colleges.
📍 Significance
🟢 Introduced the elective principle indirectly into legislative councils.
🟢 Increased opportunities for Indians to participate in legislative functioning.
🟢 Provided limited space for discussion of financial matters and public-interest issues.
🟢 Leaders such as Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Ashutosh Mukherjee, Rash Bihari Ghosh and Surendra Nath Banerjee entered the legislature.
📍 Key Takeaway
The Indian Councils Act, 1892 marked a limited step towards representative institutions by enlarging councils and introducing an indirect and restricted elective principle, but it fell short of nationalist demands for genuine political representation.
📌 UPSC Mains Model Question
“The Indian Councils Act, 1892 marked an important, though limited, step towards representative government in colonial India.” Discuss.
(10 Marks | 150 Words)
#history #prelims #mains
Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM https://t.me/Upsc_4_history
❤8👏1👌1
#Goodmorning
⏳253 days left CSP27 [ 23-05-27]
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⏳99 days left EPFO 20 December
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⏳79 Days left UKPSC 29 November
⏳75 days left Ifos mains 25 November
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⏳ Tomorrow CDS/NDA 2 13 Sept
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
⏳253 days left CSP27 [ 23-05-27]
⏳342 days left CSM27 [ 20-08-27]
⏳99 days left EPFO 20 December
⏳85 days left UPPSC/RAS prelims 6 December
⏳79 Days left UKPSC 29 November
⏳75 days left Ifos mains 25 November
⏳65 days left KAS prelims 15 Nov
⏳47 days left OPSC mains 29 Oct
⏳43 days left 72nd BPSC Prelims 25 oct
⏳ Tomorrow CDS/NDA 2 13 Sept
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
🔆 ONE LINERS – 11 SEPTEMBER 2026
📍 POLITY & GOVERNANCE
🔆 First-Ever CSR Framework for Coal Companies
🟢 Ministry of Coal & Coal India Limited (CIL) marked major healthcare milestones and launched India’s first sector-specific CSR framework for coal companies.
🟢 Thalassemia Bal Sewa Yojana: Funded 1,050+ bone marrow transplants, providing up to ₹10 lakh per child across 21 hospitals.
🟢 Nanha Sa Dil: Screened 2 lakh+ children and completed 1,500 free heart surgeries for children with congenital heart defects.
🟢 CSR Framework: Aims to channel mining-sector CSR funds more effectively towards local community health and education.
📍 ECONOMY
🔆 Demat 2.0 – Corporate Bond Tokenisation
🟢 SEBI & RBI launched the Demat 2.0 pilot at the Global Fintech Fest, Mumbai.
🟢 Objective: Test tokenisation of corporate bonds using CBDC and blockchain for faster settlement.
🟢 Tokenisation: Converting financial assets into smaller digital units, potentially enabling wider participation in asset ownership.
🟢 Led by CDSL & NSDL, with participation from BSE, NSE, HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank & NPCI.
🟢 Demat 1.0 (1996): Digitised shareholding; Demat 2.0 adds tokenised securities and smart contracts.
🟢 Future scope includes equity, mutual funds and gold; RBI is also exploring gold tokenisation.
🔆 First Shipment of Lithium from Zimbabwe
🟢 India’s Lohum dispatched its first shipment of lithium ore from Matabeleland South Province, Zimbabwe.
🟢 Secured 10 mining blocks covering 1,100 hectares, with estimated deposits of 30–40 million tonnes.
🟢 Expected production: 300,000 metric tonnes lithium carbonate equivalent, valued at around $7 billion.
🟢 Expansion option covers up to 90 adjacent blocks.
🟢 Supports India’s broader critical minerals value chain, including refining, advanced manufacturing and recycling.
📍 ENVIRONMENT
🔆 Badingilo–Boma Landscape – South Sudan’s First UNESCO World Heritage Site
🟢 Boma & Badingilo National Parks were designated as South Sudan’s first UNESCO World Heritage Site in July 2026.
🟢 Covers around 30 million acres and forms part of Africa’s largest intact savanna ecosystem.
🟢 Protects the migration of around 6 million antelopes, including white-eared kob and Mongalla gazelle.
🟢 Supports around 470 bird species, including shoebills, storks and kingfishers.
🟢 Landscape comprises interconnected wetlands, swamps, woodlands and grassy plains, linked to the Sudd Ramsar wetland.
🟢 Significance: Strengthens biodiversity conservation, protection of migratory species and international investment in the region.
📍 DEFENCE
🔆 El Alamein International Airshow 2026
🟢 IAF Sarang Helicopter Display Team reached Egypt for the 2nd El Alamein International Airshow.
🟢 Sarang is the world’s only five-helicopter display team, flying the indigenously designed ALH Dhruv.
🟢 Displays include the famous “Dolphin Leap” and new “Spot Stall Turn” manoeuvres.
🟢 Highlights India’s precision flying, synchronisation and indigenous aerospace capability.
🔆 22nd India–US Yudh Abhyas Exercise
🟢 22nd edition of Exercise Yudh Abhyas is being conducted in India between the Indian Army and US Army.
🟢 Focus: High-altitude warfare, long-range precision fires, counter-drone operations and interoperability.
🟢 US participation includes the 11th Airborne Division and 3rd Multi-Domain Task Force (3MDTF).
🟢 Includes command-post exercises, field training and combined live-fire demonstrations.
🟢 New feature: M-LIDS (Mobile-Low, Slow, Small Unmanned Aircraft Integrated Defeat System) deployed in India for the first time.
🔆 4th Edition – Exercise Samudra Laksamana
🟢 INS Mysore arrived at Lumut, Malaysia for the bilateral maritime exercise with the Royal Malaysian Navy.
🟢 Activities include cross-deck visits, operational interactions and sporting events.
🟢 Objective: Enhance interoperability, professional exchange and mutual understanding.
🟢 Aligned with India’s MAHASAGAR vision and the ASEAN–India Year of Maritime Cooperation 2026.
📍 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
🔆 CE20 Cryogenic Engine – 220 kN Thrust
🟢 ISRO successfully conducted a flight-acceptance hot test of the CE20 cryogenic engine at an uprated 220 kN thrust.
🟢 Date: 9 September 2026 | Venue: ISRO Propulsion Complex, Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu.
🟢 The engine is earmarked for the C32 upper stage of an upcoming LVM3 mission.
🟢 Higher thrust is expected to enhance LVM3 payload capability and support the Gaganyaan programme.
🔆 India’s Nuclear Arsenal – FAS Report
🟢 Federation of American Scientists (FAS) estimates India possesses around 190 nuclear warheads.
🟢 Around 30 warheads are associated with new missiles under production, while 160+ are estimated for operational launchers.
🟢 India has produced around 730 kg of weapon-grade plutonium, estimated to be sufficient for approximately 140–225 warheads.
🟢 India continues to modernise its air-, land- and sea-based nuclear delivery systems.
🟢 Nuclear doctrine remains based on credible minimum deterrence and No First Use (NFU).
🟢 FAS notes uncertainty regarding India’s progress on boosted-fission and thermonuclear designs.
🔆 Bird Hearing Technology – Bhoramdev Wildlife Sanctuary
🟢 Chhattisgarh Forest Department will introduce audio-based bird hearing technology in Bhoramdev Wildlife Sanctuary.
🟢 Audio-recording devices will capture bird and animal sounds across core and buffer zones.
🟢 Helps identify species presence, behaviour and impacts of human activity and natural factors.
🟢 Initially focused on birds, with scope to expand monitoring to smaller animals and insects.
🟢 The 351 sq km sanctuary will use a grid-based survey for device installation.
🟢 Complements camera traps, enabling more comprehensive biodiversity monitoring.
#CurrentAffairs
📍 POLITY & GOVERNANCE
🔆 First-Ever CSR Framework for Coal Companies
🟢 Ministry of Coal & Coal India Limited (CIL) marked major healthcare milestones and launched India’s first sector-specific CSR framework for coal companies.
🟢 Thalassemia Bal Sewa Yojana: Funded 1,050+ bone marrow transplants, providing up to ₹10 lakh per child across 21 hospitals.
🟢 Nanha Sa Dil: Screened 2 lakh+ children and completed 1,500 free heart surgeries for children with congenital heart defects.
🟢 CSR Framework: Aims to channel mining-sector CSR funds more effectively towards local community health and education.
📍 ECONOMY
🔆 Demat 2.0 – Corporate Bond Tokenisation
🟢 SEBI & RBI launched the Demat 2.0 pilot at the Global Fintech Fest, Mumbai.
🟢 Objective: Test tokenisation of corporate bonds using CBDC and blockchain for faster settlement.
🟢 Tokenisation: Converting financial assets into smaller digital units, potentially enabling wider participation in asset ownership.
🟢 Led by CDSL & NSDL, with participation from BSE, NSE, HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank & NPCI.
🟢 Demat 1.0 (1996): Digitised shareholding; Demat 2.0 adds tokenised securities and smart contracts.
🟢 Future scope includes equity, mutual funds and gold; RBI is also exploring gold tokenisation.
🔆 First Shipment of Lithium from Zimbabwe
🟢 India’s Lohum dispatched its first shipment of lithium ore from Matabeleland South Province, Zimbabwe.
🟢 Secured 10 mining blocks covering 1,100 hectares, with estimated deposits of 30–40 million tonnes.
🟢 Expected production: 300,000 metric tonnes lithium carbonate equivalent, valued at around $7 billion.
🟢 Expansion option covers up to 90 adjacent blocks.
🟢 Supports India’s broader critical minerals value chain, including refining, advanced manufacturing and recycling.
📍 ENVIRONMENT
🔆 Badingilo–Boma Landscape – South Sudan’s First UNESCO World Heritage Site
🟢 Boma & Badingilo National Parks were designated as South Sudan’s first UNESCO World Heritage Site in July 2026.
🟢 Covers around 30 million acres and forms part of Africa’s largest intact savanna ecosystem.
🟢 Protects the migration of around 6 million antelopes, including white-eared kob and Mongalla gazelle.
🟢 Supports around 470 bird species, including shoebills, storks and kingfishers.
🟢 Landscape comprises interconnected wetlands, swamps, woodlands and grassy plains, linked to the Sudd Ramsar wetland.
🟢 Significance: Strengthens biodiversity conservation, protection of migratory species and international investment in the region.
📍 DEFENCE
🔆 El Alamein International Airshow 2026
🟢 IAF Sarang Helicopter Display Team reached Egypt for the 2nd El Alamein International Airshow.
🟢 Sarang is the world’s only five-helicopter display team, flying the indigenously designed ALH Dhruv.
🟢 Displays include the famous “Dolphin Leap” and new “Spot Stall Turn” manoeuvres.
🟢 Highlights India’s precision flying, synchronisation and indigenous aerospace capability.
🔆 22nd India–US Yudh Abhyas Exercise
🟢 22nd edition of Exercise Yudh Abhyas is being conducted in India between the Indian Army and US Army.
🟢 Focus: High-altitude warfare, long-range precision fires, counter-drone operations and interoperability.
🟢 US participation includes the 11th Airborne Division and 3rd Multi-Domain Task Force (3MDTF).
🟢 Includes command-post exercises, field training and combined live-fire demonstrations.
🟢 New feature: M-LIDS (Mobile-Low, Slow, Small Unmanned Aircraft Integrated Defeat System) deployed in India for the first time.
🔆 4th Edition – Exercise Samudra Laksamana
🟢 INS Mysore arrived at Lumut, Malaysia for the bilateral maritime exercise with the Royal Malaysian Navy.
🟢 Activities include cross-deck visits, operational interactions and sporting events.
🟢 Objective: Enhance interoperability, professional exchange and mutual understanding.
🟢 Aligned with India’s MAHASAGAR vision and the ASEAN–India Year of Maritime Cooperation 2026.
📍 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
🔆 CE20 Cryogenic Engine – 220 kN Thrust
🟢 ISRO successfully conducted a flight-acceptance hot test of the CE20 cryogenic engine at an uprated 220 kN thrust.
🟢 Date: 9 September 2026 | Venue: ISRO Propulsion Complex, Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu.
🟢 The engine is earmarked for the C32 upper stage of an upcoming LVM3 mission.
🟢 Higher thrust is expected to enhance LVM3 payload capability and support the Gaganyaan programme.
🔆 India’s Nuclear Arsenal – FAS Report
🟢 Federation of American Scientists (FAS) estimates India possesses around 190 nuclear warheads.
🟢 Around 30 warheads are associated with new missiles under production, while 160+ are estimated for operational launchers.
🟢 India has produced around 730 kg of weapon-grade plutonium, estimated to be sufficient for approximately 140–225 warheads.
🟢 India continues to modernise its air-, land- and sea-based nuclear delivery systems.
🟢 Nuclear doctrine remains based on credible minimum deterrence and No First Use (NFU).
🟢 FAS notes uncertainty regarding India’s progress on boosted-fission and thermonuclear designs.
🔆 Bird Hearing Technology – Bhoramdev Wildlife Sanctuary
🟢 Chhattisgarh Forest Department will introduce audio-based bird hearing technology in Bhoramdev Wildlife Sanctuary.
🟢 Audio-recording devices will capture bird and animal sounds across core and buffer zones.
🟢 Helps identify species presence, behaviour and impacts of human activity and natural factors.
🟢 Initially focused on birds, with scope to expand monitoring to smaller animals and insects.
🟢 The 351 sq km sanctuary will use a grid-based survey for device installation.
🟢 Complements camera traps, enabling more comprehensive biodiversity monitoring.
#CurrentAffairs
❤3
Forwarded from UPSC EPFO APFC Test MCQ Anmol Vachan
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MODERN HISTORY MAINS SHORT NOTES (Anmol Vachan)
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🔆 Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY): Six Years
📍 Why in News?
🟢 PMMSY completed six years on 10 September 2026.
🟢 Launched in 2020–21, it aims to modernise India’s fisheries value chain.
🟢 BE 2026–27: ₹2,500 crore.
📍 Scheme at a Glance
🟢 Total Outlay: ₹20,750 crore.
🟢 Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying — Department of Fisheries.
🟢 Structure: Umbrella scheme comprising Central Sector (CS) and Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) components.
🟢 Builds on the earlier Blue Revolution scheme, expanding from production to the wider value chain.
📍 PM-MKSSY
🟢 Pradhan Mantri Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana — 2023–24 to 2026–27.
🟢 Outlay: ₹6,000 crore.
🟢 Focus: formalisation, insurance and institutional finance.
📍 Progress & Outcomes
🟢 Approved projects: ₹21,394.88 crore as of 11 August 2026, including Central share of ₹9,510.89 crore.
🟢 Fish production: 141.64 lakh tonnes (2019–20) → 197.75 lakh tonnes (2024–25).
🟢 Fisheries exports: ₹46,663 crore (2019–20) → ₹73,890 crore (2025–26).
🟢 Government cites 58 lakh direct and indirect jobs in fisheries and aquaculture-related activities.
📍 Infrastructure & Collective Institutions
🟢 ₹2,797 crore approved for cold-chain and marketing infrastructure.
🟢 Includes 775 cold storages/ice plants, 24 wholesale and 117 retail fish markets and 28,000+ fish transportation units.
🟢 2,195 Fish Farmers Producer Organisations (FFPOs) supported with ₹544.86 crore.
🟢 100 Climate Resilient Coastal Fishermen Villages identified; ₹200 lakh per village under the CS component.
📍 Digital Fisheries Ecosystem
🟢 National Fisheries Digital Platform (NFDP) launched in September 2024 under PM-MKSSY.
🟢 37 lakh+ registrations as of 8 September 2026.
🟢 Enables access to credit, insurance and traceability.
📍 Technologies to Know
🟢 RAS: Recirculates and filters water for intensive aquaculture with minimal land and water use.
🟢 Bio-floc: Uses beneficial microbes to recycle nutrients and requires little water exchange.
🟢 NFDB: National Fisheries Development Board, strengthened under the CS component.
📍 Critical Challenges
🟢 Government employment/income figures are self-reported and not independently verified outcomes.
🟢 Concerns over deep-sea fishing regulation and overexploitation of coastal stocks.
🟢 Small and traditional fishers may face limited access to benefits linked to formal registration and institutional credit.
📍 Significance
PMMSY marks a shift from production-oriented fisheries policy towards an integrated value-chain approach covering infrastructure, exports, digital governance and fisher welfare.
📌 Mains Practice Question
Discuss the role of the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana in transforming India’s fisheries value chain. What structural challenges remain in ensuring the scheme’s benefits reach small and traditional fishers?
(15 Marks | 250 Words)
#goverment_schemes
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_government_scheme
📍 Why in News?
🟢 PMMSY completed six years on 10 September 2026.
🟢 Launched in 2020–21, it aims to modernise India’s fisheries value chain.
🟢 BE 2026–27: ₹2,500 crore.
📍 Scheme at a Glance
🟢 Total Outlay: ₹20,750 crore.
🟢 Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying — Department of Fisheries.
🟢 Structure: Umbrella scheme comprising Central Sector (CS) and Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) components.
🟢 Builds on the earlier Blue Revolution scheme, expanding from production to the wider value chain.
📍 PM-MKSSY
🟢 Pradhan Mantri Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana — 2023–24 to 2026–27.
🟢 Outlay: ₹6,000 crore.
🟢 Focus: formalisation, insurance and institutional finance.
📍 Progress & Outcomes
🟢 Approved projects: ₹21,394.88 crore as of 11 August 2026, including Central share of ₹9,510.89 crore.
🟢 Fish production: 141.64 lakh tonnes (2019–20) → 197.75 lakh tonnes (2024–25).
🟢 Fisheries exports: ₹46,663 crore (2019–20) → ₹73,890 crore (2025–26).
🟢 Government cites 58 lakh direct and indirect jobs in fisheries and aquaculture-related activities.
📍 Infrastructure & Collective Institutions
🟢 ₹2,797 crore approved for cold-chain and marketing infrastructure.
🟢 Includes 775 cold storages/ice plants, 24 wholesale and 117 retail fish markets and 28,000+ fish transportation units.
🟢 2,195 Fish Farmers Producer Organisations (FFPOs) supported with ₹544.86 crore.
🟢 100 Climate Resilient Coastal Fishermen Villages identified; ₹200 lakh per village under the CS component.
📍 Digital Fisheries Ecosystem
🟢 National Fisheries Digital Platform (NFDP) launched in September 2024 under PM-MKSSY.
🟢 37 lakh+ registrations as of 8 September 2026.
🟢 Enables access to credit, insurance and traceability.
📍 Technologies to Know
🟢 RAS: Recirculates and filters water for intensive aquaculture with minimal land and water use.
🟢 Bio-floc: Uses beneficial microbes to recycle nutrients and requires little water exchange.
🟢 NFDB: National Fisheries Development Board, strengthened under the CS component.
📍 Critical Challenges
🟢 Government employment/income figures are self-reported and not independently verified outcomes.
🟢 Concerns over deep-sea fishing regulation and overexploitation of coastal stocks.
🟢 Small and traditional fishers may face limited access to benefits linked to formal registration and institutional credit.
📍 Significance
PMMSY marks a shift from production-oriented fisheries policy towards an integrated value-chain approach covering infrastructure, exports, digital governance and fisher welfare.
📌 Mains Practice Question
Discuss the role of the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana in transforming India’s fisheries value chain. What structural challenges remain in ensuring the scheme’s benefits reach small and traditional fishers?
(15 Marks | 250 Words)
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