🔆 ONE-LINERS | 19-09-2026

🔆 POLITY & GOVERNANCE

📍 Passport Rules for Children Below 15 Years
🟢 Under the Passports (Amendment) Rules, 2026, passports issued to children below 15 years will be valid for 5 years or until they turn 18, whichever is earlier.
🟢 Applies to ordinary passports with 36 pages.
🟢 Children below 15 must leave the “Validity Required” section blank.
🟢 Children below 8 years are eligible for a 10% discount on fresh passport application fees.
🟢 The rules also revise fees for fresh and reissued passports.

📍 Tulu: Karnataka’s Additional Administrative Language
🟢 Karnataka announced Tulu as the state’s second additional administrative language in Udupi and Dakshina Kannada districts.
🟢 Language family: Dravidian; spoken mainly in coastal Karnataka and Kasaragod, Kerala. The region is known as Tulu Nadu.
🟢 Tulu has a history spanning over 2,000 years and is distinct from Kannada and Malayalam.
🟢 Script: Tulu had its own script, used in works from the 15th–18th centuries; contemporary literature is largely written in Kannada script.
🟢 Tulu is a non-scheduled language and is not included in the Constitution’s Eighth Schedule.

🔆 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

📍 Oman’s Sohar Port
🟢 SOHAR Port & Freezone is a major deep-sea port and industrial hub on Oman’s northern coast, outside the Strait of Hormuz, between Dubai and Muscat.
🟢 Operational since 2004, it covers 21 million sq. m and includes logistics, petrochemicals, metals and food clusters.
🟢 Its food cluster includes Oman’s first dedicated agricultural-products terminal.
🟢 A proposed green corridor with UAE’s Jebel Ali Port aims to facilitate faster customs clearance for Indian goods.
🟢 Other major Omani ports: Salalah and Duqm.
🟢 GCC members: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the UAE.

📍 India–Japan: 75 Years of Diplomatic Relations
🟢 2027 marks 75 years of India–Japan diplomatic relations, established in 1952.
🟢 Designated as the “India–Japan Year of Shared Horizons.”
🟢 The week of 28 April 2027 will be observed as India–Japan Week.
🟢 Partnership milestones: Global Partnership (2000) → Strategic and Global Partnership (2006) → Special Strategic and Global Partnership (2014).
🟢 IMAGE-75: Manga, anime and gaming cooperation.
🟢 SPORT-75 & Cricket Kizuna-75: Sports exchanges and cricket coaching initiatives.
🟢 RASA-75: Arts, music and cultural exchanges.
🟢 Business Connect-75: Links Indian industrial clusters with Japanese banks and enterprises.
🟢 MIRAI-VIGYAN-75: Science, technology, academic and space cooperation, including the LUPEX lunar mission.
🟢 A Buddhist pilgrimage initiative will promote spiritual tourism between the two countries.

📍 US Major Drug Transit List — FY2027
🟢 The US identified 23 countries, including India, China and Pakistan, as major drug transit or illicit drug-producing countries.
🟢 Afghanistan, Bolivia, Burma and Colombia were separately identified as having “failed demonstrably” to meet international counternarcotics obligations.
🟢 India, China and Pakistan were not placed in this category.
🟢 The US acknowledged India’s efforts against illicit opium cultivation and to strengthen supply-chain integrity.
🟢 China: Identified as a major producer of precursor chemicals used in illicit synthetic drugs, including fentanyl and methamphetamine.
🟢 Pakistan: Identified as a major drug transit or illicit drug-producing country.

🔆 ENVIRONMENT

📍 First Soil Carbon Credit Payments to Farmers
🟢 Farmers in Punjab and Haryana received India’s first soil-carbon-credit payments through Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT).
🟢 Linked to the Aadi farmer carbon programme, launched by Grow Indigo in 2019 with technical guidance from ICAR.
🟢 Covers over 2 million acres and 1 lakh farmers across 7 states.
🟢 More than 2,500 farmers received over ₹2.9 crore; individual payments ranged from ₹3,000 to ₹15,000.
🟢 1 carbon credit = 1 metric tonne of CO₂ equivalent removed or reduced.
🟢 Credits issued under Verra VM0042 methodology.
🟢 Practices include no-till farming, cover cropping, direct-seeded rice, crop-residue management and water conservation.

📍 Sal Trees & Sal Borer Outbreak
🟢 Permission was granted to cut over 1.56 lakh sal trees affected by sal borer in Madhya Pradesh.
🟢 Sal:Shorea robusta, also known as Sakhua or Saal; a major native tree of tropical moist and dry deciduous forests.
🟢 Sal borer:Hoplocerambyx spinicornis, a longhorn beetle whose larvae hollow out tree trunks.
🟢 Affected areas include Dindori and Anuppur (Amarkantak) districts.
🟢 An infestation is classified as an epidemic when affected trees exceed 1% of the total forest stand.

📍 World Bamboo Day 2026
🟢 Observed globally on 18 September to promote bamboo’s sustainable, economic and ecological value.
🟢 Theme: “Bamboo Beyond Borders.”
🟢 Promoted by the World Bamboo Organisation (WBO); formally declared at the 8th World Bamboo Congress in Bangkok in 2009.
🟢 Nagaland: Introduced “The Green Gold Barn,” blending traditional bamboo use with modern innovation.
🟢 Maharashtra: Bamboo Research and Training Centre, Chichpalli, hosted World Bamboo Week 2026 with competitions and technology showcases.

🔆 TECHNOLOGY

📍 ‘OneTag’ FASTag Portability
🟢 OneTag is a new NETC FASTag portability facility allowing users to change their issuer bank while retaining the same physical tag.
🟢 Developed jointly by IHMCL and NPCI.
🟢 Available through the Rajmarg Yatra app.
🟢 Works like mobile number portability: users retain the same FASTag ID and vehicle registration.
🟢 A fresh KYC is required when switching banks.
🟢 FASTag has over 98% penetration and around 13 crore users.

🔆 SPECIES

📍 Ariosoma cmfriense: New Conger Eel Species
🟢 A new conger eel species was described from the Arabian Sea, named after the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) on its 80th anniversary.
🟢 Found at around 300 m depth off Kollam, Kerala.
🟢 Identified using morphological characteristics and molecular evidence.
🟢 Distinguished from 12 recognised Ariosoma species reported from Indian and neighbouring waters.
🟢 Key features: 135 total vertebrae, 127–130 lateral-line pores, two supraorbital pores and a dorsal fin origin just ahead of the pectoral-fin base.
🟢 Also features a plain pectoral fin, a dark opercular patch and fine black speckling below the lateral line.

🔆 MISCELLANEOUS

📍 International Equal Pay Day 2026
🟢 Observed on 18 September, coordinated by the UN, ILO and UN Women.
🟢 Theme: “Equal Pay for Work of Equal Value — For Everyone, Everywhere.”
🟢 Focuses on eliminating gender-based wage discrimination and ensuring equal remuneration for work of equal value.
🟢 The principle is enshrined in ILO Equal Remuneration Convention No. 100.
🟢 According to figures cited by UN Women, women globally earn roughly 77 cents for every dollar earned by men.

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19th September UPSC current affairs

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🔆 CHARTER ACT OF 1813
📚 UPSC HISTORY | Modern India

📍 Why was the Charter Act of 1813 introduced?

🟢 Economic Reasons
• Industrial Revolution created pressure to open the Indian market to British merchants.
• British industrialists viewed India as a large market for factory-made goods and a supplier of raw materials.
• Company rule was expected to facilitate law and order and commercial conditions for British trade.

🟢 Ideological Reasons
• The defeat of Napoleon and success of the Industrial Revolution strengthened the confidence of Utilitarians and Liberals in Britain.
• Thinkers such as Adam Smith, Jeremy Bentham, James Mill, John Stuart Mill and Thomas Macaulay emphasised science, reason, law and government.
• They believed these principles could also be used to improve conditions in India.

🟢 Evangelical Influence
• Charles Grant and William Wilberforce advocated the spread of Christianity and education.
• They sought to eradicate what they considered ignorance and superstition.
• Charles Grant argued that Britain had a duty to civilise Indians and promote their material prosperity.
• Evangelicals demanded permission for Christian missionaries to enter India.

📍 Major Provisions
🟢 End of Company’s Trade Monopoly: Trade with India was opened to all British merchants and free traders.
🟢 The Company retained its monopoly over tea trade and trade with China.
🟢 The Act asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Company’s territories in India.
🟢 Christian missionaries were permitted to enter India.
🟢 Provision was made for the spread of education, revival of literature and promotion of sciences among the inhabitants of British territories.
🟢 ₹1 lakh annually was earmarked for promoting education among Indians.
🟢 The General Committee on Public Instruction was later established and headed by H. Wilson.
🟢 Plans were made for a Sanskrit College at Calcutta, Oriental colleges at Agra and Delhi, and financial assistance to existing tols and madrasas.
🟢 Local governments were authorised to impose taxes and punish persons for non-payment.

📍 Economic Impact — Deindustrialisation
🟢 India increasingly became a supplier of raw materials while its economy was controlled from outside.
🟢 British factory-made goods flooded Indian markets.
🟢 Protective duties in Britain restricted the entry of Indian manufactured goods.
🟢 India’s traditional cotton textile industry declined as it could not compete with industrially produced British textiles.
🟢 Raw-material producers became vulnerable to international economic cycles and fluctuations.

📍 Chinese Opium Trade
🟢 With the loss of the Company’s monopoly over Indian trade, China became increasingly important for the Company’s trade network.
🟢 Raw cotton and opium became important sources of revenue.
🟢 Revenue from these activities helped finance the procurement of Chinese tea for export to Britain.
🟢 Opium cultivation was concentrated initially in Bihar and later expanded into Malwa.
🟢 Cultivation was tightly controlled through advances to growers, while opium was also sold to private British traders who smuggled it into China.
🟢 The notes highlight that profits from opium sales amounted to about 20% of Indian revenues and supported the Company’s finances.

📍 Education & Missionary Dimension
🟢 The Act marked an important step towards state-supported education in India.
🟢 However, the notes also emphasise that education had a colonial objective, including creating a sense of commitment among Company officials and training Indians.
🟢 The missionary provision also contributed to concerns regarding religious influence and conversions.

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🔆 AADI FARMER CARBON PROGRAMME

📍 Why in News?
🟢 India’s first soil-carbon payments will reach 2,550 farmers in Punjab and Haryana under the ‘Aadi’ Farmer Carbon Programme.
🟢 Farmers are set to receive more than ₹2.9 crore through digital payments.

📍 About Aadi Programme
🟢 Launched by Grow Indigo in 2019 with technical guidance from ICAR.
🟢 It is described as India’s first flagship farmer-carbon programme to issue agricultural carbon credits under Verra’s VM0042 methodology.
🟢 Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare.
🟢 It involves ICAR institutions, agricultural universities, KVKs and State institutions.

📍 Objective
🟢 Encourage regenerative and climate-smart agriculture.
🟢 Provide farmers with an additional source of income through carbon credits.
🟢 Promote better soil health and climate resilience in Punjab and Haryana.

📍 Key Practices
🟢 Direct Seeded Rice (DSR)
🟢 Reduced tillage
🟢 Improved crop-residue management
🟢 Water conservation

📍 How Carbon Credits Were Generated?
🟢 Greenhouse-gas reductions and increases in soil carbon resulting from improved farming practices were scientifically measured and independently verified.
🟢 Carbon credits were then issued based on the verified results.

📍 First Carbon Credit Issuance
🟢 Covered around 30,000 acres.
🟢 Generated 50,000+ carbon credits.
🟢 Participating farmers received approximately ₹3,000–₹15,000, depending on their share of carbon credits generated from their fields.

📍 Payment Mechanism
🟢 Grow Indigo released payments from its own funds before the carbon credits were fully sold.
🟢 This allowed farmers to receive payments without waiting for sale proceeds.
🟢 Farmers could choose between an assured upfront payment and 75% of net carbon revenue after carbon-credit sales.

📍 Scale of the Programme
🟢 Currently covers 20 lakh+ acres.
🟢 Covers 1 lakh+ farmers across 7 states.

📌 PRELIMS FOCUS
🟢 VM0042: Verra methodology for quantifying GHG reductions and soil-carbon storage from improved agricultural land management.
🟢 DSR: Direct Seeded Rice
🟢 Carbon credits: Financial mechanism linked to verified emission reductions/removals.
🟢 Aadi: Farmer-carbon programme focused on regenerative and climate-smart agriculture.

✍️ MAINS PRACTICE
Discuss how soil-carbon markets can promote regenerative agriculture while creating an additional income stream for Indian farmers.

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🔆 ONE-LINERS | 22 SEPTEMBER 2026

📚 UPSC Current Affairs | AnmolVachan1

🔆 SOCIAL ISSUES

📍 Biovigilance Programme of India
🟢 Approved by the Government of India in September 2026 to monitor adverse events linked to medicines and biological products used in organ & tissue transplantation.
🟢 Lead Agency: Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC).
🟢 Covers products/medicines used by both donors and recipients.
🟢 Complements PvPI (drugs) and MvPI (medical devices), creating an integrated safety framework.

🔆 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

📍 Nomadic Elephant 2026
🟢 18th India–Mongolia Joint Military Exercise commenced on 21 September 2026 at Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand.
🟢 Duration: 21 September–3 October 2026.
🟢 Participants: 45 personnel each from Indian Army & Mongolian Armed Forces.
🟢 Focus: Counter-Insurgency Operations in semi-urban & mountainous terrain under a UN mandate.
🟢 Conducted annually and alternately in India and Mongolia.

🔆 ECONOMY

📍 Asia’s First Telecom Manufacturing Zone
🟢 Being established in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh.
🟢 Investment proposals: approximately ₹5,500 crore.
🟢 24 global & domestic companies have initiated applications.
🟢 Common Testing Lab package: around ₹500 crore.
🟢 Products: mobile phones, fibre-optic cables, antennas, satellite gear & semiconductor components.
🟢 Expected to create 18,000+ direct jobs.
🟢 Aim: Reduce import dependence and strengthen domestic 5G/6G manufacturing.

🔆 ENVIRONMENT

📍 World Water Monitoring Day
🟢 Observed annually on 18 September; 2026 marked its 24th annual event.
🟢 Established in 2003 by America’s Clean Water Foundation.
🟢 Globally coordinated through the EarthEcho Water Challenge.
🟢 Key parameters: temperature, pH, turbidity & dissolved oxygen (DO).
🟢 Promotes community-based monitoring and protection of freshwater ecosystems.

📍 India’s Largest Solar Cell Facility
🟢 Premier Energies commissioned a 7 GW solar cell facility at Naidupeta, Andhra Pradesh.
🟢 Area: 101 acres | Investment: ₹3,293 crore.
🟢 Technology: N-type TOPCon G12R solar cells.
🟢 Target average efficiency: approximately 25.8% after stabilisation.
🟢 AI, digital systems & automated material handling integrated into production.
🟢 Total solar cell manufacturing capacity of the company rises to 10.6 GW.

📍 WWF Global Conservation Conference
🟢 Opened on 21 September 2026 in Jaipur, Rajasthan.
🟢 Delegates/leaders from 100+ countries participated.
🟢 Focus: biodiversity conservation, community participation & human–wildlife coexistence.
🟢 India’s protected areas increased from ~750 to 1,000+ over the past decade.
🟢 Tiger reserves: 47 → 58 | Elephant reserves: 30 → 33.
🟢 Ramsar sites: 24 → 101.

📍 Swachh Sagar, Surakshit Sagar 2026
🟢 5th edition conducted from 12–19 September 2026.
🟢 Led by Ministry of Earth Sciences and coordinated by NCCR.
🟢 Cleanup activities at 231 locations across 13 States/UTs.
🟢 15 lakh+ people took the Ocean Conservation Pledge.
🟢 Included initiatives such as the Sagar Prahari app and Ocean Olympiad.
🟢 Campaign culminated on International Coastal Cleanup Day.

🔆 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

📍 Advanced Radar Research Centre – Project NETRA
🟢 ISRO is establishing the centre at Chandrapur near Guwahati, Assam.
🟢 Part of Project NETRA for Space Situational Awareness (SSA).
🟢 Land: approximately 67–70 acres.
🟢 Designed to track orbital objects as small as 10 cm within a range of 2,000 km.
🟢 Enables all-weather tracking, complementing optical telescopes such as Hanle, Ladakh.
🟢 Also supports research on clouds, atmosphere & regional meteorological phenomena.

🔆 SECURITY

📍 3rd National Conference of ANTF Heads
🟢 Inaugurated by Union Home Minister Amit Shah in New Delhi.
🟢 Organised by the Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB).
🟢 Heads of ANTFs from 36 States & UTs participated.
🟢 Theme: “United Resolve, Shared Responsibility”.
🟢 Reviews implementation of the Vision Document on Narcotics Control (2026–29).
🟢 Three-pronged approach:
🟢 Supply Reduction – disrupt trafficking & illicit supply chains.
🟢 Demand Reduction – awareness, prevention & rehabilitation.
🟢 Harm Reduction – reduce health & social consequences of drug abuse.
🟢 New NCB website launched and four TVCs released for drug-abuse awareness.

🔆 MISCELLANEOUS

📍 International Day of Peace
🟢 Observed globally on 21 September 2026.
🟢 2026 Theme:“Invest in Peace – For Everyone, Everywhere, Every Day.”
🟢 Declared in 1981 through a unanimous UN resolution.
🟢 Dedicated to non-violence, ceasefires and cessation of hostilities.

#CurrentAffairs

22th September UPSC current affairs

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Hanamkonda thousand pillar temple

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20th September pib summary
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PIB summary 15 September to 22 September

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