🔆 HISTORY, ART & CULTURE | RANI ABBAKKA CHOWTA

🔆 WHY IN NEWS?
🟢 Rani Abbakka Chowta is being remembered for her resistance against Portuguese expansion and efforts to honour her contributions.

🔆 1. ABOUT RANI ABBAKKA
🟢 Period: 16th century.
🟢 Kingdom: Ullal, a prosperous port in Tulunadu, near Mangaluru, Karnataka.
🟢 Dynasty: Chowta dynasty.
🟢 Religion: Jainism; her administration included Hindus and Muslims.
🟢 Matrilineal Tradition: The Chowtas followed inheritance and authority through the female line.
🟢 Also known as Abbakka Mahadevi.

🔆 2. CONTRIBUTIONS & RESISTANCE

🟢 Resistance to Portuguese: Defended Ullal against Portuguese colonial expansion and repeated attacks.

🟢 Counterattack of 1567: After escaping a Portuguese attack, she reportedly took shelter in a mosque and launched a night counterattack with 200 soldiers, killing General João Peixoto and 70 Portuguese soldiers.

🟢 Religious Unity: Her forces included Hindus, Muslims and members of different communities, including the Moggaveeras.

🟢 Strategic Alliance (1570): Allied with Bijapur, Ahmednagar and the Zamorin of Calicut against the Portuguese.

🟢 Sacrifice: Continued resisting despite betrayal by her estranged husband. According to the supplied account, she revolted after being imprisoned and died fighting.

🔆 3. MODERN RECOGNITION

🟢 Tulu Baduku Museum: Located in Bantwal Taluk, Karnataka, and named in her honour.
🟢 Indian Coast Guard: The patrol vessel ICGS Rani Abbakka commemorates her legacy.
🟢 Veera Rani Abbakka Prashasti: Award recognising distinguished women.

🔆 4. UPSC SIGNIFICANCE

🟢 Highlights early resistance to European colonial expansion.
🟢 Demonstrates the role of women in India’s military and political history.
🟢 Reflects the importance of religious unity, maritime trade and regional alliances in resisting colonial powers.

🔆 MAINS QUESTION

“Discuss the contribution of Rani Abbakka Chowta to early resistance against Portuguese expansion and examine her significance in India’s regional history.” (150 words)

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🔆 ONE-LINERS | 29 OCTOBER 2026
📚 UPSC Current Affairs | AnmolVachan1

🔆 GEOGRAPHY

📍 Heatwave Exposure Among Infants and Older Adults
🟢 Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change: India ranks among the countries with the highest heatwave exposure for infants and older adults, alongside China, the US and Russia.
🟢 Global heatwave exposure in 2025: Older adults experienced 10.8 billion person-days of heatwaves, while infants experienced 1.1 billion person-days.
🟢 Average exposure: 12.8 heatwave days per older adult and 8.7 days per infant.
🟢 In India, people experienced over 2,600 hours annually of moderate or higher outdoor heat stress, affecting sleep and agricultural and labour productivity.
🟢 The report urges governments to formally recognise climate change as a global health emergency.

🔆 ECONOMY

📍 India’s Soybean Imports (2025–26)
🟢 India’s soybean imports reached a record 1.1 million metric tonnes in the marketing year ending 30 September 2026, compared with around 2,000 tonnes in the previous year.
🟢 Higher domestic soybean prices prompted processing mills to increase overseas purchases.
🟢 India permits imports only of non-GM soybeans, limiting sourcing to countries including Niger, Benin, Togo and Nigeria.
🟢 Niger was the largest supplier, accounting for over 430,000 tonnes.
🟢 Customs authorities investigated shipments declared as originating in Niger over suspected mislabelling of Nigerian cargoes to evade tariffs.
🟢 India’s soymeal exports halved to 1 million tonnes in 2025–26.

🔆 ENVIRONMENT

📍 Gerrothorax maritimus: Fully Marine Stem Amphibian
🟢 Discovered in Guizhou Province, China, and announced in October 2026.
🟢 Lived approximately 237 million years ago during the Late Triassic period.
🟢 Two nearly complete fossil skeletons were found in an ancient offshore marine environment.
🟢 Measured approximately 737 mm (about 3 feet) long, with a chunky, disc-shaped, bottom-dwelling body covered in heavy bony plates.
🟢 Its armour may have protected it from marine predators such as ichthyosaurs.
🟢 It was a bottom-dwelling ambush predator that sucked prey from the seafloor, similar to a modern wobbegong shark.
🟢 Research findings were published in Nature Ecology & Evolution.

📍 Siang Upper Multipurpose Project (SUMP)
🟢 Proposed 11,200 MW hydropower and water-storage project on the Siang River, Arunachal Pradesh, designed by NHPC Limited.
🟢 If completed, it would be India’s largest hydropower project.
🟢 Intended benefits include electricity generation, water-table improvement and flood moderation.
🟢 Strategic significance: A proposed buffer against sudden water-flow changes associated with China’s planned 60,000 MW hydropower project on the Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibet.
🟢 India estimates the Chinese project could divert up to 40 billion cubic metres (BCM) of water or create a risk from sudden releases.
🟢 Declared a National Project in 2008; it remains stalled at the pre-feasibility survey and technical assessment stages amid local resistance.

📍 Oxfam Report: Carbon Emissions and Inequality
🟢 Report: “Disaster Divide – How Climate Chaos Deepens Inequality and Enriches the Few.”
🟢 The richest 0.1% (about 8 million people) produce more carbon pollution than the poorest 3.5 billion people combined.
🟢 A person in the richest 0.1% contributes nearly 400 times more to extreme heatwaves than someone in the poorest half of the global population.
🟢 The richest 1% are responsible for 20% of global warming since 1990—around 100 times more per person than the poorest half.
🟢 Private jets collectively emit more CO₂ in two seconds than a person in the poorest half emits in an entire year.
🟢 Emissions from the richest 1% are projected to cause 1.9 million excess heat-related deaths and nearly $53 trillion in economic damage by 2050.
🟢 The report highlights how wealthy investors in high-polluting industries can also profit from disaster recovery, preparedness and insurance.

📍 India’s Four Publications on Biodiversity and Biosafety

🟢 Released at a side event during COP-17 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in Yerevan, Armenia.
🟢 Launched by Union Minister Bhupender Yadav, along with officials from the NBA, UNDP, Armenia and the CBD Secretariat.
🟢 Four publications:
🟢 Guidelines for Designation of India’s Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures (I-OECMs), 2026 — criteria for recognising conservation outside protected areas.
🟢 5th National Report on the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety — India’s governance of living modified organisms.
🟢 The Convention on Biological Diversity Handbook: Reference Guide and Indian Perspective — support for international negotiations.
🟢 India’s ABS Success Story — India’s leadership in Access and Benefit-Sharing under the Nagoya Protocol.

🔆 SECURITY

📍 INS Srishti
🟢 INS Srishti (Yard 1283) is an indigenously designed Next-Generation Offshore Patrol Vessel (NGOPV) for the Indian Navy.
🟢 Launched on 27 October 2026 at Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL), Vaddem, Goa.
🟢 “Srishti” is a Sanskrit word meaning creation or the act of creating.
🟢 Keel laid on 9 June 2025.
🟢 Part of an 11-ship NGOPV contract, signed on 30 March 2023, under the Buy (Indian-IDDM) category.
🟢 Shipyard allocation: GSL is constructing 7 vessels; GRSE, Kolkata, is constructing 4.
🟢 Key missions: maritime surveillance, coastal and offshore security, search and rescue, protection of offshore assets, humanitarian assistance and disaster relief, and anti-piracy operations.

📍 India–Republic of Korea Navy Exercise 2026
🟢 INS Sahyadri arrived at Busan Naval Harbour, South Korea, on 26 October 2026 for the second India–RoKN bilateral naval exercise.
🟢 Indian Navy: INS Sahyadri, an indigenously built guided-missile stealth frigate; Republic of Korea Navy: ROKS Munmu the Great.
🟢 First edition held in October 2025.
🟢 Harbour phase: Professional interactions, operational discussions, cross-deck visits, cross-training and sporting activities.
🟢 Sea phase: Coordinated maritime manoeuvres, tactical formation steaming, cross-deck helicopter operations and seamanship drills.
🟢 Objective: Enhance operational interoperability between the two navies in the Indo-Pacific.

#CurrentAffairs

🔆 HEALTH

📍 Anemia Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan (AMB): 7X7X7 Framework
🟢 Renewed operational guidelines released on 29 June 2026, upgrading the earlier 6X6X6 strategy.
🟢 The approach shifts from T3 (Test, Treat, Talk) to T4 (Test, Treat, Talk, Track).
🟢 Emphasises screening-led, case-based and outcome-focused interventions supported by digital tracking.

📍 Seven Beneficiary Groups
🟢 Children aged 0–5 years.
🟢 Children aged 5–9 years.
🟢 Adolescents aged 10–19 years.
🟢 Women of Reproductive Age (15–49 years).
🟢 Pregnant women.
🟢 Lactating women.
🟢 Low Birth Weight (LBW) babies aged 0–6 months — newly added group.

📍 Seven Interventions
🟢 Prophylactic Iron and Folic Acid (IFA) supplementation.
🟢 Anaemia testing across platforms.
🟢 Therapeutic management of identified cases.
🟢 Deworming.
🟢 Jan Bhagidari for community communication and behaviour change.
🟢 Addressing non-nutritional causes, including malaria, haemoglobinopathies and fluorosis.
🟢 “Eating Right” — locally available iron-rich foods and dietary diversification; newly added intervention.

📍 Seven Institutional Mechanisms
🟢 Intra- and inter-ministerial coordination.
🟢 National Centre of Excellence and Advanced Research on Anemia.
🟢 National AMB Abhiyaan Unit.
🟢 Strengthened supply chain and logistics.
🟢 Convergence with programmes such as POSHAN Abhiyaan, PM POSHAN and ICDS.
🟢 Unified AMB Abhiyaan Portal and digital framework integrating JANANI, RBSK and U-WIN.
🟢 Strengthened monitoring, evaluation and digital tracking mechanisms.

🔆 INDEX & REPORTS

📍 UN Secretary-General’s 2026 Report on Women, Peace and Security
🟢 Report: S/2026/758, released in October 2026.
🟢 Civilian deaths: Women and girls accounted for one in four civilian deaths in armed conflicts in 2025—over 9,250 of 37,000+ deaths; at least 25 women and girls are killed daily.
🟢 Conflict exposure: An estimated 756.1 million women and girls (18.8% of the global female population) lived within 50 km of active armed conflict in 2025, the highest recorded since the 1990s.
🟢 Peace negotiations: Women accounted for only 5% of negotiators across 57 peace processes in 2025, down from 7% in 2024.
🟢 None of the 13 ceasefire agreements drafted in 2025 explicitly prohibited conflict-related sexual violence.
🟢 Unpaid care work: Women and girls in conflict-affected countries performed five times as many hours of unpaid domestic and care work as men and boys.
🟢 Maternal health: Women giving birth in conflict-affected countries were five times more likely to die from maternity-related causes than those in stable countries.
🟢 Funding gap: Global military expenditure reached $2.9 trillion in 2025, while around 40% of women’s organisations in crisis-affected settings faced temporary or permanent closure due to funding cuts.

📍 Key Recommendations
🟢 End attacks on civilians and hold perpetrators of conflict-related sexual and gender-based violence accountable.
🟢 Ensure women’s full, equal and meaningful participation in ceasefires and peace processes.
🟢 Adequately fund local women-led organisations involved in conflict mediation and community protection.
🟢 Rebalance spending to address the gap between rising military expenditure and underfunded peacebuilding efforts.

#CurrentAffairs

29 october UPSC current affairs

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KPSC GROUP-B GAZETTED PROBATIONERS PRELIMS EXAM 2026 – OFFICIAL EXAM TIMINGS RELEASED!

The Karnataka Public Service Commission (KPSC) has released the examination timetable for the 2026–27 Gazetted Probationers Preliminary Examination for 319 posts, as notified under Notification No. KPSCKA/EXA1/EXMF/9/2026-EXAM-1/I/251710/2026, dated 31 July 2026.

Exam Date: Sunday, 15th November 2026

Examination Schedule:
Paper I
10:00 AM – 12:00 PM (Morning Session)

Paper II
2:00 PM – 4:00 PM (Afternoon Session)

Official Website: https://kpsc.kar.nic.in/

🔆 BIHAR MUSEUM RANKS 9TH GLOBALLY
📍 GS I: Indian Heritage & Culture | GS III: Tourism

🔆 WHY IN NEWS?
🟢 Bihar Museum, Patna, secured 9th position globally and 1st position in Asia in Worth a Journey’s 2026 World’s 100 Best Museums List.
🟢 It was the only Indian museum featured among the 100 museums on the list.

🔆 ABOUT THE RANKING
🟢 Published by: Worth a Journey, a Germany-based travel guide and digital magazine.
🟢 Coverage: 3,800 venues across 142 countries, including museums, libraries, parks, palaces and hotels.
🟢 Selection process: An algorithm analyses millions of data points, followed by in-person visits and adjustments based on on-ground assessments.

🔆 KEY RANKINGS
🟢 1st: Museo Nacional de Antropología, Mexico.
🟢 2nd: Museo del Prado, Spain.
🟢 9th: Bihar Museum, India.
🟢 Bihar Museum ranked ahead of New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art (10th) and Paris’s Louvre (31st).

🔆 ABOUT BIHAR MUSEUM
📍 Location: Patna, Bihar.
🟢 Area: More than 13 acres.
🟢 Inauguration: 2015.
🟢 Architecture: Designed by Japanese architect Fumihiko Maki, in collaboration with Mumbai-based Opolis Architects.
🟢 Collections: Sculptures, coins, manuscripts, archaeological materials, and traditional, folk and contemporary art.
🟢 Galleries: Trace Bihar’s history across different periods.
🟢 Also houses a Children’s Gallery and a Diaspora Gallery.

🔆 SIGNIFICANCE
🟢 Enhances India’s international visibility in heritage tourism.
🟢 Highlights Bihar’s historical and cultural richness.
🟢 Creates opportunities to strengthen museum infrastructure, cultural preservation and tourism-led development.

🔆 MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION
📍 “Museums play a crucial role in preserving cultural heritage and promoting tourism.” Discuss with reference to the international recognition of the Bihar Museum. (150 words)

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🔆 NATIONAL SOCIAL SECURITY BOARD FOR UNORGANISED, GIG & PLATFORM WORKERS
📍 GS II: Governance | GS III: Indian Economy

🔆 WHY IN NEWS?
🟢 The Ministry of Labour and Employment has notified the official constitution of the National Social Security Board for Unorganised Workers and Gig & Platform Workers.

🔆 ABOUT THE BOARD
🟢 Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Labour and Employment.
🟢 Legal basis: Code on Social Security, 2020.
🟢 Objective: To support social security for unorganised workers, gig workers and platform workers through welfare schemes.

🔆 GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE
🟢 Chairperson: Union Minister for Labour and Employment.
🟢 Representation: Includes representatives from:
• Central and State Governments
• Aggregator companies and employers
• Civil society organisations
• Workers’ unions
• Gig and platform worker associations
🟢 Meetings: At least three times a year.

🔆 KEY FUNCTIONS
🟢 Welfare schemes: Recommends suitable social security schemes for different categories of workers.
🟢 Policy advice: Advises the Central Government on matters related to the administration of the Code on Social Security.
🟢 Monitoring: Monitors Central Government social welfare schemes for these workers.
🟢 Review: Reviews State-level record-keeping functions and expenditure from the relevant fund and account.
🟢 Additional functions: Performs other functions assigned by the Central Government.

🔆 SIGNIFICANCE
🟢 Promotes institutional support for workers in the unorganised and emerging platform-based economy.
🟢 Encourages coordination among governments, employers, aggregators and worker organisations.
🟢 Strengthens the policy framework for extending social security to workers who may lack conventional employment benefits.

🔆 MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION
📍 Discuss the challenges in extending social security to gig and unorganised workers in India. Examine the role of the National Social Security Board in addressing these challenges.

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🔆 ONE-LINERS | 31 OCTOBER 2026

🔆 HISTORY, ART & CULTURE

📍 Rashtriya Ekta Diwas (National Unity Day)
🟢 Observed on 31 October to mark the birth anniversary of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, India’s first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister.
🟢 2026 marks his 151st birth anniversary.
🟢 Main celebrations are held at the Statue of Unity, Ekta Nagar, Gujarat.
🟢 The Ekta Parade features state police forces, Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs) and paramilitary units.
🟢 Bharat Parv 2026: Cultural festival showcasing India’s diversity, regional traditions, handicrafts and cuisines; scheduled from 30 October to 15 November 2026.
🟢 Nationwide activities include Run for Unity, unity marches and pledge ceremonies in government offices and educational institutions.
🟢 Significance: Commemorates Patel’s role in integrating over 560 princely states into a unified India and promotes national unity, internal security and patriotism.

🔆 GEOGRAPHY

📍 Mayon Volcano Eruption
🟢 Erupted on 30 October 2026, sending an ash plume approximately 3,000 metres into the atmosphere.
🟢 Location: Albay province, southeastern Luzon, Philippines.
🟢 A stratovolcano, famous for its near-perfectly symmetrical volcanic cone; elevation approximately 2,462 metres.
🟢 Located within the Pacific Ring of Fire, associated with subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate.
🟢 The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) recorded a six-minute explosive eruption and raised the alert to Level 3.
🟢 Ashfall affected nearby towns, including Daraga, Camalig and Guinobatan.
🟢 Authorities ordered evacuations within the 6-km Permanent Danger Zone and suspended classes across Albay province.
🟢 Major hazards: Lava flows, rockfalls and pyroclastic density currents.
🟢 Mayon is the Philippines’ most active volcano, with over 50 recorded eruptions; its deadly 1814 eruption killed more than 1,200 people.

🔆 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

📍 US–Japan AMRAAM Assembly Facility
🟢 The United States and Japan agreed to establish a final assembly and inspection facility in Japan for the AIM-120 Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missile (AMRAAM).
🟢 Announced on 28 October 2026 by Japanese Defence Minister Shinjiro Koizumi and US Defence Secretary Pete Hegseth during the ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting-Plus in Cebu, Philippines.
🟢 Part of Operation Supercharge, aimed at accelerating bilateral defence equipment, technology and missile-manufacturing cooperation.
🟢 Japanese partner: Mitsubishi Electric; US manufacturer: Raytheon (RTX).
🟢 Objective: Address declining US and allied missile inventories by creating an additional production facility.
🟢 AMRAAM is an active-radar-guided, beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile used by both countries’ F-35 fleets.
🟢 Key features: Active radar guidance, fire-and-forget capability and the ability to switch to passive homing under electronic jamming.
🟢 The countries also agreed to share technical data to increase production of the SM-3 Block IIA ship-based ballistic missile interceptor.

📍 Türkiye–Libya Maritime Deal, 2026
🟢 On 20 October 2026, Libya’s eastern-based House of Representatives (HoR) in Benghazi approved the controversial 2019 Türkiye–Libya maritime boundary agreement, reversing its previous rejection.
🟢 Originally signed in November 2019 between Türkiye and the UN-recognised Government of National Accord (GNA) in Tripoli.
🟢 The agreement delineates an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in the Eastern Mediterranean to support maritime and seabed resource claims.
🟢 The eastern parliament’s approval gives the agreement backing from both rival Libyan power centres.
🟢 Greece and Cyprus oppose the agreement, arguing that it disregards the maritime rights of Greek islands, including Crete and Rhodes, under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
🟢 The EU, Egypt, Israel, Bahrain and the UAE have also rejected or criticised the move.
🟢 Türkiye maintains that it is protecting its sovereign maritime rights and interests.

🔆 ECONOMY

📍 High-Level Committee on Banking for Viksit Bharat

🟢 The Government of India constituted a committee to recommend comprehensive reforms for the banking sector.
🟢 Chairman: Suresh N. Patel, former Central Vigilance Commissioner.
🟢 Members: Shirish Chandra Murmu (RBI Deputy Governor), Padmaja Chunduru (former MD & CEO of Indian Bank) and N. S. Vishwanathan (former RBI Deputy Governor).
🟢 Member Secretary: Joint Secretary (Banking), Department of Financial Services.
🟢 Tenure: Six months; recommendations due by April 2027.
🟢 Key focus areas:
🟢 Building globally competitive and resilient banks to support India’s development goals by 2047.
🟢 Reviewing legal and regulatory frameworks for commercial banks, Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) and cooperative banks.
🟢 Assessing long-term capital requirements of banks, Development Financial Institutions (DFIs) and NBFCs.
🟢 Developing a roadmap for AI and digital innovation, with safeguards against cyber risks.
🟢 Reviewing Priority Sector Lending (PSL) and the Lead Bank Scheme.
🟢 Strengthening talent acquisition and capacity-building for the banking workforce.

🔆 SECURITY

📍 Rafale Marine’s First Landing on INS Vikrant
🟢 A French-origin Rafale Marine fighter jet completed its maiden landing and take-off aboard India’s indigenous aircraft carrier INS Vikrant on 29 October 2026.
🟢 The milestone was achieved on the aircraft’s first attempt after shore-based trials at INS Hansa, Goa.
🟢 Trials assessed compatibility with the carrier’s STOBAR (Short Take-Off But Arrested Recovery) system, including ski-jump launches and deck arresting gear.
🟢 India has contracted 26 Rafale Marine aircraft from France: 22 single-seat fighters and 4 twin-seat trainers.
🟢 The procurement is valued at approximately ₹63,000 crore.
🟢 Deliveries are expected to begin in late 2028 or early 2029 and conclude by 2030–31.
🟢 Significance: Strengthens India’s carrier-based naval aviation capabilities.

#CurrentAffairs