🔆New Economic Policy 1991
Issues before :
✅ Licensing & Regulations
✅ Restrictive trade practices
✅ Restrictions on foreign investment and imports
✅ Restrictions on Private participation
Objectives :
✅ Delicensing
✅ Deregulation of Industrial Sector
✅ Foreign Investment & technology transfer
✅ Reforming Public Sector
✅ Private Participation
Features :
✅ Removal of industrial registrations and licensing (Exception- Drugs, cigarette, liquor, hazardous chemicals, industrial equipment, and industrial explosives.
✅ Restrictive trade practices abandoned
✅ Freedom of production and expansion
✅ Freedom to import capital goods
✅ Increase in Small Scale Industries (SSIs) investment limit.
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Issues before :
✅ Licensing & Regulations
✅ Restrictive trade practices
✅ Restrictions on foreign investment and imports
✅ Restrictions on Private participation
Objectives :
✅ Delicensing
✅ Deregulation of Industrial Sector
✅ Foreign Investment & technology transfer
✅ Reforming Public Sector
✅ Private Participation
Features :
✅ Removal of industrial registrations and licensing (Exception- Drugs, cigarette, liquor, hazardous chemicals, industrial equipment, and industrial explosives.
✅ Restrictive trade practices abandoned
✅ Freedom of production and expansion
✅ Freedom to import capital goods
✅ Increase in Small Scale Industries (SSIs) investment limit.
#economy
#mains_2023
#Keyboard
#mains
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👍4❤1
🔆 Industrial Policy
✅Government policy towards industry, for industrial and economic development.
Objectives:
✅ Rapid industrial growth
✅ Balanced Industrial Structure
✅ Balanced Regional Growth
✅ Solving unemployment
Categories :
✅ Strategic
✅ Basic/Key
✅ Important
✅ Other
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✅Government policy towards industry, for industrial and economic development.
Objectives:
✅ Rapid industrial growth
✅ Balanced Industrial Structure
✅ Balanced Regional Growth
✅ Solving unemployment
Categories :
✅ Strategic
✅ Basic/Key
✅ Important
✅ Other
#economy
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#mains
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👍4
🔆Industry 4.0
▪️Industry 4.0 usage of :
✅ cloud computing technologies+
✅ AI+
✅ cyber physical systems+
✅ IoT+
✅ quantum computing+
✅ 5G telephony+
✅ nanotechnology+
✅biotech+
✅robotics.
✅Features : Big Data+ Analytics = improving product development+ Machine-Human Interface+ Physical-to-Digital Transfers (AI)+ Innovation, Creativity, & Connectivity.
▪️Potential Benefits
1) Technological :
✅ Connected machines’ data –enhanced performance & maintenance
✅ Optimization of operations
✅ Quality issues prevented
2) Economic :
✅ Analyzing & identifying patterns to gain insights in limited time frame without human intervention
✅ 5G make real-time downloads possible.
3) Social :
✅ Employment
✅ Curb wastage, optimize resources, reduce manufacturing cost.
▪️Potential Challenges :
1) Technological :
✅ Data security
✅ McKinsey’s estimates : 80-90% industrial equipment to be replaced
2) Economic :
✅ Low R&D investment
✅ Poor IPR Regime
3) Social :
✅ Digital Divide & Inequality
✅ Governance challenges
✅ Increased unemployment due to machines- 300 Mn jobs lost
✅ Skilling, up-skilling, and re-skilling of 50% population
NITI Aayog suggestion :
✅ Discussion with leading companies
✅ Specialized training programmes : high-tech human resource
✅ Industry-academia R&D
#economy
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▪️Industry 4.0 usage of :
✅ cloud computing technologies+
✅ AI+
✅ cyber physical systems+
✅ IoT+
✅ quantum computing+
✅ 5G telephony+
✅ nanotechnology+
✅biotech+
✅robotics.
✅Features : Big Data+ Analytics = improving product development+ Machine-Human Interface+ Physical-to-Digital Transfers (AI)+ Innovation, Creativity, & Connectivity.
▪️Potential Benefits
1) Technological :
✅ Connected machines’ data –enhanced performance & maintenance
✅ Optimization of operations
✅ Quality issues prevented
2) Economic :
✅ Analyzing & identifying patterns to gain insights in limited time frame without human intervention
✅ 5G make real-time downloads possible.
3) Social :
✅ Employment
✅ Curb wastage, optimize resources, reduce manufacturing cost.
▪️Potential Challenges :
1) Technological :
✅ Data security
✅ McKinsey’s estimates : 80-90% industrial equipment to be replaced
2) Economic :
✅ Low R&D investment
✅ Poor IPR Regime
3) Social :
✅ Digital Divide & Inequality
✅ Governance challenges
✅ Increased unemployment due to machines- 300 Mn jobs lost
✅ Skilling, up-skilling, and re-skilling of 50% population
NITI Aayog suggestion :
✅ Discussion with leading companies
✅ Specialized training programmes : high-tech human resource
✅ Industry-academia R&D
#economy
#mains_2023
#Keyboard
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_economy
👍10
🔆Manufacturing Sector in India
✅19% of India’s GVA + 15% Jobs + 66.6% Capacity Utilization + 65% Exports, Current contribution:
✅17% to GDP, Contribution to manf output- China -1&Ind-6, R&D? 0.7% GDP
✅India- Rank 30 in Global Manufacturing Index 2020, 35% of FDI to manufacturing sector & 53% FDI to Services Sector (Use any 2 facts to support an argument in body)
▪️Importance
🔸ECONOMIC
✅ Backbone of economy
✅ Modernizing agriculture
✅ Reducing over-dependence on agriculture
✅ Promoting exports
✅ Expanding trade and commerce
✅ Bringing foreign exchange/FDI
✅ Atmanirbhar Bharat
✅ Tax revenues
✅ Raw materials into finished goods.
🔸SOCIAL
✅ Minimizing unemployment and poverty
✅ Bridging regional disparities
✅ Choice to consumers
✅ Mainstreaming indigenous craft
▪️Growth Drivers
🔸Resources :
✅ Natural resources like iron, steel, cotton
✅ Logistics & maritime potential (7500 Km coastline)
✅ Investment in physical & digital infrastructure (100 Lac Cr Rs by National infra pipeline)
🔸Human Resource:
✅ Youngest work force
✅ Cheaper vs China
🔸Structural Factors :
✅ Large developing economy
✅ Large consumption base
✅ Focus on sustainability & environment concerns
🔸Govt. initiatives:
✅ Tax reforms like GST
✅ Ease of Doing Business (Rank 63)
✅ MSME Reforms
✅ Land reforms
🔸Entrepreneurship culture :
✅ High tech adoption
✅ Startups
#economy
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#Keyboard
#mains
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@upsc_4_economy
✅19% of India’s GVA + 15% Jobs + 66.6% Capacity Utilization + 65% Exports, Current contribution:
✅17% to GDP, Contribution to manf output- China -1&Ind-6, R&D? 0.7% GDP
✅India- Rank 30 in Global Manufacturing Index 2020, 35% of FDI to manufacturing sector & 53% FDI to Services Sector (Use any 2 facts to support an argument in body)
▪️Importance
🔸ECONOMIC
✅ Backbone of economy
✅ Modernizing agriculture
✅ Reducing over-dependence on agriculture
✅ Promoting exports
✅ Expanding trade and commerce
✅ Bringing foreign exchange/FDI
✅ Atmanirbhar Bharat
✅ Tax revenues
✅ Raw materials into finished goods.
🔸SOCIAL
✅ Minimizing unemployment and poverty
✅ Bridging regional disparities
✅ Choice to consumers
✅ Mainstreaming indigenous craft
▪️Growth Drivers
🔸Resources :
✅ Natural resources like iron, steel, cotton
✅ Logistics & maritime potential (7500 Km coastline)
✅ Investment in physical & digital infrastructure (100 Lac Cr Rs by National infra pipeline)
🔸Human Resource:
✅ Youngest work force
✅ Cheaper vs China
🔸Structural Factors :
✅ Large developing economy
✅ Large consumption base
✅ Focus on sustainability & environment concerns
🔸Govt. initiatives:
✅ Tax reforms like GST
✅ Ease of Doing Business (Rank 63)
✅ MSME Reforms
✅ Land reforms
🔸Entrepreneurship culture :
✅ High tech adoption
✅ Startups
#economy
#mains_2023
#Keyboard
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_economy
👍8🙏1
🔆Industry Revolution 4.0
✅Current trend of data exchange and automation in manufacturing technologies all around the worldS.
✅It includes usage of cloud computing, artificial intelligence, cyber physical systems, Internet of Things, quantum computing, 5G telephony, nanotechnology, biotech, robotics
▪️Features:
✅ Big Data
✅ Advanced Analytics
✅ Machine-Human Interface
✅ Physical-to-Digital Transfers
✅ Innovation
✅ Creativity and
✅ Connectivity
▪️Benefits
✅Optimisation of operations effectively
✅ Data generated can inform performance & maintenance
✅ Increase in technology
✅ Prevention of Quality incidents
✅ Reduce manufacturing cost
✅ Gain insights without human intervention
▪️Challenges :
✅ Digital Divide & Inequality
✅ Low investment in R&D
✅ Poor IPR Regime
✅ Governance challenges
✅ India’s data security
✅ Skilling, un-skilling, and re-skilling of 50% population
✅ Current industrial equipment would have to be replaced
▪️India’s upper Hand :
✅ Digital India
✅ Governance
✅ Strong IT Sector
▪️Is India ready?
✅ Missed IR 1 to IR3
✅ Rare Robots
✅ Low vocational training capacity
✅ 45% MSME
✅ 90% Informal sector
✅ Good in software but poor in hardware
✅NITI Aayog Suggestions: NITI Aayog could organise a discussion on “Industry 4.0, Specialised training programmes on Smart Manufacturing, DHI should develop Central Manufacturing Technology Institute, DST should spearhead industry-academia R&D projects on cyber physical systems.
#economy
#mains_2023
#Keyboard
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_economy
✅Current trend of data exchange and automation in manufacturing technologies all around the worldS.
✅It includes usage of cloud computing, artificial intelligence, cyber physical systems, Internet of Things, quantum computing, 5G telephony, nanotechnology, biotech, robotics
▪️Features:
✅ Big Data
✅ Advanced Analytics
✅ Machine-Human Interface
✅ Physical-to-Digital Transfers
✅ Innovation
✅ Creativity and
✅ Connectivity
▪️Benefits
✅Optimisation of operations effectively
✅ Data generated can inform performance & maintenance
✅ Increase in technology
✅ Prevention of Quality incidents
✅ Reduce manufacturing cost
✅ Gain insights without human intervention
▪️Challenges :
✅ Digital Divide & Inequality
✅ Low investment in R&D
✅ Poor IPR Regime
✅ Governance challenges
✅ India’s data security
✅ Skilling, un-skilling, and re-skilling of 50% population
✅ Current industrial equipment would have to be replaced
▪️India’s upper Hand :
✅ Digital India
✅ Governance
✅ Strong IT Sector
▪️Is India ready?
✅ Missed IR 1 to IR3
✅ Rare Robots
✅ Low vocational training capacity
✅ 45% MSME
✅ 90% Informal sector
✅ Good in software but poor in hardware
✅NITI Aayog Suggestions: NITI Aayog could organise a discussion on “Industry 4.0, Specialised training programmes on Smart Manufacturing, DHI should develop Central Manufacturing Technology Institute, DST should spearhead industry-academia R&D projects on cyber physical systems.
#economy
#mains_2023
#Keyboard
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_economy
👍5
STEM – Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
✅Relevance
🔸 Promote critical thinking
🔸 Facilitate social mobility
🔸 Enhance economic productivity
🔸 Create innovators
✅Representation of women in STEM :
🔸 Globally only 18% girls in tertiary education pursuing STEM
🔸 Only 18% researchers, 14% in engineering & technology, 24% in health sciences are women.
✅ Factors causing gender stem gaps :
🔸 Dual role syndrome-professional decision by womens affected by domestic responsibilities.
🔸 Discrimination at workplace- due to lack of leadership roles
🔸 Gender stereotypes- that women are intellectually weaker.
🔸 Lack f suitable workplace or educational benefits
🔸 Fewer roles played by girls.
✅Initiatives taken :
🔸 Vigyan Jyoti- Level Playing Field for Meritorious Girls
🔸 Kiran- Knowledge Awareness Research Advancement Through Nurturing
🔸 Gati- Gender Advancement for Transforming Institutions.
🔸 Biotechnology Career Advancement & Reorientation Programme/ BioCare.
✅ Way forward
🔸 Women’s forum or working parents’ connections.
🔸 Biographies of female scientists, mathematicians etc.
🔸 Paternity leave
🔸 Crèche facilities
🔸 Gender Inclusion Fund
#social_justice
#GS2
#mains_2023
#Keyboard
#mains
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@upsc_society_gs
✅Relevance
🔸 Promote critical thinking
🔸 Facilitate social mobility
🔸 Enhance economic productivity
🔸 Create innovators
✅Representation of women in STEM :
🔸 Globally only 18% girls in tertiary education pursuing STEM
🔸 Only 18% researchers, 14% in engineering & technology, 24% in health sciences are women.
✅ Factors causing gender stem gaps :
🔸 Dual role syndrome-professional decision by womens affected by domestic responsibilities.
🔸 Discrimination at workplace- due to lack of leadership roles
🔸 Gender stereotypes- that women are intellectually weaker.
🔸 Lack f suitable workplace or educational benefits
🔸 Fewer roles played by girls.
✅Initiatives taken :
🔸 Vigyan Jyoti- Level Playing Field for Meritorious Girls
🔸 Kiran- Knowledge Awareness Research Advancement Through Nurturing
🔸 Gati- Gender Advancement for Transforming Institutions.
🔸 Biotechnology Career Advancement & Reorientation Programme/ BioCare.
✅ Way forward
🔸 Women’s forum or working parents’ connections.
🔸 Biographies of female scientists, mathematicians etc.
🔸 Paternity leave
🔸 Crèche facilities
🔸 Gender Inclusion Fund
#social_justice
#GS2
#mains_2023
#Keyboard
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_society_gs
👍13❤3