🔆 Public Health Management Cadre (PHMC)
✅ India has made considerable progress in public health over the years as seen in various sensitive indicators such as the decline in infant mortality rates, under-five mortality rates, and maternal mortality ratios.
▪️Still several planned health goals have failed to keep pace owing to the following concerns faced by the public health system in India:
✅Lack of an integrated approach to rectify public health issues related to emerging diseases, pandemics, disasters, injuries, illnesses, social and environmental issues.
✅ Weak public health surveillance systems for early detection, estimating disease burden and responding to various outbreaks.
✅ Limited understanding on the roles and the functions of public health specialists and the relevance of such cadres leading to inadequate focus on public health.
✅Shortage of public health specialists as a very high level of competency is required to manage public health problems. For example, specialized skills in epidemiology, biostatics, health management and disease modeling play a critical role.
✅ Absence of a comprehensive Public Health Act in most states means that health officials lack the regulatory authority and powers to enforce public health legislation adequately.
✅ Inadequate career progression opportunities for professionals trained in public health as compared to professionals in clinical services, which results in limited interest to opt for public
health as a career choice.
✅ Absence of transparent transfer and promotional policies in states also adversely impact the commitment and retention levels of the existing public health functionaries.
▪️Although public health interventions are delivered by numerous functionaries at different levels, they are not organized in a separate, systematically trained public health cadre. In this context, the recently launched PHMC would address the concerns in the following ways:
✅ Cadre-specific career progression: It would pave the way for a clearer delineation of roles and responsibilities of medical personnel in the public sector, including career progression and incentive structures.
✅ Improved efficacy and efficiency of human resources: Creation of specialist cadres and division of work between clinical and non-clinical personnel would lead to better utilization of skilled personnel for complex needs of the Indian health-care delivery system and effectively handling pandemic-like situations.
✅ Inducting managerial capabilities: It will not only help in building high quality research and knowledge management structures but also infusing managerial expertise into health services, thereby, strengthening capacities for managerial functions as well.
✅ Attracting and retaining talent: Better incentives and increments as part of PHMC would attract more talent in the public health domain.
✅ Skill upgradation: Special pay for qualification acquired by in-service doctors would motivate the existing workforce to take up public courses for their professional growth and continued education.
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✅ India has made considerable progress in public health over the years as seen in various sensitive indicators such as the decline in infant mortality rates, under-five mortality rates, and maternal mortality ratios.
▪️Still several planned health goals have failed to keep pace owing to the following concerns faced by the public health system in India:
✅Lack of an integrated approach to rectify public health issues related to emerging diseases, pandemics, disasters, injuries, illnesses, social and environmental issues.
✅ Weak public health surveillance systems for early detection, estimating disease burden and responding to various outbreaks.
✅ Limited understanding on the roles and the functions of public health specialists and the relevance of such cadres leading to inadequate focus on public health.
✅Shortage of public health specialists as a very high level of competency is required to manage public health problems. For example, specialized skills in epidemiology, biostatics, health management and disease modeling play a critical role.
✅ Absence of a comprehensive Public Health Act in most states means that health officials lack the regulatory authority and powers to enforce public health legislation adequately.
✅ Inadequate career progression opportunities for professionals trained in public health as compared to professionals in clinical services, which results in limited interest to opt for public
health as a career choice.
✅ Absence of transparent transfer and promotional policies in states also adversely impact the commitment and retention levels of the existing public health functionaries.
▪️Although public health interventions are delivered by numerous functionaries at different levels, they are not organized in a separate, systematically trained public health cadre. In this context, the recently launched PHMC would address the concerns in the following ways:
✅ Cadre-specific career progression: It would pave the way for a clearer delineation of roles and responsibilities of medical personnel in the public sector, including career progression and incentive structures.
✅ Improved efficacy and efficiency of human resources: Creation of specialist cadres and division of work between clinical and non-clinical personnel would lead to better utilization of skilled personnel for complex needs of the Indian health-care delivery system and effectively handling pandemic-like situations.
✅ Inducting managerial capabilities: It will not only help in building high quality research and knowledge management structures but also infusing managerial expertise into health services, thereby, strengthening capacities for managerial functions as well.
✅ Attracting and retaining talent: Better incentives and increments as part of PHMC would attract more talent in the public health domain.
✅ Skill upgradation: Special pay for qualification acquired by in-service doctors would motivate the existing workforce to take up public courses for their professional growth and continued education.
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✅ At present, India has a foodgrain storage capacity of 145 MMT against the total food production of 311 MMT leaving a gap of 166 MMT.
✅ In the absence of sufficient storage facilities, foodgrains are sometimes stored in the open, which results in damage.
✅ According to the Ministry of Cooperation, several countries have better storage capacities.
✅ For instance, against the total foodgrain production of 615 MMT, China has a storage capacity of 660 MMT. USA, Brazil, Russia, Argentina, Ukraine, France, and Canada are among other countries with the capacity to store more food grains than they produce.
✅ India has a storage capacity of 47 per cent of its total foodgrains production.
✅ At the regional level, only a few southern states have the storage capacity of 90 per cent and above. In northern states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, it is below 50 per cent.
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✅ In the absence of sufficient storage facilities, foodgrains are sometimes stored in the open, which results in damage.
✅ According to the Ministry of Cooperation, several countries have better storage capacities.
✅ For instance, against the total foodgrain production of 615 MMT, China has a storage capacity of 660 MMT. USA, Brazil, Russia, Argentina, Ukraine, France, and Canada are among other countries with the capacity to store more food grains than they produce.
✅ India has a storage capacity of 47 per cent of its total foodgrains production.
✅ At the regional level, only a few southern states have the storage capacity of 90 per cent and above. In northern states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, it is below 50 per cent.
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🔆 major sources of remittances for India
✅ Almost 36% of India’s remittances are from the high-skilled and largely high-tech Indian migrants in three high-income destinations the US, United Kingdom, and Singapore.
✅ The post-pandemic recovery led to a tight labour market in these regions, and wage hikes boosted remittances.
✅ In addition, India’s other high-income destinations also had favourable economic conditions.
✅ High energy prices and low food price inflation in the GCC countries, which remain the single largest destination for less-skilled South Asian migrants had positive spillovers for all countries.
✅ As per the report - High energy prices favoured employment and incomes of the less-skilled Indian migrants in the GCC countries, while the GCC governments’ special measures to curb food price inflation shielded migrants’ remitting potential.
✅ As a result, remittance inflows from the GCC countries, which today account for about 28% of India’s total remittance inflows, also soared in 2022,
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✅ Almost 36% of India’s remittances are from the high-skilled and largely high-tech Indian migrants in three high-income destinations the US, United Kingdom, and Singapore.
✅ The post-pandemic recovery led to a tight labour market in these regions, and wage hikes boosted remittances.
✅ In addition, India’s other high-income destinations also had favourable economic conditions.
✅ High energy prices and low food price inflation in the GCC countries, which remain the single largest destination for less-skilled South Asian migrants had positive spillovers for all countries.
✅ As per the report - High energy prices favoured employment and incomes of the less-skilled Indian migrants in the GCC countries, while the GCC governments’ special measures to curb food price inflation shielded migrants’ remitting potential.
✅ As a result, remittance inflows from the GCC countries, which today account for about 28% of India’s total remittance inflows, also soared in 2022,
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🔆Role of civil services
Constitutional Provisions/Rules:
✅Articles 53 and 154: The executive power of the Union and the States vests in the President or Governor directly or through officer’s subordinate to him.
✅These officers constitute the permanent civil service and are governed by Part XIV of the Constitution (Services under the Union and States (Article 308-323)).
✅Government of India (Transaction of Business) Rules: Officers are required to help the President or Governor to exercise his/her executive functions is governed by these Rules.
✅Article 311: Dismissal, removal, or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a State.
✅Article 312: All India Services.
▪️Good examples:
✅The District Collector of Dewas, Uma Kant Umrao helped the farmers in MP to fight against drought by constructing over 16,000 ponds.
✅ IAS officer Ritu Maheshwari, installed new electricity smart meters to tackle the prevalent electricity theft in Kanpur.
✅ P Narahari, as district collector in Madhya Pradesh, worked towards building a barrier free environment that
ensures that people with disabilities can move about safely and independently.
✅IAS Officer, Smita Sabharwal, popularly known as 'the people's officer', launched a campaign called “Fund Your City” in Warangal. She appealed to residents to help her build the infrastructure of Naxal-affected areas, which resulted in the construction of traffic junctions and foot overbridges.
✅IPS Arif Sheikh started a campaign “Chuppi tod” to encourage people to speak up about the violence/ abuse they were facing amidst lockdown.
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Constitutional Provisions/Rules:
✅Articles 53 and 154: The executive power of the Union and the States vests in the President or Governor directly or through officer’s subordinate to him.
✅These officers constitute the permanent civil service and are governed by Part XIV of the Constitution (Services under the Union and States (Article 308-323)).
✅Government of India (Transaction of Business) Rules: Officers are required to help the President or Governor to exercise his/her executive functions is governed by these Rules.
✅Article 311: Dismissal, removal, or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a State.
✅Article 312: All India Services.
▪️Good examples:
✅The District Collector of Dewas, Uma Kant Umrao helped the farmers in MP to fight against drought by constructing over 16,000 ponds.
✅ IAS officer Ritu Maheshwari, installed new electricity smart meters to tackle the prevalent electricity theft in Kanpur.
✅ P Narahari, as district collector in Madhya Pradesh, worked towards building a barrier free environment that
ensures that people with disabilities can move about safely and independently.
✅IAS Officer, Smita Sabharwal, popularly known as 'the people's officer', launched a campaign called “Fund Your City” in Warangal. She appealed to residents to help her build the infrastructure of Naxal-affected areas, which resulted in the construction of traffic junctions and foot overbridges.
✅IPS Arif Sheikh started a campaign “Chuppi tod” to encourage people to speak up about the violence/ abuse they were facing amidst lockdown.
#governance
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🔆Regulation of Big Tech Companies
▪️Incidents:
✅CCI (Competition Commission of India) in 2020 initiated two antitrust investigations against Google.
🔸 For unfairly promoting its own payments app (Google Pay).
🔸 For involving in anti-competitive practices by restricting companies from creating modified versions of Android OS for smart TVs.
✅In 2019, the Enforcement Directorate (E.D.) commenced its investigation into alleged violations by Amazon and Flipkart for their prohibition of FDI in business-to-consumer (B2C) enterprises except where specific conditions are met.
✅ The photo-sharing app of Facebook (Instagram) failed to take any action over the controversy called Bois Locker Room (mostly run by Indian teenagers).
✅ Twitter displayed a map of Leh as part of China and later as part of Jammu and Kashmir state (instead of a separate Union Territory). For that, a legal notice has been served to Twitter.
▪️Ways of regulation:
✅ Competition Act, 2002 : The Act established the Competition Commission of India (CCI).
🔸Investigation into Google’s advertising policies : The CCI declared that Google had abused its dominant position and involved in the anti-competitive practice. Also imposed fine on Google of
Rs.136 crore.
✅The Information and Technology Act, 2000 govern all the activities related to the use of computer resources in India. Important provisions-
🔸Section 69: It gives power to the government to issue directions “to intercept, decrypt or monitor…any information generated, transmitted, received or stored” in any digital equipment.
🔸 Section 69A: It provides power to the government to block access to any information generated, transmitted, received or stored or hosted in the digital space
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▪️Incidents:
✅CCI (Competition Commission of India) in 2020 initiated two antitrust investigations against Google.
🔸 For unfairly promoting its own payments app (Google Pay).
🔸 For involving in anti-competitive practices by restricting companies from creating modified versions of Android OS for smart TVs.
✅In 2019, the Enforcement Directorate (E.D.) commenced its investigation into alleged violations by Amazon and Flipkart for their prohibition of FDI in business-to-consumer (B2C) enterprises except where specific conditions are met.
✅ The photo-sharing app of Facebook (Instagram) failed to take any action over the controversy called Bois Locker Room (mostly run by Indian teenagers).
✅ Twitter displayed a map of Leh as part of China and later as part of Jammu and Kashmir state (instead of a separate Union Territory). For that, a legal notice has been served to Twitter.
▪️Ways of regulation:
✅ Competition Act, 2002 : The Act established the Competition Commission of India (CCI).
🔸Investigation into Google’s advertising policies : The CCI declared that Google had abused its dominant position and involved in the anti-competitive practice. Also imposed fine on Google of
Rs.136 crore.
✅The Information and Technology Act, 2000 govern all the activities related to the use of computer resources in India. Important provisions-
🔸Section 69: It gives power to the government to issue directions “to intercept, decrypt or monitor…any information generated, transmitted, received or stored” in any digital equipment.
🔸 Section 69A: It provides power to the government to block access to any information generated, transmitted, received or stored or hosted in the digital space
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🔆India’s footing on Remittances
✅ India had received $89.4 billion in remittances in 2021, according to the World Bank, making it the top recipient globally last year.
✅ Remittance flows to India were enhanced by the wage hikes and a strong labour market in the United States,” and other rich countries.
✅ In 2022, India posted an over 24 per cent growth in its inward remittances to reach $111 billion, higher than the World Bank’s earlier estimate of $100 billion.
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✅ India had received $89.4 billion in remittances in 2021, according to the World Bank, making it the top recipient globally last year.
✅ Remittance flows to India were enhanced by the wage hikes and a strong labour market in the United States,” and other rich countries.
✅ In 2022, India posted an over 24 per cent growth in its inward remittances to reach $111 billion, higher than the World Bank’s earlier estimate of $100 billion.
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India’s current employment/unemployment status – Insights from report by McKinsey Global Institute
✅Up to 2030, 60 million new workers set to enter workforce and 30 million could move from farm sector to others -> India needs to create at least 90 million new non-farm jobs by 2030.
✅For this, net employment would need to grow by 1.5% per year.
✅For this rate of net employment, India needs to grow at 8 to 8.5% annually.
✅For this, India shall implement a sustainably fast track reform agenda in next 12-18 months.
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✅Up to 2030, 60 million new workers set to enter workforce and 30 million could move from farm sector to others -> India needs to create at least 90 million new non-farm jobs by 2030.
✅For this, net employment would need to grow by 1.5% per year.
✅For this rate of net employment, India needs to grow at 8 to 8.5% annually.
✅For this, India shall implement a sustainably fast track reform agenda in next 12-18 months.
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🔆Skill Development
✅Skill gap: According to the National Skill Development Policy data, only 5.4% of the workforce in India has undergone formal skill training as compared to 68% in the UK and 96% in South Korea.
✅Low employability: According to the India Skills Report 2021, only 45.9% the Indian youth is employable.
✅Under PMKVY, only 15% of those trained got a job.
✅According to the National Policy for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship,
🔸more than 54% of India’s population is below 25 years of age and
🔸 62% of India’s population is aged between 15 and 59 years.
🔸 This demographic dividend is expected to last for the next 25 years. India has the opportunity to supply skilled labour globally and become the world’s skill capital.
✅Best practices:
🔸Additional Skill Acquisition Programme in Kerala: Impart skill training to the Higher Secondary and Undergraduate students of the state.
🔸Hunar programme, Bihar: To take up skill development of the girls from minority and socially vulnerable groups in Bihar.
🔸 Kaushalya Vardhan Kendra, Gujarat: To rehabilitate school drop-outs, skill the rural youth, adolescent girls and housewives.
🔸Gram Tarang, Odisha: Prepares over 1,000 youth per year for the auto component industry.
▪️Policy Interventions:
✅ The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) has launched the ‘National Initiative for Promotion of Upskilling of Nirman workers’ (NIPUN) project to train 100,000 construction workers
✅ National Policy for Skill Development & Entrepreneurship, 2015: Launched
🔸 Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY), for imparting short-term skill training to the youth. More than 1.2 crore candidates underwent training.
🔸 Standardization in implementation of various skill development schemes.
🔸 Setting up of Sector Skill Councils (SSCs) as industry-led bodies
🔸 Implementation of Skills Acquisition and Knowledge Awareness for Livelihood Promotion (SANKALP)
🔸 Implementation of Skills Strengthening for Industrial Value Enhancement (STRIVE) scheme
🔸 Launching of Skill India Portal
🔸 Mobilisation/ outreach activities through Kaushal/Rozgar Melas, Skills Career Counselling Scheme in making skilling aspirational.
✅ National Skill Development Mission
✅ Centres of Excellence
✅ Skill Universitie
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✅Skill gap: According to the National Skill Development Policy data, only 5.4% of the workforce in India has undergone formal skill training as compared to 68% in the UK and 96% in South Korea.
✅Low employability: According to the India Skills Report 2021, only 45.9% the Indian youth is employable.
✅Under PMKVY, only 15% of those trained got a job.
✅According to the National Policy for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship,
🔸more than 54% of India’s population is below 25 years of age and
🔸 62% of India’s population is aged between 15 and 59 years.
🔸 This demographic dividend is expected to last for the next 25 years. India has the opportunity to supply skilled labour globally and become the world’s skill capital.
✅Best practices:
🔸Additional Skill Acquisition Programme in Kerala: Impart skill training to the Higher Secondary and Undergraduate students of the state.
🔸Hunar programme, Bihar: To take up skill development of the girls from minority and socially vulnerable groups in Bihar.
🔸 Kaushalya Vardhan Kendra, Gujarat: To rehabilitate school drop-outs, skill the rural youth, adolescent girls and housewives.
🔸Gram Tarang, Odisha: Prepares over 1,000 youth per year for the auto component industry.
▪️Policy Interventions:
✅ The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) has launched the ‘National Initiative for Promotion of Upskilling of Nirman workers’ (NIPUN) project to train 100,000 construction workers
✅ National Policy for Skill Development & Entrepreneurship, 2015: Launched
🔸 Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY), for imparting short-term skill training to the youth. More than 1.2 crore candidates underwent training.
🔸 Standardization in implementation of various skill development schemes.
🔸 Setting up of Sector Skill Councils (SSCs) as industry-led bodies
🔸 Implementation of Skills Acquisition and Knowledge Awareness for Livelihood Promotion (SANKALP)
🔸 Implementation of Skills Strengthening for Industrial Value Enhancement (STRIVE) scheme
🔸 Launching of Skill India Portal
🔸 Mobilisation/ outreach activities through Kaushal/Rozgar Melas, Skills Career Counselling Scheme in making skilling aspirational.
✅ National Skill Development Mission
✅ Centres of Excellence
✅ Skill Universitie
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🔆Start-up ecosystem in India
✅India ranks amongst the largest startup ecosystems in the world. India has the 3rd largest start-up ecosystem in the world.
✅ About 48 per cent of our startups are from Tier II & III cities, a testimony of our grassroots’ tremendous potential.
✅But recently, it has also been observed that many Indian companies have been getting headquartered overseas.
(Flipping)
✅ There are 2-3 tech startups born every day.
✅ The number of women entrepreneurs stood at 14%, up from 10% and 11% in the previous two years.
✅Corporate Connect: Facebook in partnership with Startup India disbursed cash grants of $50,000 each to the top 5 selected startups.
✅Agriculture Accelerator Fund: To encourage agri-startups in rural areas.
✅Economic Survey insights:
🔸 India has over 61,400 start-ups recognised by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT).
🔸555 districts in India had at least one new start-up.
🔸 A record 44 Indian start-ups achieved unicorn status in 2021 (Total unicorns now – 107). (Sept 2022)
🔸Growth of space tech start-ups: Start-ups in the sector has increased from 11 in 2019 to 47 in 2021.
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✅India ranks amongst the largest startup ecosystems in the world. India has the 3rd largest start-up ecosystem in the world.
✅ About 48 per cent of our startups are from Tier II & III cities, a testimony of our grassroots’ tremendous potential.
✅But recently, it has also been observed that many Indian companies have been getting headquartered overseas.
(Flipping)
✅ There are 2-3 tech startups born every day.
✅ The number of women entrepreneurs stood at 14%, up from 10% and 11% in the previous two years.
✅Corporate Connect: Facebook in partnership with Startup India disbursed cash grants of $50,000 each to the top 5 selected startups.
✅Agriculture Accelerator Fund: To encourage agri-startups in rural areas.
✅Economic Survey insights:
🔸 India has over 61,400 start-ups recognised by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT).
🔸555 districts in India had at least one new start-up.
🔸 A record 44 Indian start-ups achieved unicorn status in 2021 (Total unicorns now – 107). (Sept 2022)
🔸Growth of space tech start-ups: Start-ups in the sector has increased from 11 in 2019 to 47 in 2021.
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🔆Gender Budgeting :
✅According to OECD, Gender budgeting means using the tools, techniques, and procedures of the budget cycle in a systematic way to promote equality.
✅Three broad categories of gender budgeting systems:
🔸Gender-informed resource allocation
🔸 Gender-assessed budgets
🔸 Needs-based gender budgeting
✅ Gender budgeting in India:
🔸 In 2005, India started releasing a gender budget along with its Union budget.
🔸 The allocation to gender budgets in India as a proportion of the total Union budget has remained constant since its inception, ranging from around 3 to 6% of the Union budget.
🔸The gender budget accounted for just 4.4% of the total Union budget in FY 2021-22.
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✅According to OECD, Gender budgeting means using the tools, techniques, and procedures of the budget cycle in a systematic way to promote equality.
✅Three broad categories of gender budgeting systems:
🔸Gender-informed resource allocation
🔸 Gender-assessed budgets
🔸 Needs-based gender budgeting
✅ Gender budgeting in India:
🔸 In 2005, India started releasing a gender budget along with its Union budget.
🔸 The allocation to gender budgets in India as a proportion of the total Union budget has remained constant since its inception, ranging from around 3 to 6% of the Union budget.
🔸The gender budget accounted for just 4.4% of the total Union budget in FY 2021-22.
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🔆Green Budgeting
✅According to OECD, environmentally responsive or green budgeting means using the tools of budgetary policy-making to help achieve environmental goals. This includes
🔸 Evaluating environmental impacts of budgetary and fiscal policies and
🔸 Assessing their coherence towards the delivery of national and international commitments.
✅Green budgeting in India :
🔸Significance: The Overseas Development Institute estimates that India could lose 3-10% of its GDP annually by 2100 due to climate change.
🔸 Higher estimated expenditure of about Rs 3000 crore to the Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MOEFCC).
🔸 Scheme for Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid and) Electric Vehicle in India: Big boost from Rs 800 crore last year to Rs 2,908.28 crore.
🔸PLI for manufacturing of high-efficiency solar modules: Allocation of Rs 19500 crores.
🔸 A proposal to co-fire 5-7% biomass pellets in thermal power plants, resulting in estimated carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction of 38 million tonnes annually.
🔸 Four pilot projects for coal gasification and conversion of coal into chemicals.
🔸 Sovereign green bonds to be issued in public sector projects to reduce carbon intensity of the economy.
✅The Energy Conservation (Amendment) Bill, 2022: Aims “to provide regulatory framework for:
🔸 Carbon Trading in India,
🔸 Encouraging penetration of renewable in energy mix,
🔸 Effective implementation and enforcement of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001.
✅Flipside: Public enterprises overseeing the mining of coal, such as Coal India Ltd, together saw a boost in resources from Rs 18,746 crore to Rs 21,420 crore.
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✅According to OECD, environmentally responsive or green budgeting means using the tools of budgetary policy-making to help achieve environmental goals. This includes
🔸 Evaluating environmental impacts of budgetary and fiscal policies and
🔸 Assessing their coherence towards the delivery of national and international commitments.
✅Green budgeting in India :
🔸Significance: The Overseas Development Institute estimates that India could lose 3-10% of its GDP annually by 2100 due to climate change.
🔸 Higher estimated expenditure of about Rs 3000 crore to the Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MOEFCC).
🔸 Scheme for Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid and) Electric Vehicle in India: Big boost from Rs 800 crore last year to Rs 2,908.28 crore.
🔸PLI for manufacturing of high-efficiency solar modules: Allocation of Rs 19500 crores.
🔸 A proposal to co-fire 5-7% biomass pellets in thermal power plants, resulting in estimated carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction of 38 million tonnes annually.
🔸 Four pilot projects for coal gasification and conversion of coal into chemicals.
🔸 Sovereign green bonds to be issued in public sector projects to reduce carbon intensity of the economy.
✅The Energy Conservation (Amendment) Bill, 2022: Aims “to provide regulatory framework for:
🔸 Carbon Trading in India,
🔸 Encouraging penetration of renewable in energy mix,
🔸 Effective implementation and enforcement of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001.
✅Flipside: Public enterprises overseeing the mining of coal, such as Coal India Ltd, together saw a boost in resources from Rs 18,746 crore to Rs 21,420 crore.
#economy
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🔆New Economic Policy 1991
Issues before :
✅ Licensing & Regulations
✅ Restrictive trade practices
✅ Restrictions on foreign investment and imports
✅ Restrictions on Private participation
Objectives :
✅ Delicensing
✅ Deregulation of Industrial Sector
✅ Foreign Investment & technology transfer
✅ Reforming Public Sector
✅ Private Participation
Features :
✅ Removal of industrial registrations and licensing (Exception- Drugs, cigarette, liquor, hazardous chemicals, industrial equipment, and industrial explosives.
✅ Restrictive trade practices abandoned
✅ Freedom of production and expansion
✅ Freedom to import capital goods
✅ Increase in Small Scale Industries (SSIs) investment limit.
#economy
#mains_2023
#Keyboard
#mains
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Issues before :
✅ Licensing & Regulations
✅ Restrictive trade practices
✅ Restrictions on foreign investment and imports
✅ Restrictions on Private participation
Objectives :
✅ Delicensing
✅ Deregulation of Industrial Sector
✅ Foreign Investment & technology transfer
✅ Reforming Public Sector
✅ Private Participation
Features :
✅ Removal of industrial registrations and licensing (Exception- Drugs, cigarette, liquor, hazardous chemicals, industrial equipment, and industrial explosives.
✅ Restrictive trade practices abandoned
✅ Freedom of production and expansion
✅ Freedom to import capital goods
✅ Increase in Small Scale Industries (SSIs) investment limit.
#economy
#mains_2023
#Keyboard
#mains
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👍4❤1
🔆 Industrial Policy
✅Government policy towards industry, for industrial and economic development.
Objectives:
✅ Rapid industrial growth
✅ Balanced Industrial Structure
✅ Balanced Regional Growth
✅ Solving unemployment
Categories :
✅ Strategic
✅ Basic/Key
✅ Important
✅ Other
#economy
#mains_2023
#Keyboard
#mains
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✅Government policy towards industry, for industrial and economic development.
Objectives:
✅ Rapid industrial growth
✅ Balanced Industrial Structure
✅ Balanced Regional Growth
✅ Solving unemployment
Categories :
✅ Strategic
✅ Basic/Key
✅ Important
✅ Other
#economy
#mains_2023
#Keyboard
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_economy
👍4
🔆Industry 4.0
▪️Industry 4.0 usage of :
✅ cloud computing technologies+
✅ AI+
✅ cyber physical systems+
✅ IoT+
✅ quantum computing+
✅ 5G telephony+
✅ nanotechnology+
✅biotech+
✅robotics.
✅Features : Big Data+ Analytics = improving product development+ Machine-Human Interface+ Physical-to-Digital Transfers (AI)+ Innovation, Creativity, & Connectivity.
▪️Potential Benefits
1) Technological :
✅ Connected machines’ data –enhanced performance & maintenance
✅ Optimization of operations
✅ Quality issues prevented
2) Economic :
✅ Analyzing & identifying patterns to gain insights in limited time frame without human intervention
✅ 5G make real-time downloads possible.
3) Social :
✅ Employment
✅ Curb wastage, optimize resources, reduce manufacturing cost.
▪️Potential Challenges :
1) Technological :
✅ Data security
✅ McKinsey’s estimates : 80-90% industrial equipment to be replaced
2) Economic :
✅ Low R&D investment
✅ Poor IPR Regime
3) Social :
✅ Digital Divide & Inequality
✅ Governance challenges
✅ Increased unemployment due to machines- 300 Mn jobs lost
✅ Skilling, up-skilling, and re-skilling of 50% population
NITI Aayog suggestion :
✅ Discussion with leading companies
✅ Specialized training programmes : high-tech human resource
✅ Industry-academia R&D
#economy
#mains_2023
#Keyboard
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_economy
▪️Industry 4.0 usage of :
✅ cloud computing technologies+
✅ AI+
✅ cyber physical systems+
✅ IoT+
✅ quantum computing+
✅ 5G telephony+
✅ nanotechnology+
✅biotech+
✅robotics.
✅Features : Big Data+ Analytics = improving product development+ Machine-Human Interface+ Physical-to-Digital Transfers (AI)+ Innovation, Creativity, & Connectivity.
▪️Potential Benefits
1) Technological :
✅ Connected machines’ data –enhanced performance & maintenance
✅ Optimization of operations
✅ Quality issues prevented
2) Economic :
✅ Analyzing & identifying patterns to gain insights in limited time frame without human intervention
✅ 5G make real-time downloads possible.
3) Social :
✅ Employment
✅ Curb wastage, optimize resources, reduce manufacturing cost.
▪️Potential Challenges :
1) Technological :
✅ Data security
✅ McKinsey’s estimates : 80-90% industrial equipment to be replaced
2) Economic :
✅ Low R&D investment
✅ Poor IPR Regime
3) Social :
✅ Digital Divide & Inequality
✅ Governance challenges
✅ Increased unemployment due to machines- 300 Mn jobs lost
✅ Skilling, up-skilling, and re-skilling of 50% population
NITI Aayog suggestion :
✅ Discussion with leading companies
✅ Specialized training programmes : high-tech human resource
✅ Industry-academia R&D
#economy
#mains_2023
#Keyboard
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_economy
👍10
🔆Manufacturing Sector in India
✅19% of India’s GVA + 15% Jobs + 66.6% Capacity Utilization + 65% Exports, Current contribution:
✅17% to GDP, Contribution to manf output- China -1&Ind-6, R&D? 0.7% GDP
✅India- Rank 30 in Global Manufacturing Index 2020, 35% of FDI to manufacturing sector & 53% FDI to Services Sector (Use any 2 facts to support an argument in body)
▪️Importance
🔸ECONOMIC
✅ Backbone of economy
✅ Modernizing agriculture
✅ Reducing over-dependence on agriculture
✅ Promoting exports
✅ Expanding trade and commerce
✅ Bringing foreign exchange/FDI
✅ Atmanirbhar Bharat
✅ Tax revenues
✅ Raw materials into finished goods.
🔸SOCIAL
✅ Minimizing unemployment and poverty
✅ Bridging regional disparities
✅ Choice to consumers
✅ Mainstreaming indigenous craft
▪️Growth Drivers
🔸Resources :
✅ Natural resources like iron, steel, cotton
✅ Logistics & maritime potential (7500 Km coastline)
✅ Investment in physical & digital infrastructure (100 Lac Cr Rs by National infra pipeline)
🔸Human Resource:
✅ Youngest work force
✅ Cheaper vs China
🔸Structural Factors :
✅ Large developing economy
✅ Large consumption base
✅ Focus on sustainability & environment concerns
🔸Govt. initiatives:
✅ Tax reforms like GST
✅ Ease of Doing Business (Rank 63)
✅ MSME Reforms
✅ Land reforms
🔸Entrepreneurship culture :
✅ High tech adoption
✅ Startups
#economy
#mains_2023
#Keyboard
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_economy
✅19% of India’s GVA + 15% Jobs + 66.6% Capacity Utilization + 65% Exports, Current contribution:
✅17% to GDP, Contribution to manf output- China -1&Ind-6, R&D? 0.7% GDP
✅India- Rank 30 in Global Manufacturing Index 2020, 35% of FDI to manufacturing sector & 53% FDI to Services Sector (Use any 2 facts to support an argument in body)
▪️Importance
🔸ECONOMIC
✅ Backbone of economy
✅ Modernizing agriculture
✅ Reducing over-dependence on agriculture
✅ Promoting exports
✅ Expanding trade and commerce
✅ Bringing foreign exchange/FDI
✅ Atmanirbhar Bharat
✅ Tax revenues
✅ Raw materials into finished goods.
🔸SOCIAL
✅ Minimizing unemployment and poverty
✅ Bridging regional disparities
✅ Choice to consumers
✅ Mainstreaming indigenous craft
▪️Growth Drivers
🔸Resources :
✅ Natural resources like iron, steel, cotton
✅ Logistics & maritime potential (7500 Km coastline)
✅ Investment in physical & digital infrastructure (100 Lac Cr Rs by National infra pipeline)
🔸Human Resource:
✅ Youngest work force
✅ Cheaper vs China
🔸Structural Factors :
✅ Large developing economy
✅ Large consumption base
✅ Focus on sustainability & environment concerns
🔸Govt. initiatives:
✅ Tax reforms like GST
✅ Ease of Doing Business (Rank 63)
✅ MSME Reforms
✅ Land reforms
🔸Entrepreneurship culture :
✅ High tech adoption
✅ Startups
#economy
#mains_2023
#Keyboard
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_economy
👍8🙏1
🔆 Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs)
✅ Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs), also called Renewable Energy Credits, are market-based instruments that certify that the bearer owns one megawatt-hour (MWh) of electricity generated from a renewable energy resource, like wind, solar, etc.
✅ Once the power provider has fed the energy into the grid, the REC received can be sold on the open market as an energy commodity.
✅ RECs are traded in power exchange within the forbearance price and floor price determined by the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) from time to time.
▪️There are two categories of RECs in India:
✅ Solar RECs: They are issued to eligible entities for the generation of electricity based on solar power as a renewable energy source.
✅ Non-solar RECs: They are issued to eligible entities for the generation of electricity based on renewable energy sources other than solar power.
▪️Significance of RECs in India
✅ Promotion of stand-alone systems,
✅ Competition in the electricity market,
✅ Alternative to meet Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO),
✅ Enhance the reach,
✅ Attract investment,
✅ Corporate social responsibility.
#gs3
#environment
#mains_2023
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_environment
✅ Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs), also called Renewable Energy Credits, are market-based instruments that certify that the bearer owns one megawatt-hour (MWh) of electricity generated from a renewable energy resource, like wind, solar, etc.
✅ Once the power provider has fed the energy into the grid, the REC received can be sold on the open market as an energy commodity.
✅ RECs are traded in power exchange within the forbearance price and floor price determined by the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) from time to time.
▪️There are two categories of RECs in India:
✅ Solar RECs: They are issued to eligible entities for the generation of electricity based on solar power as a renewable energy source.
✅ Non-solar RECs: They are issued to eligible entities for the generation of electricity based on renewable energy sources other than solar power.
▪️Significance of RECs in India
✅ Promotion of stand-alone systems,
✅ Competition in the electricity market,
✅ Alternative to meet Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO),
✅ Enhance the reach,
✅ Attract investment,
✅ Corporate social responsibility.
#gs3
#environment
#mains_2023
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_environment
👍7
🔆Industry Revolution 4.0
✅Current trend of data exchange and automation in manufacturing technologies all around the worldS.
✅It includes usage of cloud computing, artificial intelligence, cyber physical systems, Internet of Things, quantum computing, 5G telephony, nanotechnology, biotech, robotics
▪️Features:
✅ Big Data
✅ Advanced Analytics
✅ Machine-Human Interface
✅ Physical-to-Digital Transfers
✅ Innovation
✅ Creativity and
✅ Connectivity
▪️Benefits
✅Optimisation of operations effectively
✅ Data generated can inform performance & maintenance
✅ Increase in technology
✅ Prevention of Quality incidents
✅ Reduce manufacturing cost
✅ Gain insights without human intervention
▪️Challenges :
✅ Digital Divide & Inequality
✅ Low investment in R&D
✅ Poor IPR Regime
✅ Governance challenges
✅ India’s data security
✅ Skilling, un-skilling, and re-skilling of 50% population
✅ Current industrial equipment would have to be replaced
▪️India’s upper Hand :
✅ Digital India
✅ Governance
✅ Strong IT Sector
▪️Is India ready?
✅ Missed IR 1 to IR3
✅ Rare Robots
✅ Low vocational training capacity
✅ 45% MSME
✅ 90% Informal sector
✅ Good in software but poor in hardware
✅NITI Aayog Suggestions: NITI Aayog could organise a discussion on “Industry 4.0, Specialised training programmes on Smart Manufacturing, DHI should develop Central Manufacturing Technology Institute, DST should spearhead industry-academia R&D projects on cyber physical systems.
#economy
#mains_2023
#Keyboard
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_economy
✅Current trend of data exchange and automation in manufacturing technologies all around the worldS.
✅It includes usage of cloud computing, artificial intelligence, cyber physical systems, Internet of Things, quantum computing, 5G telephony, nanotechnology, biotech, robotics
▪️Features:
✅ Big Data
✅ Advanced Analytics
✅ Machine-Human Interface
✅ Physical-to-Digital Transfers
✅ Innovation
✅ Creativity and
✅ Connectivity
▪️Benefits
✅Optimisation of operations effectively
✅ Data generated can inform performance & maintenance
✅ Increase in technology
✅ Prevention of Quality incidents
✅ Reduce manufacturing cost
✅ Gain insights without human intervention
▪️Challenges :
✅ Digital Divide & Inequality
✅ Low investment in R&D
✅ Poor IPR Regime
✅ Governance challenges
✅ India’s data security
✅ Skilling, un-skilling, and re-skilling of 50% population
✅ Current industrial equipment would have to be replaced
▪️India’s upper Hand :
✅ Digital India
✅ Governance
✅ Strong IT Sector
▪️Is India ready?
✅ Missed IR 1 to IR3
✅ Rare Robots
✅ Low vocational training capacity
✅ 45% MSME
✅ 90% Informal sector
✅ Good in software but poor in hardware
✅NITI Aayog Suggestions: NITI Aayog could organise a discussion on “Industry 4.0, Specialised training programmes on Smart Manufacturing, DHI should develop Central Manufacturing Technology Institute, DST should spearhead industry-academia R&D projects on cyber physical systems.
#economy
#mains_2023
#Keyboard
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_economy
👍5
🔆 Nuclear signalling, the need for new guard rails
✅The conflict in Ukraine and the recourse to nuclear rhetoric have revived concerns about nuclear escalation management between the major nuclear powers.
✅ The principle of nuclear deterrence was born out of the symbiosis of the principle of military deterrence and the emergence of nuclear weapons.
✅ It is a military doctrine according to which the possibility that a country will use the nuclear weapons it possesses in retaliation will deter an enemy from attacking.
✅ The idea came to the forefront of US military policy. It helps avoid a nuclear war as each side tries to secure their interests by avoiding a nuclear confrontation.
✅ Hypothetically, if Country A launches a nuclear war against Country B, Country B will be able to inflict enough damage on Country A that it would lead to what theorists call “Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD).”
✅ The underlying logic is that Nobody will survive to claim oneself a winner.
▪️Advantages offered by Nuclear Deterrence
✅ Averting escalation of a world war,
✅ Promote stability,
✅ Increases stake and credibility of a nation,
✅ Prohibiting coercion,
▪️Limitations of Nuclear Deterrence
✅ Increase in proxy wars,
✅ Unequal advantage,
✅ Alternative warfare,
✅ Rise in cold and economic warfare,
✅ Non–state actors acquiring nukes,
✅ Emergence of rogue states,
✅ Cyberattacks on nuclear command and control.
▪️Nuclear Deterrence: Indian perspective
✅ Nuclear deterrence can serve as a pillar of international security only in conjunction with negotiations and agreements on the limitation, reduction, and non-proliferation of nuclear weapons.
✅ Without them, deterrence fuels an endless arms race, while any serious crisis between the great powers will bring them to the brink of nuclear war.
✅ India believes that nuclear weapons are political weapons, not weapons of war fighting.
✅ Their sole purpose is to deter the use and threat of use of nuclear weapons.
#mainsrevision
#mains_2023
#gs3
#science_and_technology
@CSE_EXAM
@upsc_science_and_technology
✅The conflict in Ukraine and the recourse to nuclear rhetoric have revived concerns about nuclear escalation management between the major nuclear powers.
✅ The principle of nuclear deterrence was born out of the symbiosis of the principle of military deterrence and the emergence of nuclear weapons.
✅ It is a military doctrine according to which the possibility that a country will use the nuclear weapons it possesses in retaliation will deter an enemy from attacking.
✅ The idea came to the forefront of US military policy. It helps avoid a nuclear war as each side tries to secure their interests by avoiding a nuclear confrontation.
✅ Hypothetically, if Country A launches a nuclear war against Country B, Country B will be able to inflict enough damage on Country A that it would lead to what theorists call “Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD).”
✅ The underlying logic is that Nobody will survive to claim oneself a winner.
▪️Advantages offered by Nuclear Deterrence
✅ Averting escalation of a world war,
✅ Promote stability,
✅ Increases stake and credibility of a nation,
✅ Prohibiting coercion,
▪️Limitations of Nuclear Deterrence
✅ Increase in proxy wars,
✅ Unequal advantage,
✅ Alternative warfare,
✅ Rise in cold and economic warfare,
✅ Non–state actors acquiring nukes,
✅ Emergence of rogue states,
✅ Cyberattacks on nuclear command and control.
▪️Nuclear Deterrence: Indian perspective
✅ Nuclear deterrence can serve as a pillar of international security only in conjunction with negotiations and agreements on the limitation, reduction, and non-proliferation of nuclear weapons.
✅ Without them, deterrence fuels an endless arms race, while any serious crisis between the great powers will bring them to the brink of nuclear war.
✅ India believes that nuclear weapons are political weapons, not weapons of war fighting.
✅ Their sole purpose is to deter the use and threat of use of nuclear weapons.
#mainsrevision
#mains_2023
#gs3
#science_and_technology
@CSE_EXAM
@upsc_science_and_technology
👍7
STEM – Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
✅Relevance
🔸 Promote critical thinking
🔸 Facilitate social mobility
🔸 Enhance economic productivity
🔸 Create innovators
✅Representation of women in STEM :
🔸 Globally only 18% girls in tertiary education pursuing STEM
🔸 Only 18% researchers, 14% in engineering & technology, 24% in health sciences are women.
✅ Factors causing gender stem gaps :
🔸 Dual role syndrome-professional decision by womens affected by domestic responsibilities.
🔸 Discrimination at workplace- due to lack of leadership roles
🔸 Gender stereotypes- that women are intellectually weaker.
🔸 Lack f suitable workplace or educational benefits
🔸 Fewer roles played by girls.
✅Initiatives taken :
🔸 Vigyan Jyoti- Level Playing Field for Meritorious Girls
🔸 Kiran- Knowledge Awareness Research Advancement Through Nurturing
🔸 Gati- Gender Advancement for Transforming Institutions.
🔸 Biotechnology Career Advancement & Reorientation Programme/ BioCare.
✅ Way forward
🔸 Women’s forum or working parents’ connections.
🔸 Biographies of female scientists, mathematicians etc.
🔸 Paternity leave
🔸 Crèche facilities
🔸 Gender Inclusion Fund
#social_justice
#GS2
#mains_2023
#Keyboard
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_society_gs
✅Relevance
🔸 Promote critical thinking
🔸 Facilitate social mobility
🔸 Enhance economic productivity
🔸 Create innovators
✅Representation of women in STEM :
🔸 Globally only 18% girls in tertiary education pursuing STEM
🔸 Only 18% researchers, 14% in engineering & technology, 24% in health sciences are women.
✅ Factors causing gender stem gaps :
🔸 Dual role syndrome-professional decision by womens affected by domestic responsibilities.
🔸 Discrimination at workplace- due to lack of leadership roles
🔸 Gender stereotypes- that women are intellectually weaker.
🔸 Lack f suitable workplace or educational benefits
🔸 Fewer roles played by girls.
✅Initiatives taken :
🔸 Vigyan Jyoti- Level Playing Field for Meritorious Girls
🔸 Kiran- Knowledge Awareness Research Advancement Through Nurturing
🔸 Gati- Gender Advancement for Transforming Institutions.
🔸 Biotechnology Career Advancement & Reorientation Programme/ BioCare.
✅ Way forward
🔸 Women’s forum or working parents’ connections.
🔸 Biographies of female scientists, mathematicians etc.
🔸 Paternity leave
🔸 Crèche facilities
🔸 Gender Inclusion Fund
#social_justice
#GS2
#mains_2023
#Keyboard
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_society_gs
👍13❤3
🔆 Urban Heat Islands
✅ Urban Heat Islands (UHI) are urbanized areas that experience higher temperatures than outlying areas.
✅ Structures such as buildings, roads, and other infrastructure absorb and re-emit the sun’s heat more than natural landscapes such as forests and water bodies.
✅ Urban areas, where these structures are highly concentrated and greenery is limited,become “islands” of higher temperatures relative to outlying areas.
✅ It increases the demand for energy, leads to increased greenhouse gases emissions, discomforts human health and even affects the health of flora and fauna.
▪️The major factors responsible for UHI
✅ Anthropogenic heat
discharges
✅ Absorption of heat
✅ Urban geometry
✅ Greenhouse effect
✅Lack of vegetation
▪️Measures that can be taken to countering UHIs
✅ Promoting natural vegetation
✅ Use of appropriate surface material
✅ Use of white pavement instead of Asphalt
✅Providing appropriate landscape
#gs3
#mainsrevision
#mains_2023
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_environment
✅ Urban Heat Islands (UHI) are urbanized areas that experience higher temperatures than outlying areas.
✅ Structures such as buildings, roads, and other infrastructure absorb and re-emit the sun’s heat more than natural landscapes such as forests and water bodies.
✅ Urban areas, where these structures are highly concentrated and greenery is limited,become “islands” of higher temperatures relative to outlying areas.
✅ It increases the demand for energy, leads to increased greenhouse gases emissions, discomforts human health and even affects the health of flora and fauna.
▪️The major factors responsible for UHI
✅ Anthropogenic heat
discharges
✅ Absorption of heat
✅ Urban geometry
✅ Greenhouse effect
✅Lack of vegetation
▪️Measures that can be taken to countering UHIs
✅ Promoting natural vegetation
✅ Use of appropriate surface material
✅ Use of white pavement instead of Asphalt
✅Providing appropriate landscape
#gs3
#mainsrevision
#mains_2023
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_environment
👍9❤1❤🔥1🙏1