Forwarded from UPSC Mapping Prelims Mains UPPSC mppsc bpsc
🔆 Jute Industry in India
India is the world’s biggest producer of jute, followed by Bangladesh. Jute is primarily grown in West Bengal, Odisha, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Andhra Pradesh.
▪️Factors responsible for the location of the jute industry in India:
✅ Raw material: These industries are located in close proximity of the jute-producing areas. For instance, in West Bengal the jute mills are located along the banks of Hugli River.
✅ Means of transportation: Inexpensive water transport, supported by a good network of
railways, roadways, and waterways facilitates movement of raw material to the mills.
✅Water requirement: The availability of abundant water facilitates the processing of raw jute. For example, the Hugli river supplies the adequate water for jute mills in West Bengal.
✅ Labour: Cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh make this region attractive for industries.
✅ Other factors: A large urban centre providing banking, insurance, and port facilities for the export of jute goods, for example, Kolkata.
▪️Challenges faced by the industry:
✅ Fragmentation: Indian Jute industry is highly fragmented and is dominated by the unorganized sector and small and medium industries.
✅ Increasing input costs: Unpredictable market conditions, weather, policies, etc. have resulted in a supply shortage of raw materials and an increase in their material costs.
✅ Highly competitive export market: In the global market, tariff and non-tariff barriers coupled with lack of free/preferential trade agreements are posing a major challenge to these Industries.
🔸 For instance, there is stiff competition in the international market from synthetic substitutes
and from other competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt, and Thailand.
✅ Other issues:
🔸 Poor access to the latest technology and low automation.
🔸Social issues like child labour and personal safety norms.
It must be noted that the growing global concern for environment-friendly, biodegradable materials, has once again opened the opportunity for jute products. In order to give an impetus to the jute industry, the government has approved that 100% of the food grains and 20% of the sugar shall be mandatorily packed in jute bags.
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India is the world’s biggest producer of jute, followed by Bangladesh. Jute is primarily grown in West Bengal, Odisha, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Andhra Pradesh.
▪️Factors responsible for the location of the jute industry in India:
✅ Raw material: These industries are located in close proximity of the jute-producing areas. For instance, in West Bengal the jute mills are located along the banks of Hugli River.
✅ Means of transportation: Inexpensive water transport, supported by a good network of
railways, roadways, and waterways facilitates movement of raw material to the mills.
✅Water requirement: The availability of abundant water facilitates the processing of raw jute. For example, the Hugli river supplies the adequate water for jute mills in West Bengal.
✅ Labour: Cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh make this region attractive for industries.
✅ Other factors: A large urban centre providing banking, insurance, and port facilities for the export of jute goods, for example, Kolkata.
▪️Challenges faced by the industry:
✅ Fragmentation: Indian Jute industry is highly fragmented and is dominated by the unorganized sector and small and medium industries.
✅ Increasing input costs: Unpredictable market conditions, weather, policies, etc. have resulted in a supply shortage of raw materials and an increase in their material costs.
✅ Highly competitive export market: In the global market, tariff and non-tariff barriers coupled with lack of free/preferential trade agreements are posing a major challenge to these Industries.
🔸 For instance, there is stiff competition in the international market from synthetic substitutes
and from other competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt, and Thailand.
✅ Other issues:
🔸 Poor access to the latest technology and low automation.
🔸Social issues like child labour and personal safety norms.
It must be noted that the growing global concern for environment-friendly, biodegradable materials, has once again opened the opportunity for jute products. In order to give an impetus to the jute industry, the government has approved that 100% of the food grains and 20% of the sugar shall be mandatorily packed in jute bags.
#mainsrevision
#mains
#prelims
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
👍5❤1
🔆 Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
✅ A Marine Protected Area (MPA) has been defined by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) as “any area of intertidal or subtidal terrain, together with its overlying water, and associated flora, fauna, historical and cultural features, which has been reserved and protected by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the enclosed environment”.
✅ In the wake of global threats such as climate change, ocean acidification and intensified resource extraction, the world’s seas are at risk.
✅ As a result, many nations have adopted Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) as a tool for conserving biodiversity and ecosystem functions.
✅ There are 24 MPAs in peninsular India and more than 100 MPAs in the country's islands.
✅ The Gulf of Kachchh Marine National Park, Gulf of Mannar National Park, Sundarbans National Park and Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park are some of the important MPAs of India.
▪️Significance of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
✅ Protecting habitats,
✅ Helps to protect endemic species,
✅ Restrict human activities,
✅ Aid in income generation.
▪️Challenges in extending the MPA network in India
✅ Difference of opinion on factors,
✅ Financial resources,
✅ Criticised as “paper parks”,
✅ Difficulty in extending the network,
✅ Lack of data.
▪️Way forward
✅ Climate change adaptation plan,
✅ Inter-departmental coordination,
✅ Maintaining data,
✅ Human resource.
#gs3
#environment
#mainsrevision
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✅ A Marine Protected Area (MPA) has been defined by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) as “any area of intertidal or subtidal terrain, together with its overlying water, and associated flora, fauna, historical and cultural features, which has been reserved and protected by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the enclosed environment”.
✅ In the wake of global threats such as climate change, ocean acidification and intensified resource extraction, the world’s seas are at risk.
✅ As a result, many nations have adopted Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) as a tool for conserving biodiversity and ecosystem functions.
✅ There are 24 MPAs in peninsular India and more than 100 MPAs in the country's islands.
✅ The Gulf of Kachchh Marine National Park, Gulf of Mannar National Park, Sundarbans National Park and Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park are some of the important MPAs of India.
▪️Significance of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
✅ Protecting habitats,
✅ Helps to protect endemic species,
✅ Restrict human activities,
✅ Aid in income generation.
▪️Challenges in extending the MPA network in India
✅ Difference of opinion on factors,
✅ Financial resources,
✅ Criticised as “paper parks”,
✅ Difficulty in extending the network,
✅ Lack of data.
▪️Way forward
✅ Climate change adaptation plan,
✅ Inter-departmental coordination,
✅ Maintaining data,
✅ Human resource.
#gs3
#environment
#mainsrevision
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_environment
👍6❤3
🔆 Role of UPSC
✅ UPSC was created as the central recruiting agency and is an independent constitutional body constituted under Article 315 of the Indian Constitution.
▪️It has been visualized as the ‘watch-dog of merit system’ in India and in this regard, it has the following roles:
✅It conducts examinations for appointments to the All-India Services, Central services and
public services of the centrally administered territories.
✅ It renders advice on service matters and is consulted by the government in deciding disciplinary matters.
✅ It assists the states (if requested by two or more states to do so) in framing and operating schemes of joint recruitment for any services for which candidates possessing special qualifications are required.
✅ The additional functions relating to the services of the Union can be conferred on UPSC by the Parliament. It can also place the personnel system of any authority, corporate body or public institution within the jurisdiction of the UPSC.
✅ It has the authority to appoint officers through interviews for lateral entry.
▪️However, some experts argue that UPSC has certain limitations:
✅ Advisory body: The recommendations made by it are only of advisory nature and hence, not binding on the government. Further, the government can also make rules which regulate the scope of the advisory functions of the UPSC.
✅ Limited role: It is not concerned with the classification of services, pay and service conditions, cadre management, training, and so on. Further, it is neither consulted while appointing personnel to different posts or temporary jobs nor while making provisions for any kind of reservation. The President can also exclude posts, services, and matters from the purview of the UPSC.
✅ Overlap of function: The role of UPSC in disciplinary matters has been affected by the emergence of the Central Vigilance Commission because the government has come to consult the anti-corruption watchdog, as a specialized agency.
▪️Considering the importance of UPSC, the Constitution has provided following the provisions for ensuring independent and impartial functioning of the organization:
✅ Security of Tenure: Article 316(2) provides that the member of a Public Service Commission shall hold the office for the term of six years from the date on which he has entered upon his office and in the case of Union Commission; the age is of sixty-five years.
✅ Tough removal process: Article 317 provides that the Chairman or any other member of the Public Service Commission can only be removed from his office by order of the President on the ground of misbehaviour after an enquiry done by Supreme court.
✅ Conditions of service: Article 318 of the Constitution provides that the conditions of service of a member of a Public Service Commission shall not be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment.
✅ Charged Expenditure: Article 322 provides that the salaries, allowances and pensions of the chairman and members of the UPSC are charged on the Consolidated Fund of India and not subject to vote of Parliament.
✅ Check on Re-appointments: Article 319 (a) provides that the Chairman is not eligible for
further employment in Government of India or state. Further, a member of UPSC is eligible for appointment as the chairman of UPSC or a State Public Service Commission (SPSC), but not for any other employment in the GoI or a state.
✅ Memorandum on non-acceptance of recommendation: Article 323 provides that along with the report of the working of the Commission, a memorandum explaining the cause of non-acceptance of the Commission’s recommendations would also be laid down before the two Houses by the President.
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✅ UPSC was created as the central recruiting agency and is an independent constitutional body constituted under Article 315 of the Indian Constitution.
▪️It has been visualized as the ‘watch-dog of merit system’ in India and in this regard, it has the following roles:
✅It conducts examinations for appointments to the All-India Services, Central services and
public services of the centrally administered territories.
✅ It renders advice on service matters and is consulted by the government in deciding disciplinary matters.
✅ It assists the states (if requested by two or more states to do so) in framing and operating schemes of joint recruitment for any services for which candidates possessing special qualifications are required.
✅ The additional functions relating to the services of the Union can be conferred on UPSC by the Parliament. It can also place the personnel system of any authority, corporate body or public institution within the jurisdiction of the UPSC.
✅ It has the authority to appoint officers through interviews for lateral entry.
▪️However, some experts argue that UPSC has certain limitations:
✅ Advisory body: The recommendations made by it are only of advisory nature and hence, not binding on the government. Further, the government can also make rules which regulate the scope of the advisory functions of the UPSC.
✅ Limited role: It is not concerned with the classification of services, pay and service conditions, cadre management, training, and so on. Further, it is neither consulted while appointing personnel to different posts or temporary jobs nor while making provisions for any kind of reservation. The President can also exclude posts, services, and matters from the purview of the UPSC.
✅ Overlap of function: The role of UPSC in disciplinary matters has been affected by the emergence of the Central Vigilance Commission because the government has come to consult the anti-corruption watchdog, as a specialized agency.
▪️Considering the importance of UPSC, the Constitution has provided following the provisions for ensuring independent and impartial functioning of the organization:
✅ Security of Tenure: Article 316(2) provides that the member of a Public Service Commission shall hold the office for the term of six years from the date on which he has entered upon his office and in the case of Union Commission; the age is of sixty-five years.
✅ Tough removal process: Article 317 provides that the Chairman or any other member of the Public Service Commission can only be removed from his office by order of the President on the ground of misbehaviour after an enquiry done by Supreme court.
✅ Conditions of service: Article 318 of the Constitution provides that the conditions of service of a member of a Public Service Commission shall not be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment.
✅ Charged Expenditure: Article 322 provides that the salaries, allowances and pensions of the chairman and members of the UPSC are charged on the Consolidated Fund of India and not subject to vote of Parliament.
✅ Check on Re-appointments: Article 319 (a) provides that the Chairman is not eligible for
further employment in Government of India or state. Further, a member of UPSC is eligible for appointment as the chairman of UPSC or a State Public Service Commission (SPSC), but not for any other employment in the GoI or a state.
✅ Memorandum on non-acceptance of recommendation: Article 323 provides that along with the report of the working of the Commission, a memorandum explaining the cause of non-acceptance of the Commission’s recommendations would also be laid down before the two Houses by the President.
#mainsrevision
#mains
#gs2
#polity_governance
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👍12
🔆 Nuclear signalling, the need for new guard rails
✅The conflict in Ukraine and the recourse to nuclear rhetoric have revived concerns about nuclear escalation management between the major nuclear powers.
✅ The principle of nuclear deterrence was born out of the symbiosis of the principle of military deterrence and the emergence of nuclear weapons.
✅ It is a military doctrine according to which the possibility that a country will use the nuclear weapons it possesses in retaliation will deter an enemy from attacking.
✅ The idea came to the forefront of US military policy. It helps avoid a nuclear war as each side tries to secure their interests by avoiding a nuclear confrontation.
✅ Hypothetically, if Country A launches a nuclear war against Country B, Country B will be able to inflict enough damage on Country A that it would lead to what theorists call “Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD).”
✅ The underlying logic is that Nobody will survive to claim oneself a winner.
▪️Advantages offered by Nuclear Deterrence
✅ Averting escalation of a world war,
✅ Promote stability,
✅ Increases stake and credibility of a nation,
✅ Prohibiting coercion,
▪️Limitations of Nuclear Deterrence
✅ Increase in proxy wars,
✅ Unequal advantage,
✅ Alternative warfare,
✅ Rise in cold and economic warfare,
✅ Non–state actors acquiring nukes,
✅ Emergence of rogue states,
✅ Cyberattacks on nuclear command and control.
▪️Nuclear Deterrence: Indian perspective
✅ Nuclear deterrence can serve as a pillar of international security only in conjunction with negotiations and agreements on the limitation, reduction, and non-proliferation of nuclear weapons.
✅ Without them, deterrence fuels an endless arms race, while any serious crisis between the great powers will bring them to the brink of nuclear war.
✅ India believes that nuclear weapons are political weapons, not weapons of war fighting.
✅ Their sole purpose is to deter the use and threat of use of nuclear weapons.
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#gs3
#science_and_technology
@CSE_EXAM
@upsc_science_and_technology
✅The conflict in Ukraine and the recourse to nuclear rhetoric have revived concerns about nuclear escalation management between the major nuclear powers.
✅ The principle of nuclear deterrence was born out of the symbiosis of the principle of military deterrence and the emergence of nuclear weapons.
✅ It is a military doctrine according to which the possibility that a country will use the nuclear weapons it possesses in retaliation will deter an enemy from attacking.
✅ The idea came to the forefront of US military policy. It helps avoid a nuclear war as each side tries to secure their interests by avoiding a nuclear confrontation.
✅ Hypothetically, if Country A launches a nuclear war against Country B, Country B will be able to inflict enough damage on Country A that it would lead to what theorists call “Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD).”
✅ The underlying logic is that Nobody will survive to claim oneself a winner.
▪️Advantages offered by Nuclear Deterrence
✅ Averting escalation of a world war,
✅ Promote stability,
✅ Increases stake and credibility of a nation,
✅ Prohibiting coercion,
▪️Limitations of Nuclear Deterrence
✅ Increase in proxy wars,
✅ Unequal advantage,
✅ Alternative warfare,
✅ Rise in cold and economic warfare,
✅ Non–state actors acquiring nukes,
✅ Emergence of rogue states,
✅ Cyberattacks on nuclear command and control.
▪️Nuclear Deterrence: Indian perspective
✅ Nuclear deterrence can serve as a pillar of international security only in conjunction with negotiations and agreements on the limitation, reduction, and non-proliferation of nuclear weapons.
✅ Without them, deterrence fuels an endless arms race, while any serious crisis between the great powers will bring them to the brink of nuclear war.
✅ India believes that nuclear weapons are political weapons, not weapons of war fighting.
✅ Their sole purpose is to deter the use and threat of use of nuclear weapons.
#mainsrevision
#mains_2023
#gs3
#science_and_technology
@CSE_EXAM
@upsc_science_and_technology
👍7
🔆The global way out
✅ Recently, The World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) has noted that the first week of July was the “hottest week on record”.
✅ Extreme weather conditions have been on the rise across the globe for decades and there is rise in experiencing hotter summers, colder winters, rising sea levels, reductions in sea ice levels, increased storm activity, and more.
✅ Global warming and climate change are regarded as one the main reasons for the adverse events.
✅Climate change : Climate change is the long-term increase in the earth's average surface temperature and the large-scale changes in global, regional, and local weather patterns that result from that increase, caused by a significant increase in the levels of greenhouse gases that are produced by the use of fossil fuels.
▪️Causes for Climate Change
✅ Natural Causes of Climate Change,
✅ Changes in Solar Radiation,
✅ Greenhouse Gases,
✅ Drastic Weather Changes.
▪️Man-Made Causes of Climate Change
✅ Industrialization,
✅ Modernization,
✅ Agribusiness,
✅ Deforestation,
✅ Inconsistent Emissions Controls.
▪️Effects of Climate change
✅ Ocean Acidification,
✅ Increasing Sea Levels,
✅ Businesses,
✅ Wildlife,
✅ Plants,
✅ Weather.
▪️Steps need to be taken to counter Climate change
✅ Adoption of renewable based source of energy,
✅Switch to sustainable transport,
✅ Protect forests like the Amazon,
✅ Protect the oceans,
✅ Put the 3 Rs of sustainability into practice Reduce: consume less, more efficiently. Reuse products instead of throwing them away. Recycle waste products.
✅ There is need for national and international collective effort to fight against climate.
#gs3
#environment
#mainsrevision
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_environment
✅ Recently, The World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) has noted that the first week of July was the “hottest week on record”.
✅ Extreme weather conditions have been on the rise across the globe for decades and there is rise in experiencing hotter summers, colder winters, rising sea levels, reductions in sea ice levels, increased storm activity, and more.
✅ Global warming and climate change are regarded as one the main reasons for the adverse events.
✅Climate change : Climate change is the long-term increase in the earth's average surface temperature and the large-scale changes in global, regional, and local weather patterns that result from that increase, caused by a significant increase in the levels of greenhouse gases that are produced by the use of fossil fuels.
▪️Causes for Climate Change
✅ Natural Causes of Climate Change,
✅ Changes in Solar Radiation,
✅ Greenhouse Gases,
✅ Drastic Weather Changes.
▪️Man-Made Causes of Climate Change
✅ Industrialization,
✅ Modernization,
✅ Agribusiness,
✅ Deforestation,
✅ Inconsistent Emissions Controls.
▪️Effects of Climate change
✅ Ocean Acidification,
✅ Increasing Sea Levels,
✅ Businesses,
✅ Wildlife,
✅ Plants,
✅ Weather.
▪️Steps need to be taken to counter Climate change
✅ Adoption of renewable based source of energy,
✅Switch to sustainable transport,
✅ Protect forests like the Amazon,
✅ Protect the oceans,
✅ Put the 3 Rs of sustainability into practice Reduce: consume less, more efficiently. Reuse products instead of throwing them away. Recycle waste products.
✅ There is need for national and international collective effort to fight against climate.
#gs3
#environment
#mainsrevision
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_environment
👍5❤4👌1
🔆 Coal Reserves in India
✅ It is the most important and abundant fossil fuel in India. It accounts for 55% of the country’s energy needs. The country’s industrial heritage was built upon indigenous coal. The Coal resources of India are mainly available in older Gondwana Formations of peninsular India and younger Tertiary formations of north-eastern region.
✅ Coal is India’s most abundant fossil fuel. As of 1 April 2020, the total geological reserves of coal in India stood at a little over 344 billion tonnes.
✅ Hard coal deposits spread over 27 major coalfi elds, are mainly confi ned to eastern and south central parts of the country. The lignite reserves stand at a level around 36 billion tonnes, of which 90 % occur in the southern State of Tamil Nadu.
▪️What is the current status of coal stocks?
✅ India is the 2nd largest producer and consumer of coal in the world after China. Coal stocks at power plants across the country are down in comparison to their normal levels.
✅ The insuffi cient stocks of coal are refl ected in data released regularly by the National Power Portal
(NPP), which tracks the coal stocks at thermal power plants across the country.
✅ As of April 21, the thermal power plants across the country had a total stock of 21.9 million tonnes (MT) of coal. The daily usage of coal at these plants stood at 2.7MT.
#mainsrevision
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#geography
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✅ It is the most important and abundant fossil fuel in India. It accounts for 55% of the country’s energy needs. The country’s industrial heritage was built upon indigenous coal. The Coal resources of India are mainly available in older Gondwana Formations of peninsular India and younger Tertiary formations of north-eastern region.
✅ Coal is India’s most abundant fossil fuel. As of 1 April 2020, the total geological reserves of coal in India stood at a little over 344 billion tonnes.
✅ Hard coal deposits spread over 27 major coalfi elds, are mainly confi ned to eastern and south central parts of the country. The lignite reserves stand at a level around 36 billion tonnes, of which 90 % occur in the southern State of Tamil Nadu.
▪️What is the current status of coal stocks?
✅ India is the 2nd largest producer and consumer of coal in the world after China. Coal stocks at power plants across the country are down in comparison to their normal levels.
✅ The insuffi cient stocks of coal are refl ected in data released regularly by the National Power Portal
(NPP), which tracks the coal stocks at thermal power plants across the country.
✅ As of April 21, the thermal power plants across the country had a total stock of 21.9 million tonnes (MT) of coal. The daily usage of coal at these plants stood at 2.7MT.
#mainsrevision
#mains
#geography
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Mapping_prelims_mains
👍8🔥3❤2
Forwarded from CSE EXAM upsc prelims mains CAPF CDS NDA
🔆 One Nation One Election
✅ "One nation one election” refers to the structuring of the Indian election cycle in a manner such that elections to Lok Sabha and State Assemblies are synchronized together.
✅ On an average, the country
witnesses elections to about 5-7 State Assemblies every year.
✅ Conducting perpetual elections is not only a mammoth, complex and time-consuming activity but has also resulted in voter apathy and low voter turnouts and participation along with slow progress of the nation’s development.
✅ This has reinstated the debate related to the idea of “one nation one election”, including recommendations in this regard by key institutions like the Parliamentary Standing Committee, the Election Commission, Law Commission etc.
▪️Rationale behind the idea
✅ Previous experience: Previously, India conducted simultaneous elections from 1951 till 1967. Thus, the idea of “one nation one election” is not new and can be considered after the operational logistics are accounted for.
✅ Policy and governance deficit: During elections, many development programmes, welfare schemes, capital projects etc. remain largely suspended (except for the routine administrative activities) till the time the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) is applicable, leading to policy and governance deficit.
✅ Diversion of security forces: Frequent elections lead to a lock-in of the Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) and state police forces for prolonged periods of time. This portion of the armed police force could otherwise have been better deployed for internal security purposes.
✅ Socio-economic costs: Engaging election machinery like teachers, revenue officers, government vehicles etc. during election duties comes with socio-economic costs in terms of man-hours, lost teaching weeks etc.
▪️Concerns associated with “one nation, one election”
✅ Operational feasibility: As the Constitutional provisions do not fix the term of either a State Assembly or the Lok Sabha, it would only be a matter of time when the electoral cycle gets disturbed again. Further, every state has its own power dynamics, and it will be difficult to maintain tenures that are symmetrical to those of the Centre without resorting to President's Rule
repeatedly and for long periods of time.
✅ Inconsistent with democratic principles: Synchronizing the election calendar in any given
state with that of the Centre would deprive a state of the essential elements of a democracy i.e. a government may choose to dissolve itself, or a government may fall if it loses its majority.
✅ Impact on voters’ behaviour: Voters may not differentiate between the voting choices for the State Assembly and Lok Sabha in case simultaneous elections are held. This situation could lead to national issues impacting the electorate’s behaviour for voting in State Assembly elections or regional issues impacting the electorate’s behaviour for voting in the Lok Sabha elections.
✅ Disadvantage to regional parties: Regional parties may be at a disadvantage as voters are reported likely to predominantly vote one way, giving the dominant party at the Centre an advantage.
Simultaneous elections will require an unbiased understanding and practical implementation. Although it comes with laudable benefits like reduced voters’ apathy and enhanced voter participation, there is significant complexity associated with the same.
#mainsrevision
#mains
#gs2
#polity
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_polity_Governance
✅ "One nation one election” refers to the structuring of the Indian election cycle in a manner such that elections to Lok Sabha and State Assemblies are synchronized together.
✅ On an average, the country
witnesses elections to about 5-7 State Assemblies every year.
✅ Conducting perpetual elections is not only a mammoth, complex and time-consuming activity but has also resulted in voter apathy and low voter turnouts and participation along with slow progress of the nation’s development.
✅ This has reinstated the debate related to the idea of “one nation one election”, including recommendations in this regard by key institutions like the Parliamentary Standing Committee, the Election Commission, Law Commission etc.
▪️Rationale behind the idea
✅ Previous experience: Previously, India conducted simultaneous elections from 1951 till 1967. Thus, the idea of “one nation one election” is not new and can be considered after the operational logistics are accounted for.
✅ Policy and governance deficit: During elections, many development programmes, welfare schemes, capital projects etc. remain largely suspended (except for the routine administrative activities) till the time the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) is applicable, leading to policy and governance deficit.
✅ Diversion of security forces: Frequent elections lead to a lock-in of the Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) and state police forces for prolonged periods of time. This portion of the armed police force could otherwise have been better deployed for internal security purposes.
✅ Socio-economic costs: Engaging election machinery like teachers, revenue officers, government vehicles etc. during election duties comes with socio-economic costs in terms of man-hours, lost teaching weeks etc.
▪️Concerns associated with “one nation, one election”
✅ Operational feasibility: As the Constitutional provisions do not fix the term of either a State Assembly or the Lok Sabha, it would only be a matter of time when the electoral cycle gets disturbed again. Further, every state has its own power dynamics, and it will be difficult to maintain tenures that are symmetrical to those of the Centre without resorting to President's Rule
repeatedly and for long periods of time.
✅ Inconsistent with democratic principles: Synchronizing the election calendar in any given
state with that of the Centre would deprive a state of the essential elements of a democracy i.e. a government may choose to dissolve itself, or a government may fall if it loses its majority.
✅ Impact on voters’ behaviour: Voters may not differentiate between the voting choices for the State Assembly and Lok Sabha in case simultaneous elections are held. This situation could lead to national issues impacting the electorate’s behaviour for voting in State Assembly elections or regional issues impacting the electorate’s behaviour for voting in the Lok Sabha elections.
✅ Disadvantage to regional parties: Regional parties may be at a disadvantage as voters are reported likely to predominantly vote one way, giving the dominant party at the Centre an advantage.
Simultaneous elections will require an unbiased understanding and practical implementation. Although it comes with laudable benefits like reduced voters’ apathy and enhanced voter participation, there is significant complexity associated with the same.
#mainsrevision
#mains
#gs2
#polity
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_polity_Governance
👍16
Forwarded from CSE EXAM upsc prelims mains CAPF CDS NDA
🔆 Chemical Disaster
A chemical disaster is the accidental and uncontrolled release of a toxic substance, potentially resulting in harm to public health and the environment.
▪️Some examples of chemical disasters from the Indian context include:
✅ India has witnessed the world’s worst chemical (industrial) disaster i.e. the ‘Bhopal Gas Tragedy’ in the year 1984, where over thousands of people died or were injured due to accidental release of toxic gas Methyl Isocyanate (MIC).
✅ In 2008, people at Tata Motors got exposed to dense pale green pungent and poisonous gas, chlorine.
✅ In 2020, a gas leak from a styrene plant owned by South Korean electronics giant LG affected five villages in Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh.
✅ According to the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), in the last two decades, 130 significant chemical accidents were reported in India, which resulted in 259 deaths and 563
injuries.
▪️Challenges to mitigate chemical disasters:
✅ Lack of awareness,
✅ Lack of coordination,
✅ Lack of proper implementation of existing laws,
✅ Negligence in handling of hazardous chemicals,
✅ Unorganised sector.
▪️Laws such as the Explosives Act, 1884, Petroleum Act, 1934, Factories Act, 1948, Insecticides Act, 1968, Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991, Disaster Management Act, 2005 etc. have been implemented in India to deal with chemical disasters. Although a comprehensive legal framework exists in our country to address chemical risk, additional measures are required to address the above-mentioned challenges. These include:
✅ Hazard mapping,
✅ Proper inspection,
✅ Capacity building,
✅ Stakeholder collaboration,
✅ Rehearsal of emergency plans.
Additionally, the focus should be on setting up model safety codes/ standards for prevention of accidents at the industry level by upgrading processes and technologies for safety installations along with strengthening of the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), fire services, medical first responders and other emergency responders.
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A chemical disaster is the accidental and uncontrolled release of a toxic substance, potentially resulting in harm to public health and the environment.
▪️Some examples of chemical disasters from the Indian context include:
✅ India has witnessed the world’s worst chemical (industrial) disaster i.e. the ‘Bhopal Gas Tragedy’ in the year 1984, where over thousands of people died or were injured due to accidental release of toxic gas Methyl Isocyanate (MIC).
✅ In 2008, people at Tata Motors got exposed to dense pale green pungent and poisonous gas, chlorine.
✅ In 2020, a gas leak from a styrene plant owned by South Korean electronics giant LG affected five villages in Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh.
✅ According to the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), in the last two decades, 130 significant chemical accidents were reported in India, which resulted in 259 deaths and 563
injuries.
▪️Challenges to mitigate chemical disasters:
✅ Lack of awareness,
✅ Lack of coordination,
✅ Lack of proper implementation of existing laws,
✅ Negligence in handling of hazardous chemicals,
✅ Unorganised sector.
▪️Laws such as the Explosives Act, 1884, Petroleum Act, 1934, Factories Act, 1948, Insecticides Act, 1968, Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991, Disaster Management Act, 2005 etc. have been implemented in India to deal with chemical disasters. Although a comprehensive legal framework exists in our country to address chemical risk, additional measures are required to address the above-mentioned challenges. These include:
✅ Hazard mapping,
✅ Proper inspection,
✅ Capacity building,
✅ Stakeholder collaboration,
✅ Rehearsal of emergency plans.
Additionally, the focus should be on setting up model safety codes/ standards for prevention of accidents at the industry level by upgrading processes and technologies for safety installations along with strengthening of the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), fire services, medical first responders and other emergency responders.
#mainsrevision
#mains
#geography
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🔆 First-Past-The-Post (FPTP)
✅ In the FPTP system, a candidate is elected to a state assembly or to the national parliament in an election overseen by a competent authority if that person receives even one popular vote more than the runner-up.
✅ It is argued that this system creates an anomaly because the interests of the majority of the electorate do not find expression and representation in the elected body.
✅ It is currently being used to elect members of the House of Commons in the UK, both chambers of the US Congress and the lower houses in both Canada and India.
✅ As an alternative to the FPTP system, many experts have warranted for the Proportional Representation (PR) system for India.
✅ The PR system seeks to create a representative body that reflects the overall distribution of public support for each political party.
✅ It is used in the elections of the President, the Vice President in India, Members of Rajya Sabha and Members of State Legislative Councils.
▪️Arguments in favor of the PR system
✅ Better representation: While the FPTP system tends to reward the strongest party disproportionately and, as a corollary, handicap weaker parties, the PR System seeks to overcome the disproportionalities that result from majority and plurality formulas, and to create a
representative body that reflects the distribution of opinion within the electorate.
✅ More scope for smaller parties: While the FPTP system reduces the opposition to the bare minimum, in the PR System representation happens in proportion to the votes a particular party gets. Thus, it provides scope for representation of smaller parties in the government.
✅ Encourages party-based voting: While the FPTP system has been criticized to favor caste, religion, ethnicity and regional politics, the PR system enables a voter to overcome these factors and vote for a party rather than a candidate.
▪️Arguments in favor of the FPTP system
✅ Simplicity: While the PR system is a complicated. method with one voter required to exercise at least two votes, it is comparatively very simple to vote in the FPTP system.
✅ Voter Connect: In the PR system, the voter votes for the party which doesn’t allow voters to connect with the candidates. This connection is ensured in the FPTP system, where the voter is familiar with the candidate, he/she is voting for.
✅ Stability: It has been generally observed that through the PR system, mostly coalition forms of government are formed, which tends to be less stable in comparison to majority governments, which have a higher probability of formation in the FPTP system, and which are more stable.
Therefore, both the systems have their own merits and demerits. Some other countries also offer an experience of a hybrid pattern combining elements of both these election systems.
#mainsrevision
#mains
#gs2
#polity_governance
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✅ In the FPTP system, a candidate is elected to a state assembly or to the national parliament in an election overseen by a competent authority if that person receives even one popular vote more than the runner-up.
✅ It is argued that this system creates an anomaly because the interests of the majority of the electorate do not find expression and representation in the elected body.
✅ It is currently being used to elect members of the House of Commons in the UK, both chambers of the US Congress and the lower houses in both Canada and India.
✅ As an alternative to the FPTP system, many experts have warranted for the Proportional Representation (PR) system for India.
✅ The PR system seeks to create a representative body that reflects the overall distribution of public support for each political party.
✅ It is used in the elections of the President, the Vice President in India, Members of Rajya Sabha and Members of State Legislative Councils.
▪️Arguments in favor of the PR system
✅ Better representation: While the FPTP system tends to reward the strongest party disproportionately and, as a corollary, handicap weaker parties, the PR System seeks to overcome the disproportionalities that result from majority and plurality formulas, and to create a
representative body that reflects the distribution of opinion within the electorate.
✅ More scope for smaller parties: While the FPTP system reduces the opposition to the bare minimum, in the PR System representation happens in proportion to the votes a particular party gets. Thus, it provides scope for representation of smaller parties in the government.
✅ Encourages party-based voting: While the FPTP system has been criticized to favor caste, religion, ethnicity and regional politics, the PR system enables a voter to overcome these factors and vote for a party rather than a candidate.
▪️Arguments in favor of the FPTP system
✅ Simplicity: While the PR system is a complicated. method with one voter required to exercise at least two votes, it is comparatively very simple to vote in the FPTP system.
✅ Voter Connect: In the PR system, the voter votes for the party which doesn’t allow voters to connect with the candidates. This connection is ensured in the FPTP system, where the voter is familiar with the candidate, he/she is voting for.
✅ Stability: It has been generally observed that through the PR system, mostly coalition forms of government are formed, which tends to be less stable in comparison to majority governments, which have a higher probability of formation in the FPTP system, and which are more stable.
Therefore, both the systems have their own merits and demerits. Some other countries also offer an experience of a hybrid pattern combining elements of both these election systems.
#mainsrevision
#mains
#gs2
#polity_governance
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_polity_Governance
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🔆 Emergence and Spread of Buddhism and Jainism in India
✅Before the 6th century BCE, Vedic practices were dominant in India. Later, there was growing opposition to these ritualistic orthodox ideas of Brahmanism which, ultimately led to the emergence of many heterodox religious movements.
✅Additionally, the prevailing socio-religious and economic
circumstances also led to the emergence and spread of Buddhism and Jainism.
✅The factors leading to the emergence and spread of Buddhism and Jainism in India around 6th century BCE are:
▪️Socio-religious factors
🔸Varna System
✅In post-Vedic times, the society was divided into four varnas and accordingly, duties and restrictions were imposed and privileges were assigned.
✅It not only generated social tension but also led to reactions seeking for alternative arrangements to promote social equality.
✅Further, the traditional hierarchical arrangement of castes based on the concept of ‘purity and pollution’ led to caste-based discrimination and untouchability.
🔸Rituals and ceremonies
✅Prevalence of rituals and ceremonies began to dominate the practice of worship, which was not acceptable to the common people.
✅Moreover, it became expensive and elaborate and blind faith and superstitious beliefs further confused the people.
🔸Brahminic supremacy
✅The Brahmins considered themselves superior to other caste groups and that led to monopolization of Vedic education, taking benefit of Sanskritic domination and interpreting the religion as per their comfort level.
✅It was countered by the
emergence of new religions which were open for all.
🔸Use of vernacular language
✅Buddhism and Jainism were preached in Pali and Prakrit
languages respectively, which were spoken by the general public, in contrast to Sanskrit
which was the language of the learned people at that time.
✅This helped the new religions
spread their messages to the common masses.
▪️Economic factors
🔸Growth of trade
✅The growth of trade during the period led to improvement in the economic conditions of the Vaishyas.
✅They wanted to enhance their social status but the orthodox Varna system did not allow it.
🔸Money-lending practices
✅Money-lending was imperative for traders, which was prohibited in the Vedas.
✅Thus, the merchant class extended their support to these new religions.
🔸Rise of the new agricultural economy
✅The Vedic practice of killing cattle indiscriminately
in sacrifices stood in the way of the new agricultural economy.
✅Therefore, the principle of
non-violence introduced by Buddhism and Jainism found popularity and support among the businessmen and traders.
✅Buddhism and Jainism, thus, emerged in response to the changing circumstances in the society and were followed by the kings, big merchants, rich households, commoners, courtesans, etc.
✅These religions represented the new society which was emerging in the sixth century BCE.
✅Buddha and Mahavira responded to the need of creating a new social order where Vedic ritualistic practices
were losing relevance.
#mainsrevision
#mains
#art_and_culture
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@upsc_art_and_culture
✅Before the 6th century BCE, Vedic practices were dominant in India. Later, there was growing opposition to these ritualistic orthodox ideas of Brahmanism which, ultimately led to the emergence of many heterodox religious movements.
✅Additionally, the prevailing socio-religious and economic
circumstances also led to the emergence and spread of Buddhism and Jainism.
✅The factors leading to the emergence and spread of Buddhism and Jainism in India around 6th century BCE are:
▪️Socio-religious factors
🔸Varna System
✅In post-Vedic times, the society was divided into four varnas and accordingly, duties and restrictions were imposed and privileges were assigned.
✅It not only generated social tension but also led to reactions seeking for alternative arrangements to promote social equality.
✅Further, the traditional hierarchical arrangement of castes based on the concept of ‘purity and pollution’ led to caste-based discrimination and untouchability.
🔸Rituals and ceremonies
✅Prevalence of rituals and ceremonies began to dominate the practice of worship, which was not acceptable to the common people.
✅Moreover, it became expensive and elaborate and blind faith and superstitious beliefs further confused the people.
🔸Brahminic supremacy
✅The Brahmins considered themselves superior to other caste groups and that led to monopolization of Vedic education, taking benefit of Sanskritic domination and interpreting the religion as per their comfort level.
✅It was countered by the
emergence of new religions which were open for all.
🔸Use of vernacular language
✅Buddhism and Jainism were preached in Pali and Prakrit
languages respectively, which were spoken by the general public, in contrast to Sanskrit
which was the language of the learned people at that time.
✅This helped the new religions
spread their messages to the common masses.
▪️Economic factors
🔸Growth of trade
✅The growth of trade during the period led to improvement in the economic conditions of the Vaishyas.
✅They wanted to enhance their social status but the orthodox Varna system did not allow it.
🔸Money-lending practices
✅Money-lending was imperative for traders, which was prohibited in the Vedas.
✅Thus, the merchant class extended their support to these new religions.
🔸Rise of the new agricultural economy
✅The Vedic practice of killing cattle indiscriminately
in sacrifices stood in the way of the new agricultural economy.
✅Therefore, the principle of
non-violence introduced by Buddhism and Jainism found popularity and support among the businessmen and traders.
✅Buddhism and Jainism, thus, emerged in response to the changing circumstances in the society and were followed by the kings, big merchants, rich households, commoners, courtesans, etc.
✅These religions represented the new society which was emerging in the sixth century BCE.
✅Buddha and Mahavira responded to the need of creating a new social order where Vedic ritualistic practices
were losing relevance.
#mainsrevision
#mains
#art_and_culture
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_art_and_culture
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🔆The global way out
✅ Recently, The World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) has noted that the first week of July was the “hottest week on record”.
✅ Extreme weather conditions have been on the rise across the globe for decades and there is rise in experiencing hotter summers, colder winters, rising sea levels, reductions in sea ice levels, increased storm activity, and more.
✅ Global warming and climate change are regarded as one the main reasons for the adverse events.
✅Climate change : Climate change is the long-term increase in the earth's average surface temperature and the large-scale changes in global, regional, and local weather patterns that result from that increase, caused by a significant increase in the levels of greenhouse gases that are produced by the use of fossil fuels.
▪️Causes for Climate Change
✅ Natural Causes of Climate Change,
✅ Changes in Solar Radiation,
✅ Greenhouse Gases,
✅ Drastic Weather Changes.
▪️Man-Made Causes of Climate Change
✅ Industrialization,
✅ Modernization,
✅ Agribusiness,
✅ Deforestation,
✅ Inconsistent Emissions Controls.
▪️Effects of Climate change
✅ Ocean Acidification,
✅ Increasing Sea Levels,
✅ Businesses,
✅ Wildlife,
✅ Plants,
✅ Weather.
▪️Steps need to be taken to counter Climate change
✅ Adoption of renewable based source of energy,
✅Switch to sustainable transport,
✅ Protect forests like the Amazon,
✅ Protect the oceans,
✅ Put the 3 Rs of sustainability into practice Reduce: consume less, more efficiently. Reuse products instead of throwing them away. Recycle waste products.
✅ There is need for national and international collective effort to fight against climate.
#gs3
#environment
#mainsrevision
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_environment
✅ Recently, The World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) has noted that the first week of July was the “hottest week on record”.
✅ Extreme weather conditions have been on the rise across the globe for decades and there is rise in experiencing hotter summers, colder winters, rising sea levels, reductions in sea ice levels, increased storm activity, and more.
✅ Global warming and climate change are regarded as one the main reasons for the adverse events.
✅Climate change : Climate change is the long-term increase in the earth's average surface temperature and the large-scale changes in global, regional, and local weather patterns that result from that increase, caused by a significant increase in the levels of greenhouse gases that are produced by the use of fossil fuels.
▪️Causes for Climate Change
✅ Natural Causes of Climate Change,
✅ Changes in Solar Radiation,
✅ Greenhouse Gases,
✅ Drastic Weather Changes.
▪️Man-Made Causes of Climate Change
✅ Industrialization,
✅ Modernization,
✅ Agribusiness,
✅ Deforestation,
✅ Inconsistent Emissions Controls.
▪️Effects of Climate change
✅ Ocean Acidification,
✅ Increasing Sea Levels,
✅ Businesses,
✅ Wildlife,
✅ Plants,
✅ Weather.
▪️Steps need to be taken to counter Climate change
✅ Adoption of renewable based source of energy,
✅Switch to sustainable transport,
✅ Protect forests like the Amazon,
✅ Protect the oceans,
✅ Put the 3 Rs of sustainability into practice Reduce: consume less, more efficiently. Reuse products instead of throwing them away. Recycle waste products.
✅ There is need for national and international collective effort to fight against climate.
#gs3
#environment
#mainsrevision
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_environment
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🔆 Sugar industry in India
✅Sugar industry is an important agro-based industry that impacts the rural livelihood of about 50 million sugarcane farmers and around 5 lakh workers directly employed in sugar mills.
✅India is the second-largest producer of sugar in the world after Brazil and is also the largest consumer.
✅The Indian sugar industry’s annual output is worth approximately Rs. 80,000 crores and there are 732 installed sugar factories in the country, as of 2017.
▪️Location of the sugar industry in India:
✅Since sugarcane is a weight-losing crop and better recovery of sugar is dependent upon it being crushed within 24 hours of its harvesting, sugar factories are located within the cane-producing regions.
✅ Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra are the leading sugar producers in the country. The sugar factories are concentrated in two belts – the Ganga-Yamuna doab and the Tarai region.
✅In Tamil Nadu, sugar factories are located in Coimbatore, Vellore, Tiruvannamalai, Villupuram,
and Tiruchchirappalli districts. Belagavi, Ballari, Mandya, Shivamogga, Vijayapura, and Chitradurga districts are the major producers in Karnataka.
✅The industry is distributed in the coastal regions i.e. East Godavari, West Godavari, Vishakhapatnam districts of Andhra Pradesh, and Nizamabad and Medak districts of Telangana.
✅The other States which produce sugar are Bihar, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat.
The sugar industry is comparatively new in Gujarat.
▪️The sugar industry is gradually shifting from North India to South India due to the following reasons:
✅ The tropical climate of Peninsular India: The tropical climate of Southern India gives a higher yield per unit area in sugarcane production as compared to north India.
✅Longer crushing seasons: The crushing season is also much longer in the south than in the north. For example, the crushing season is for nearly four months (November to February) only in the north, whereas it is for nearly 7-8 months in the south where it starts in October and continues till May and June.
✅ Crop quality: The sucrose content is also higher in the tropical variety of sugarcane in South India.
✅Better mills: The co-operative sugar mills are better managed in the south than in the north. Most of the mills in the south are new and are equipped with modern machinery.
With the help of several government-led initiatives, currently, sugar production exceeds domestic consumption by 60 lakh tonnes and the focus has shifted to managing the surplus. Experts argue that the industry is on the cusp of becoming globally competitive and financially independent.
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#mains
#GS1
#GS3
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✅Sugar industry is an important agro-based industry that impacts the rural livelihood of about 50 million sugarcane farmers and around 5 lakh workers directly employed in sugar mills.
✅India is the second-largest producer of sugar in the world after Brazil and is also the largest consumer.
✅The Indian sugar industry’s annual output is worth approximately Rs. 80,000 crores and there are 732 installed sugar factories in the country, as of 2017.
▪️Location of the sugar industry in India:
✅Since sugarcane is a weight-losing crop and better recovery of sugar is dependent upon it being crushed within 24 hours of its harvesting, sugar factories are located within the cane-producing regions.
✅ Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra are the leading sugar producers in the country. The sugar factories are concentrated in two belts – the Ganga-Yamuna doab and the Tarai region.
✅In Tamil Nadu, sugar factories are located in Coimbatore, Vellore, Tiruvannamalai, Villupuram,
and Tiruchchirappalli districts. Belagavi, Ballari, Mandya, Shivamogga, Vijayapura, and Chitradurga districts are the major producers in Karnataka.
✅The industry is distributed in the coastal regions i.e. East Godavari, West Godavari, Vishakhapatnam districts of Andhra Pradesh, and Nizamabad and Medak districts of Telangana.
✅The other States which produce sugar are Bihar, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat.
The sugar industry is comparatively new in Gujarat.
▪️The sugar industry is gradually shifting from North India to South India due to the following reasons:
✅ The tropical climate of Peninsular India: The tropical climate of Southern India gives a higher yield per unit area in sugarcane production as compared to north India.
✅Longer crushing seasons: The crushing season is also much longer in the south than in the north. For example, the crushing season is for nearly four months (November to February) only in the north, whereas it is for nearly 7-8 months in the south where it starts in October and continues till May and June.
✅ Crop quality: The sucrose content is also higher in the tropical variety of sugarcane in South India.
✅Better mills: The co-operative sugar mills are better managed in the south than in the north. Most of the mills in the south are new and are equipped with modern machinery.
With the help of several government-led initiatives, currently, sugar production exceeds domestic consumption by 60 lakh tonnes and the focus has shifted to managing the surplus. Experts argue that the industry is on the cusp of becoming globally competitive and financially independent.
#mainsrevision
#mains
#GS1
#GS3
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🔆 Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
✅ A Marine Protected Area (MPA) has been defined by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) as “any area of intertidal or subtidal terrain, together with its overlying water, and associated flora, fauna, historical and cultural features, which has been reserved and protected by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the enclosed environment”.
✅ In the wake of global threats such as climate change, ocean acidification and intensified resource extraction, the world’s seas are at risk.
✅ As a result, many nations have adopted Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) as a tool for conserving biodiversity and ecosystem functions.
✅ There are 24 MPAs in peninsular India and more than 100 MPAs in the country's islands.
✅ The Gulf of Kachchh Marine National Park, Gulf of Mannar National Park, Sundarbans National Park and Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park are some of the important MPAs of India.
▪️Significance of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
✅ Protecting habitats,
✅ Helps to protect endemic species,
✅ Restrict human activities,
✅ Aid in income generation.
▪️Challenges in extending the MPA network in India
✅ Difference of opinion on factors,
✅ Financial resources,
✅ Criticised as “paper parks”,
✅ Difficulty in extending the network,
✅ Lack of data.
▪️Way forward
✅ Climate change adaptation plan,
✅ Inter-departmental coordination,
✅ Maintaining data,
✅ Human resource.
#gs3
#environment
#mainsrevision
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✅ A Marine Protected Area (MPA) has been defined by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) as “any area of intertidal or subtidal terrain, together with its overlying water, and associated flora, fauna, historical and cultural features, which has been reserved and protected by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the enclosed environment”.
✅ In the wake of global threats such as climate change, ocean acidification and intensified resource extraction, the world’s seas are at risk.
✅ As a result, many nations have adopted Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) as a tool for conserving biodiversity and ecosystem functions.
✅ There are 24 MPAs in peninsular India and more than 100 MPAs in the country's islands.
✅ The Gulf of Kachchh Marine National Park, Gulf of Mannar National Park, Sundarbans National Park and Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park are some of the important MPAs of India.
▪️Significance of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
✅ Protecting habitats,
✅ Helps to protect endemic species,
✅ Restrict human activities,
✅ Aid in income generation.
▪️Challenges in extending the MPA network in India
✅ Difference of opinion on factors,
✅ Financial resources,
✅ Criticised as “paper parks”,
✅ Difficulty in extending the network,
✅ Lack of data.
▪️Way forward
✅ Climate change adaptation plan,
✅ Inter-departmental coordination,
✅ Maintaining data,
✅ Human resource.
#gs3
#environment
#mainsrevision
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_environment
👍5❤1
🔆 Pahari schools of painting
✅ The Pahari school of miniature paintings developed from the latter half of the 17th to the middle of the 19th century in the regions of Himachal Pradesh, along with some adjoining areas of Punjab,
Jammu and Garhwal regions.
✅ It is closely related in conception and feeling to the Rajasthani painting.
✅ Its central theme is depiction of eternal love of Radha and Krishna.
▪️Different schools of Pahari painting
🔸Basohli painting
✅ It flourished in the Indian hill states during the late 17th and the 18th centuries and is known for its bold vitality of colour and line.
✅ Though the school takes its
name from the small independent state of Basohli, its examples are found throughout the region.
✅ The Rasamanjari (c. 1690) series of paintings are one of its earliest examples.
✅ Its features include a stylized facial type, shown in profile, which is dominated by the large, intense eye.
✅ The colours are always brilliant, with ochre yellow, brown, and green grounds predominating.
✅ A distinctive technique is the depiction of jewellery by thick, raised drops of white paint, with particles of green beetles’ wings used to represent emeralds.
🔸Guler painting
✅ Jammu group of paintings closely followed the last phase of Basohli paintings.
✅ It mainly consisted of portraits of Raja Balwant Singh of Jasrota (a small place near Jammu) by an artist named Nainsukh, who originally belonged to Guler but settled at Jasrota.
✅ He worked both at Jasrota and Guler.
✅ These paintings are in a new naturalistic and delicate style marking a change from the
earlier traditions of the Basohli art.
✅ The colours used are soft and cool. The style appears to have been inspired by the naturalistic style of the Mughal painting of the Muhammad Shah period.
🔸Kangra painting
✅ The Guler style was followed by the Kangra style, representing the third phase of the Pahari painting in the last quarter of the 18th century.
✅ This style flourished at various places namely Kangra, GuIer, Basohli, Chamba, Jammu, Nurpur and Garhwal etc.
✅ It possesses characteristics like the delicacy of drawing and quality of naturalism.
✅ In these paintings, the faces of women in profile have the nose almost in line with the forehead, the eyes are long and narrow and the chin is sharp.
✅There is, however, no modelling of figures and hair is treated as a flat mass.
🔸Kulu-Mandi painting
✅ Along with the naturalistic Kangra style in the Pahari region, there also flourished a folk style of painting in the Kulu-Mandi area which was mainly inspired by the local
tradition.
✅ This style is marked by bold drawing and the use of dark and dull colours.
✅ Though influence of the Kangra style is observed in certain cases yet the style maintains its distinct folkish character.
✅ A large number of portraits of the Kulu and Mandi rulers and miniatures on other themes are available in this style.
The Pahari school of paintings began at Basohli with a coarsely flamboyant style and blossomed into an exquisite and sophisticated style of Indian painting known as the Kangra School, through the Guler or pre-Kangra phase.
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✅ The Pahari school of miniature paintings developed from the latter half of the 17th to the middle of the 19th century in the regions of Himachal Pradesh, along with some adjoining areas of Punjab,
Jammu and Garhwal regions.
✅ It is closely related in conception and feeling to the Rajasthani painting.
✅ Its central theme is depiction of eternal love of Radha and Krishna.
▪️Different schools of Pahari painting
🔸Basohli painting
✅ It flourished in the Indian hill states during the late 17th and the 18th centuries and is known for its bold vitality of colour and line.
✅ Though the school takes its
name from the small independent state of Basohli, its examples are found throughout the region.
✅ The Rasamanjari (c. 1690) series of paintings are one of its earliest examples.
✅ Its features include a stylized facial type, shown in profile, which is dominated by the large, intense eye.
✅ The colours are always brilliant, with ochre yellow, brown, and green grounds predominating.
✅ A distinctive technique is the depiction of jewellery by thick, raised drops of white paint, with particles of green beetles’ wings used to represent emeralds.
🔸Guler painting
✅ Jammu group of paintings closely followed the last phase of Basohli paintings.
✅ It mainly consisted of portraits of Raja Balwant Singh of Jasrota (a small place near Jammu) by an artist named Nainsukh, who originally belonged to Guler but settled at Jasrota.
✅ He worked both at Jasrota and Guler.
✅ These paintings are in a new naturalistic and delicate style marking a change from the
earlier traditions of the Basohli art.
✅ The colours used are soft and cool. The style appears to have been inspired by the naturalistic style of the Mughal painting of the Muhammad Shah period.
🔸Kangra painting
✅ The Guler style was followed by the Kangra style, representing the third phase of the Pahari painting in the last quarter of the 18th century.
✅ This style flourished at various places namely Kangra, GuIer, Basohli, Chamba, Jammu, Nurpur and Garhwal etc.
✅ It possesses characteristics like the delicacy of drawing and quality of naturalism.
✅ In these paintings, the faces of women in profile have the nose almost in line with the forehead, the eyes are long and narrow and the chin is sharp.
✅There is, however, no modelling of figures and hair is treated as a flat mass.
🔸Kulu-Mandi painting
✅ Along with the naturalistic Kangra style in the Pahari region, there also flourished a folk style of painting in the Kulu-Mandi area which was mainly inspired by the local
tradition.
✅ This style is marked by bold drawing and the use of dark and dull colours.
✅ Though influence of the Kangra style is observed in certain cases yet the style maintains its distinct folkish character.
✅ A large number of portraits of the Kulu and Mandi rulers and miniatures on other themes are available in this style.
The Pahari school of paintings began at Basohli with a coarsely flamboyant style and blossomed into an exquisite and sophisticated style of Indian painting known as the Kangra School, through the Guler or pre-Kangra phase.
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👍17
🔆 Delegated legislation
✅Delegated legislation or subordinate legislation is the practice of the Parliament making laws in a skeleton form and authorizing the Executive to make detailed rules and regulations within the framework of the parent law.
▪️Since the Indian Constitution has assigned different roles to different organs of the state, delegated legislation seems to go against the principle of ‘separation of powers’, as:
✅Delegated legislation leads to encroachment of legislative power by the Executive, as the delegated authorities tend to amend legislations in the course of their implementation. it may thus turn the Parliament into a rubber stamp legislative body.
✅It takes away the power of scrutiny from the hands of the Legislatures since delegated legislation cannot be subject to the level of Parliamentary scrutiny that a legislation passed by the Parliament goes through.
✅The extent to which delegation is permissible in India is not clear, which further blurs the boundaries between the existing Legislative and Executive powers.
✅Vague and ambiguously worded legislations confer excessive Ministerial discretion since they remain open to wide interpretations.
▪️It is also argued that the idea of delegated legislation is well in sync with the Constitutional scheme of India, and is within the purview of the doctrine of separation of powers in the following manner:
✅No strict separation of powers: Indian Constitution provides for a system of checks and balances where each organ is supreme in its domain, but no organ is completely independent of the other organs. For instance, in the Raj Narain Singh case (1975), the Supreme Court of India upheld the delegation of power given to the Executive by the Legislature and stated that separation of powers is limited in India.
✅Parliamentary control: Rules formed under delegated legislation are placed before the Parliament for examination and ultimately, the Executive is responsible to the Parliament for rule-making.
✅Limited authority: Under delegated legislation, the Executive enjoys only a limited power to decide rules/bye-laws. The Executive cannot go beyond and set any rule/bye-law for which it was not authorized to do so by the Parliament in the first place.
✅Constitutional supremacy: Subordinate legislation is subject to the Constitutional principles/provisions, thus, chances of usurping powers of the other organs by the Executive gets reduced.
The tool of delegated legislation is a practical solution to the myriad of challenges facing the Legislature while framing laws in today’s modern and complex society. However, the Parliament needs to strengthen its control over delegated legislation by strengthening the functioning of the Committee on Subordinate Legislation. The Committee should scrutinize the actions of the Executive and inform the Parliament about any instance of overreach by the Executive on time.
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✅Delegated legislation or subordinate legislation is the practice of the Parliament making laws in a skeleton form and authorizing the Executive to make detailed rules and regulations within the framework of the parent law.
▪️Since the Indian Constitution has assigned different roles to different organs of the state, delegated legislation seems to go against the principle of ‘separation of powers’, as:
✅Delegated legislation leads to encroachment of legislative power by the Executive, as the delegated authorities tend to amend legislations in the course of their implementation. it may thus turn the Parliament into a rubber stamp legislative body.
✅It takes away the power of scrutiny from the hands of the Legislatures since delegated legislation cannot be subject to the level of Parliamentary scrutiny that a legislation passed by the Parliament goes through.
✅The extent to which delegation is permissible in India is not clear, which further blurs the boundaries between the existing Legislative and Executive powers.
✅Vague and ambiguously worded legislations confer excessive Ministerial discretion since they remain open to wide interpretations.
▪️It is also argued that the idea of delegated legislation is well in sync with the Constitutional scheme of India, and is within the purview of the doctrine of separation of powers in the following manner:
✅No strict separation of powers: Indian Constitution provides for a system of checks and balances where each organ is supreme in its domain, but no organ is completely independent of the other organs. For instance, in the Raj Narain Singh case (1975), the Supreme Court of India upheld the delegation of power given to the Executive by the Legislature and stated that separation of powers is limited in India.
✅Parliamentary control: Rules formed under delegated legislation are placed before the Parliament for examination and ultimately, the Executive is responsible to the Parliament for rule-making.
✅Limited authority: Under delegated legislation, the Executive enjoys only a limited power to decide rules/bye-laws. The Executive cannot go beyond and set any rule/bye-law for which it was not authorized to do so by the Parliament in the first place.
✅Constitutional supremacy: Subordinate legislation is subject to the Constitutional principles/provisions, thus, chances of usurping powers of the other organs by the Executive gets reduced.
The tool of delegated legislation is a practical solution to the myriad of challenges facing the Legislature while framing laws in today’s modern and complex society. However, the Parliament needs to strengthen its control over delegated legislation by strengthening the functioning of the Committee on Subordinate Legislation. The Committee should scrutinize the actions of the Executive and inform the Parliament about any instance of overreach by the Executive on time.
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👍7
🔆Post-Pandemic Health
✅Health is a state of complete physical mental and social well-being.
✅ It is an integral part of a prosperous society.
✅ The Union Budget for 2023-24 focus on strengthening the health sector.
✅ The Centre had launched a new mission to eliminate Sickle Cell disease (SCD), a type of anemia by 2047.
✅ Sickle Cell anemia is a genetic condition, which is widespread, especially in the tribal populations in India.
▪️ Government policy measures
✅ The Union Budget for 2023-24 key proposals for healthcare include opening 157 new nursing colleges in those districts where medical colleges have been opened recently.
✅ The budget has also put forward multidisciplinary courses for medical devices.
✅There are proposals to open the facilities in select ICMR Labs for research by public and private medical college faculty.
✅ The budget also calls to promote research and innovation in pharmaceuticals.
▪️ Priorities of the health sector for India
✅ Health service awareness
✅ Vaccine penetration
✅ Primary health care services
✅ Health data quality
✅ Stronger health systems
✅ Disease surveillance systems
✅ Nutrition policies
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✅Health is a state of complete physical mental and social well-being.
✅ It is an integral part of a prosperous society.
✅ The Union Budget for 2023-24 focus on strengthening the health sector.
✅ The Centre had launched a new mission to eliminate Sickle Cell disease (SCD), a type of anemia by 2047.
✅ Sickle Cell anemia is a genetic condition, which is widespread, especially in the tribal populations in India.
▪️ Government policy measures
✅ The Union Budget for 2023-24 key proposals for healthcare include opening 157 new nursing colleges in those districts where medical colleges have been opened recently.
✅ The budget has also put forward multidisciplinary courses for medical devices.
✅There are proposals to open the facilities in select ICMR Labs for research by public and private medical college faculty.
✅ The budget also calls to promote research and innovation in pharmaceuticals.
▪️ Priorities of the health sector for India
✅ Health service awareness
✅ Vaccine penetration
✅ Primary health care services
✅ Health data quality
✅ Stronger health systems
✅ Disease surveillance systems
✅ Nutrition policies
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👍3
🔆 Urban Heat Islands
✅ Urban Heat Islands (UHI) are urbanized areas that experience higher temperatures than outlying areas.
✅ Structures such as buildings, roads, and other infrastructure absorb and re-emit the sun’s heat more than natural landscapes such as forests and water bodies.
✅ Urban areas, where these structures are highly concentrated and greenery is limited,become “islands” of higher temperatures relative to outlying areas.
✅ It increases the demand for energy, leads to increased greenhouse gases emissions, discomforts human health and even affects the health of flora and fauna.
▪️The major factors responsible for UHI
✅ Anthropogenic heat
discharges
✅ Absorption of heat
✅ Urban geometry
✅ Greenhouse effect
✅Lack of vegetation
▪️Measures that can be taken to countering UHIs
✅ Promoting natural vegetation
✅ Use of appropriate surface material
✅ Use of white pavement instead of Asphalt
✅Providing appropriate landscape
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✅ Urban Heat Islands (UHI) are urbanized areas that experience higher temperatures than outlying areas.
✅ Structures such as buildings, roads, and other infrastructure absorb and re-emit the sun’s heat more than natural landscapes such as forests and water bodies.
✅ Urban areas, where these structures are highly concentrated and greenery is limited,become “islands” of higher temperatures relative to outlying areas.
✅ It increases the demand for energy, leads to increased greenhouse gases emissions, discomforts human health and even affects the health of flora and fauna.
▪️The major factors responsible for UHI
✅ Anthropogenic heat
discharges
✅ Absorption of heat
✅ Urban geometry
✅ Greenhouse effect
✅Lack of vegetation
▪️Measures that can be taken to countering UHIs
✅ Promoting natural vegetation
✅ Use of appropriate surface material
✅ Use of white pavement instead of Asphalt
✅Providing appropriate landscape
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#mains_2023
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@Upsc_4_environment
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🔆 Schools of Indian Philosophy
✅During the later Vedic period, definite ideas and philosophies about the true nature of soul or Atman and the cosmic principle or Brahman who represented the ultimate reality were developed.
✅These Vedic philosophical concepts later on gave rise to various schools of philosophies called Shada Darshana.
✅They fall in the category of the orthodox system, as the final authority of the Vedas is recognised by all of them.
✅The orthodox schools of Indian philosophy are as follows:
▪️Samkhya system
✅ Propounded by Kapil Muni, this philosophy holds that reality is constituted of two principles- one female and the other male i.e., Prakriti and Purusha respectively.
✅ It tries to establish a relationship between Purusha and Prakriti to explain the creation of the universe.
▪️Yoga
✅The origin of yoga is found in the Yogasutra of Patanjali believed to have been written in the second century BC.
✅By purifying and controlling changes in the mental mechanism, yoga systematically brings about the release of purusha from prakriti.
✅Yogic techniques control the body, mind and sense organs.
✅Thus, this philosophy is also considered a means of achieving freedom or mukti.
▪️ Nyaya
✅Gautama is said to be the author of the Nyaya Sutras.
✅Nyaya is considered as a
technique of logical thinking.
✅The school holds that there are four valid means of knowledge:
1. perception (pratyaksha),
2. inference (anumana),
3. comparison (upamana), and
4. sound, or testimony
(shabda).
▪️Vaisheshika
✅Kanada wrote the basic text of Vaisheshika philosophy.
✅Vaisheshika system is
considered as the realistic and objective philosophy of the universe.
✅It believes that all objects of the universe are composed of five elements–earth, water, air, fire and ether.
✅Further, God is the guiding principle and the living beings are rewarded or punished according to the law of karma.
▪️Mimamsa
✅Mimamsa philosophy is basically the analysis of interpretation, application and the use of the text of the Samhita and Brahmana portions of the Vedas.
✅According to the philosophy,
Vedas are eternal and possess all knowledge, and religion means the fulfilment of duties prescribed by the Vedas.
▪️ Vedanta
✅Vedanta implies the philosophy of the Upanishad, the concluding portion of the Vedas.
✅It also believes that there is no distinction between the Brahman and the self.
✅Shankaracharya believes that the Brahman is existent, unchanging, the highest truth and the ultimate knowledge.
✅The knowledge of the Brahman is the essence of all things and the ultimate existence.
Apart from these orthodox schools, there are also unorthodox schools of Indian philosophy, such as:
▪️Charvaka/Lokayata :
✅This school does not accept the authority of Vedas.
✅It is a materialistic, sceptical and atheistic school of thought, which believes that there is no other world.
✅Hence, death is the end of humans and pleasure is the ultimate object in life.
▪️Buddhism :
✅ It is a non-theistic philosophy whose tenets are not especially concerned with the existence or non-existence of God.
✅Buddha gave the concept of “four noble truths” and expounded the “ashtangika marg”.
▪️Jainism :
✅A basic principle of Jainism is anekantavada, the idea that reality is perceived differently from different points of view, and that no single point of view is completely true.
✅According to it, only the Kevalins (those who have infinite knowledge) can know the true answer, and all others would only know a part of the answer.
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✅During the later Vedic period, definite ideas and philosophies about the true nature of soul or Atman and the cosmic principle or Brahman who represented the ultimate reality were developed.
✅These Vedic philosophical concepts later on gave rise to various schools of philosophies called Shada Darshana.
✅They fall in the category of the orthodox system, as the final authority of the Vedas is recognised by all of them.
✅The orthodox schools of Indian philosophy are as follows:
▪️Samkhya system
✅ Propounded by Kapil Muni, this philosophy holds that reality is constituted of two principles- one female and the other male i.e., Prakriti and Purusha respectively.
✅ It tries to establish a relationship between Purusha and Prakriti to explain the creation of the universe.
▪️Yoga
✅The origin of yoga is found in the Yogasutra of Patanjali believed to have been written in the second century BC.
✅By purifying and controlling changes in the mental mechanism, yoga systematically brings about the release of purusha from prakriti.
✅Yogic techniques control the body, mind and sense organs.
✅Thus, this philosophy is also considered a means of achieving freedom or mukti.
▪️ Nyaya
✅Gautama is said to be the author of the Nyaya Sutras.
✅Nyaya is considered as a
technique of logical thinking.
✅The school holds that there are four valid means of knowledge:
1. perception (pratyaksha),
2. inference (anumana),
3. comparison (upamana), and
4. sound, or testimony
(shabda).
▪️Vaisheshika
✅Kanada wrote the basic text of Vaisheshika philosophy.
✅Vaisheshika system is
considered as the realistic and objective philosophy of the universe.
✅It believes that all objects of the universe are composed of five elements–earth, water, air, fire and ether.
✅Further, God is the guiding principle and the living beings are rewarded or punished according to the law of karma.
▪️Mimamsa
✅Mimamsa philosophy is basically the analysis of interpretation, application and the use of the text of the Samhita and Brahmana portions of the Vedas.
✅According to the philosophy,
Vedas are eternal and possess all knowledge, and religion means the fulfilment of duties prescribed by the Vedas.
▪️ Vedanta
✅Vedanta implies the philosophy of the Upanishad, the concluding portion of the Vedas.
✅It also believes that there is no distinction between the Brahman and the self.
✅Shankaracharya believes that the Brahman is existent, unchanging, the highest truth and the ultimate knowledge.
✅The knowledge of the Brahman is the essence of all things and the ultimate existence.
Apart from these orthodox schools, there are also unorthodox schools of Indian philosophy, such as:
▪️Charvaka/Lokayata :
✅This school does not accept the authority of Vedas.
✅It is a materialistic, sceptical and atheistic school of thought, which believes that there is no other world.
✅Hence, death is the end of humans and pleasure is the ultimate object in life.
▪️Buddhism :
✅ It is a non-theistic philosophy whose tenets are not especially concerned with the existence or non-existence of God.
✅Buddha gave the concept of “four noble truths” and expounded the “ashtangika marg”.
▪️Jainism :
✅A basic principle of Jainism is anekantavada, the idea that reality is perceived differently from different points of view, and that no single point of view is completely true.
✅According to it, only the Kevalins (those who have infinite knowledge) can know the true answer, and all others would only know a part of the answer.
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🔆 Road safety
✅ Why in news: Pune Porsche case has reignited the concern surrounding hit-and-run accidents in India
▪️Road Accidents in India Report 2022 :
✅ Area of accidents : 32.9% in National Highways, 23.1% in Road Highways and 43.9% in other roads.
✅ Rural Vs Urban : About 69% happened in rural areas and around 32% in urban areas.
✅ Age group : 66.5% of young adults (18-45 years of age).
✅ Type of users : 44.5% of 2-wheelers followed by 19.5% of pedestrians.
✅ Vehicles involved : Two-wheelers tops for the 2nd consecutive years followed by light vehicles.
✅ Vulnerable States : In 2022, Tamil Nadu topped in number of road accidents followed by Madhya Pradesh and Uttar
Pradesh topped in number of fatalities due to road accidents followed by Tamil Nadu.
▪️Challenges of road safety in India :
✅ Drunk driving
✅ Distracted driving
✅ Poor road infrastructure
✅ Vehicular condition
✅ Overloading of vehicles
✅ Driving without licenses
✅ Inadequate law enforcement
✅ Lack of awareness
▪️Steps taken by India to promote road safety :
✅ Motor Vehicle Amendment (MVA) Act 2019
✅ Vehicle Scrapping Policy
✅ National Road Safety Policy
✅ e-DAR project
✅ Good Samaritan law
✅ India State Support Programme for Road Safety
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✅ Why in news: Pune Porsche case has reignited the concern surrounding hit-and-run accidents in India
▪️Road Accidents in India Report 2022 :
✅ Area of accidents : 32.9% in National Highways, 23.1% in Road Highways and 43.9% in other roads.
✅ Rural Vs Urban : About 69% happened in rural areas and around 32% in urban areas.
✅ Age group : 66.5% of young adults (18-45 years of age).
✅ Type of users : 44.5% of 2-wheelers followed by 19.5% of pedestrians.
✅ Vehicles involved : Two-wheelers tops for the 2nd consecutive years followed by light vehicles.
✅ Vulnerable States : In 2022, Tamil Nadu topped in number of road accidents followed by Madhya Pradesh and Uttar
Pradesh topped in number of fatalities due to road accidents followed by Tamil Nadu.
▪️Challenges of road safety in India :
✅ Drunk driving
✅ Distracted driving
✅ Poor road infrastructure
✅ Vehicular condition
✅ Overloading of vehicles
✅ Driving without licenses
✅ Inadequate law enforcement
✅ Lack of awareness
▪️Steps taken by India to promote road safety :
✅ Motor Vehicle Amendment (MVA) Act 2019
✅ Vehicle Scrapping Policy
✅ National Road Safety Policy
✅ e-DAR project
✅ Good Samaritan law
✅ India State Support Programme for Road Safety
#mainsrevision
#governance
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
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👍24❤2👏1🙏1👌1
🔆 Liberal Democracy
✅ Liberal democracy is a representative democracy in which the ability of the elected representatives to exercise decision-making power is subject to the rule of law.
✅ It is usually moderated by a
Constitution that emphasizes the protection of the rights and freedoms of individuals, and which places constraints on the various organs of the state as well as on the extent to which the will of the majority can be exercised against the rights of minorities.
▪️Indian Constitution has promoted liberal democracy in India in following ways:
🔸Idea of social justice
✅ Indian Constitution has linked liberalism to social justice.
✅ The best example of this is the provision for reservations for SC/STs.
✅ The Constitution makers believed that mere granting of the right to equality was not enough to overcome age-old injustices or to give real meaning to the right to vote.
✅ Special constitutional measures were required to advance the interests of the vulnerable sections of the population.
✅ Therefore, a number of special measures to protect their interests such as the reservation of seats in legislatures, government services and educational institutions were provided.
🔸 Recognition of community based rights
✅ Individuals in India belong to cultural communities and every such community has its own values, traditions, customs and language shared by its members.
✅ Unlike the west, individuals owe a high degree of allegiance to their community in India.
✅ Therefore, the Indian Constitution made it mandatory for our Constitution to recognise community based rights. One such right is the right of religious communities to establish and run their own educational institutions.
🔸Commitment to individual freedom and personal liberty
✅ The Constitution makers had seen the curtailment of freedom of expression and press during the colonial times.
✅ Therefore, they ensured that the state is responsive to the needs of individuals and provide them with the means by which their needs are communicated.
✅For instance:
1. Freedom of expression has been enshrined in Article 19 of the Constitution.
2. Article 21 ensures that ‘no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law."
🔸 Separation of powers
✅ The constitutional principle of separation of powers partially rested on an account of liberalism.
✅ It is designed to prevent the arbitrary exercise of power by separating governmental power into three branches.
✅ Therefore, the court is at liberty to interpret and apply the provisions of the Constitution without consideration or conformity with the legislature.
🔸 Provisions of DPSPs
✅ By requiring the state to ensure that the conditions necessary for individuals to exercise their autonomy and self-determination are satisfied either directly by the state or through the regulation of the market and social spheres, directive principles may be seen to be part of the liberal character of the Indian Constitution.
By way of the above provisions, among others, the Indian Constitution has provided a framework for liberal democracy to flourish in India in multiple ways.
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✅ Liberal democracy is a representative democracy in which the ability of the elected representatives to exercise decision-making power is subject to the rule of law.
✅ It is usually moderated by a
Constitution that emphasizes the protection of the rights and freedoms of individuals, and which places constraints on the various organs of the state as well as on the extent to which the will of the majority can be exercised against the rights of minorities.
▪️Indian Constitution has promoted liberal democracy in India in following ways:
🔸Idea of social justice
✅ Indian Constitution has linked liberalism to social justice.
✅ The best example of this is the provision for reservations for SC/STs.
✅ The Constitution makers believed that mere granting of the right to equality was not enough to overcome age-old injustices or to give real meaning to the right to vote.
✅ Special constitutional measures were required to advance the interests of the vulnerable sections of the population.
✅ Therefore, a number of special measures to protect their interests such as the reservation of seats in legislatures, government services and educational institutions were provided.
🔸 Recognition of community based rights
✅ Individuals in India belong to cultural communities and every such community has its own values, traditions, customs and language shared by its members.
✅ Unlike the west, individuals owe a high degree of allegiance to their community in India.
✅ Therefore, the Indian Constitution made it mandatory for our Constitution to recognise community based rights. One such right is the right of religious communities to establish and run their own educational institutions.
🔸Commitment to individual freedom and personal liberty
✅ The Constitution makers had seen the curtailment of freedom of expression and press during the colonial times.
✅ Therefore, they ensured that the state is responsive to the needs of individuals and provide them with the means by which their needs are communicated.
✅For instance:
1. Freedom of expression has been enshrined in Article 19 of the Constitution.
2. Article 21 ensures that ‘no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law."
🔸 Separation of powers
✅ The constitutional principle of separation of powers partially rested on an account of liberalism.
✅ It is designed to prevent the arbitrary exercise of power by separating governmental power into three branches.
✅ Therefore, the court is at liberty to interpret and apply the provisions of the Constitution without consideration or conformity with the legislature.
🔸 Provisions of DPSPs
✅ By requiring the state to ensure that the conditions necessary for individuals to exercise their autonomy and self-determination are satisfied either directly by the state or through the regulation of the market and social spheres, directive principles may be seen to be part of the liberal character of the Indian Constitution.
By way of the above provisions, among others, the Indian Constitution has provided a framework for liberal democracy to flourish in India in multiple ways.
#mainsrevision
#mains
#gs2
#polity_governance
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_polity_Governance
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