GDP, GNP, NDP, NNP & National Income Accounting | Economy Basics
https://youtube.com/watch?v=RVWkxfacCJE&si=xhlR8hOXE4mnR0iO
https://youtube.com/watch?v=RVWkxfacCJE&si=xhlR8hOXE4mnR0iO
YouTube
GDP, GNP, NDP, NNP & National Income Accounting | Economy Basics
GDP, GNP, NDP, NNP & National Income Accounting | Economy Basics
Are you confused by economic jargon? In today’s video, we break down National Income Accounting into simple, easy-to-understand terms. Whether you are a student preparing for exams (UPSC, SSC…
Are you confused by economic jargon? In today’s video, we break down National Income Accounting into simple, easy-to-understand terms. Whether you are a student preparing for exams (UPSC, SSC…
🔥1
Day 12 : 29 December target:
International organization and government schemes:
Topics-
Governmental and non-governmental organizations in news
Sources:Any coaching magazine
PYQs - UPSC Prelims 2011,2012,2013
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
https://t.me/upsc_answer_written
https://t.me/CSE_EXAM
International organization and government schemes:
Topics-
Governmental and non-governmental organizations in news
Sources:Any coaching magazine
PYQs - UPSC Prelims 2011,2012,2013
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
https://t.me/upsc_answer_written
https://t.me/CSE_EXAM
The year 2025 stood as a defining chapter in India’s development journey. It saw policies translate into progress and intent into impact.
It marked a defining chapter in India’s development journey, with transformative progress across every dimension of infrastructure - rail, road, aviation, maritime, and digital.
It marked a defining chapter in India’s development journey, with transformative progress across every dimension of infrastructure - rail, road, aviation, maritime, and digital.
❤3👍1
#Goodmorning
⏳146 days left CSP26 [ 24-05-26]
⏳235 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳202 days left CAPF AC 19 July
⏳154 days left MPSC (MH) prelims [ 31-05-26]
⏳118 days Left MPPSC (MP) Prelims 26 April
⏳104 days Left CDS1 /NDA 12 April
⏳55 days CGPSC prelims 22 February
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
⏳146 days left CSP26 [ 24-05-26]
⏳235 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳202 days left CAPF AC 19 July
⏳154 days left MPSC (MH) prelims [ 31-05-26]
⏳118 days Left MPPSC (MP) Prelims 26 April
⏳104 days Left CDS1 /NDA 12 April
⏳55 days CGPSC prelims 22 February
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
❤1
🔆 Micrometeoroids & Orbital Debris (MMOD) – Explained
📍 What is MMOD?
✅ Micrometeoroids: Naturally occurring tiny particles (few micrometres–2 mm)
▪️ Origin: Asteroid belt collisions & comets
▪️ Travel at extremely high velocities
✅ Orbital Debris: Human-made, non-functional objects in Earth’s orbit
▪️ Origin: Defunct satellites, rocket fragments, explosions, ASAT tests
📍 Why MMOD is Dangerous
✅ Even tiny particles can cause severe or catastrophic damage due to high kinetic energy
✅ Kessler Syndrome: Cascading collisions increasing debris density, threatening safe space operations
📍 Mitigation & Management
✅ Shielding: Use of Whipple shields and advanced spacecraft design
✅ Tracking & Avoidance: Large debris tracked; collision-avoidance manoeuvres executed
📍 International Cooperation
✅ IADC: Global coordination on space debris research & mitigation
✅ ESA Zero Debris Charter: Target of zero new debris by 2030
📍 Indian Initiatives (ISRO)
✅ Project NETRA: Early warning system for space debris & hazards
✅ IS4OM: Dedicated facility for safe & sustainable space operations
✅ POEM: Reusing spent PSLV stages as orbital platforms to reduce debris
#GS3
#prelims
#science_technology
#science_and_technology
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_science_and_technology
📍 What is MMOD?
✅ Micrometeoroids: Naturally occurring tiny particles (few micrometres–2 mm)
▪️ Origin: Asteroid belt collisions & comets
▪️ Travel at extremely high velocities
✅ Orbital Debris: Human-made, non-functional objects in Earth’s orbit
▪️ Origin: Defunct satellites, rocket fragments, explosions, ASAT tests
📍 Why MMOD is Dangerous
✅ Even tiny particles can cause severe or catastrophic damage due to high kinetic energy
✅ Kessler Syndrome: Cascading collisions increasing debris density, threatening safe space operations
📍 Mitigation & Management
✅ Shielding: Use of Whipple shields and advanced spacecraft design
✅ Tracking & Avoidance: Large debris tracked; collision-avoidance manoeuvres executed
📍 International Cooperation
✅ IADC: Global coordination on space debris research & mitigation
✅ ESA Zero Debris Charter: Target of zero new debris by 2030
📍 Indian Initiatives (ISRO)
✅ Project NETRA: Early warning system for space debris & hazards
✅ IS4OM: Dedicated facility for safe & sustainable space operations
✅ POEM: Reusing spent PSLV stages as orbital platforms to reduce debris
#GS3
#prelims
#science_technology
#science_and_technology
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_science_and_technology
❤10👏2😁1🙏1👌1
🔆 Ethics Through Quotes – Basavanna
📍 Thinker: Basavanna (12th Century Social Reformer)
📍 Theme: Ethical Work, Equality, Inner Integrity & Social Justice
📍 Quote 1 – Ethics of Work & Public Service
“Work itself is sacred when it is done with honesty and social purpose.”
✅ प्रशासनिक नैतिकता = कर्तव्य + ईमानदारी + लोककल्याण
✅ Useful for: Work culture, duty ethics, civil services conduct
📍 Quote 2 – Equality & Merit
“A person’s worth lies in conduct, not in birth or status.”
✅ जन्म नहीं, आचरण = नैतिक मूल्यांकन का आधार
✅ Useful for: Social justice, caste neutrality, equality in administration
📍 Quote 3 – Ritual vs Real Ethics
“Ethics is meaningless if it remains ritualistic and does not transform conduct.”
✅ नैतिकता = व्यवहार में दिखनी चाहिए, प्रतीकों में नहीं
✅ Useful for: Hypocrisy, token reforms, governance failure
📍 Quote 4 – Integrity & Inner Discipline
“Without inner discipline, knowledge and authority both become dangerous.”
✅ शक्ति + ज्ञान को नैतिक संयम से नियंत्रित करना आवश्यक
✅ Useful for: Integrity, misuse of power, leadership ethics
📍 Quote 5 – Ethics & Social Reform
“True morality challenges unjust customs rather than obeying them.”
✅ नैतिक साहस = अन्यायपूर्ण परंपराओं का प्रतिरोध
✅ Useful for: Law vs custom, reform, constitutional morality
📍 Quote 6 – Ethics of Simplicity & Accountability
“An ethical life rejects excess and accepts responsibility.”
✅ सादगी = उत्तरदायी शासन का आधार
✅ Useful for: Probity, lifestyle of public servants
📍 Quote 7 – Knowledge & Character
“Knowledge without ethical conduct only sharpens injustice.”
✅ शिक्षा + मूल्य = नैतिक प्रशासन
✅ Useful for: Education ethics, capacity building, GS-4 theory
📌 Model Concluding Line:
“As Basavanna’s ethical philosophy shows, governance becomes just only when authority is guided by right conduct, dignity of labour, and courage to reform injustice.”
#ethics
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
https://t.me/upsc_ethics_toppers
📍 Thinker: Basavanna (12th Century Social Reformer)
📍 Theme: Ethical Work, Equality, Inner Integrity & Social Justice
📍 Quote 1 – Ethics of Work & Public Service
“Work itself is sacred when it is done with honesty and social purpose.”
✅ प्रशासनिक नैतिकता = कर्तव्य + ईमानदारी + लोककल्याण
✅ Useful for: Work culture, duty ethics, civil services conduct
📍 Quote 2 – Equality & Merit
“A person’s worth lies in conduct, not in birth or status.”
✅ जन्म नहीं, आचरण = नैतिक मूल्यांकन का आधार
✅ Useful for: Social justice, caste neutrality, equality in administration
📍 Quote 3 – Ritual vs Real Ethics
“Ethics is meaningless if it remains ritualistic and does not transform conduct.”
✅ नैतिकता = व्यवहार में दिखनी चाहिए, प्रतीकों में नहीं
✅ Useful for: Hypocrisy, token reforms, governance failure
📍 Quote 4 – Integrity & Inner Discipline
“Without inner discipline, knowledge and authority both become dangerous.”
✅ शक्ति + ज्ञान को नैतिक संयम से नियंत्रित करना आवश्यक
✅ Useful for: Integrity, misuse of power, leadership ethics
📍 Quote 5 – Ethics & Social Reform
“True morality challenges unjust customs rather than obeying them.”
✅ नैतिक साहस = अन्यायपूर्ण परंपराओं का प्रतिरोध
✅ Useful for: Law vs custom, reform, constitutional morality
📍 Quote 6 – Ethics of Simplicity & Accountability
“An ethical life rejects excess and accepts responsibility.”
✅ सादगी = उत्तरदायी शासन का आधार
✅ Useful for: Probity, lifestyle of public servants
📍 Quote 7 – Knowledge & Character
“Knowledge without ethical conduct only sharpens injustice.”
✅ शिक्षा + मूल्य = नैतिक प्रशासन
✅ Useful for: Education ethics, capacity building, GS-4 theory
📌 Model Concluding Line:
“As Basavanna’s ethical philosophy shows, governance becomes just only when authority is guided by right conduct, dignity of labour, and courage to reform injustice.”
#ethics
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
https://t.me/upsc_ethics_toppers
🔥4❤3
🔆 Rock-cut Temples of the Gupta Period
📍 Overview
✅ Cave architecture reached a high level of refinement during the Gupta age
✅ Development of Chaitya (prayer halls) and Vihara (monasteries) styles
✅ Best examples: Ajanta, Ellora, Udayagiri
📍 Ajanta Caves (Maharashtra)
✅ Two architectural types: Chaitya Grihas & Viharas
✅ Chaitya Grihas:
▪️ Large worship halls with pillars
▪️ Central nave with side aisles for pradakshina
▪️ Stupa/sanctuary opposite the entrance
✅ Viharas:
▪️ Rectangular monastery halls
▪️ Small residential cells on sides
▪️ Used by Buddhist monks
📍 Ellora Caves (Maharashtra)
✅ Contemporary to Ajanta, continuing Buddhist rock-cut tradition
✅ 12 Buddhist caves at Ellora
✅ Divided into two groups:
▪️ Caves I–V (Dhedwada Group) – prayer halls with attached monasteries
▪️ Caves VI–XII – larger, more elaborate viharas
✅ Show continuity and expansion of Gupta-age cave design
📍 Udayagiri Caves (Madhya Pradesh)
✅ Extensively excavated under Chandragupta II
✅ Mark transition from Buddhist to Brahmanical rock-cut architecture
✅ Famous for Varaha (boar-headed Vishnu) sculpture
▪️ Symbolises royal power and Vaishnavism
#prelims
#art_and_culture
https://t.me/Studytoday1
https://t.me/upsc_art_and_culture
📍 Overview
✅ Cave architecture reached a high level of refinement during the Gupta age
✅ Development of Chaitya (prayer halls) and Vihara (monasteries) styles
✅ Best examples: Ajanta, Ellora, Udayagiri
📍 Ajanta Caves (Maharashtra)
✅ Two architectural types: Chaitya Grihas & Viharas
✅ Chaitya Grihas:
▪️ Large worship halls with pillars
▪️ Central nave with side aisles for pradakshina
▪️ Stupa/sanctuary opposite the entrance
✅ Viharas:
▪️ Rectangular monastery halls
▪️ Small residential cells on sides
▪️ Used by Buddhist monks
📍 Ellora Caves (Maharashtra)
✅ Contemporary to Ajanta, continuing Buddhist rock-cut tradition
✅ 12 Buddhist caves at Ellora
✅ Divided into two groups:
▪️ Caves I–V (Dhedwada Group) – prayer halls with attached monasteries
▪️ Caves VI–XII – larger, more elaborate viharas
✅ Show continuity and expansion of Gupta-age cave design
📍 Udayagiri Caves (Madhya Pradesh)
✅ Extensively excavated under Chandragupta II
✅ Mark transition from Buddhist to Brahmanical rock-cut architecture
✅ Famous for Varaha (boar-headed Vishnu) sculpture
▪️ Symbolises royal power and Vaishnavism
#prelims
#art_and_culture
https://t.me/Studytoday1
https://t.me/upsc_art_and_culture
❤6
🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS — 29 DEC 2025
🔆 INTERNATIONAL
📍 Infrastructure
✅ China opens world’s longest expressway tunnel
✅ Name: Tianshan Shengli Tunnel
✅ Length: 22.13 km
✅ Location: Xinjiang (Tianshan Mountains)
✅ Cuts travel time to ~20 minutes
📍 India–EU Relations
✅ EU leaders Ursula von der Leyen & António Costa to be Chief Guests at Republic Day 2026
✅ Visit coincides with India–EU Summit
✅ Focus: India–EU FTA, trade, defence, technology
✅ EU is India’s largest trading partner (USD 135 bn trade)
🔆 NATIONAL
📍 Labour & Social Security
✅ Govt announces major EPFO reforms
✅ Any-office service & single-window delivery
✅ Faster digital claim settlement
✅ Mission-mode KYC for inoperative accounts
✅ Target: Social security coverage for 100 crore people by March 2026
📍 Disaster Preparedness
✅ India to have 100+ Tsunami-Ready villages
✅ First country in Indian Ocean Region to achieve this
✅ Programme by UNESCO-IOC
✅ Implemented by INCOIS, Ministry of Earth Sciences
✅ Odisha: 24 villages certified, 72 in pipeline
📍 Healthcare Technology
✅ VoxelGrids develops India’s first indigenous MRI scanner
✅ Strength: 1.5 Tesla, no liquid helium
✅ ~40% cheaper than imported machines
✅ Deployed in Chandrapur (Maharashtra)
📍 Defence & Security
✅ Indian Army updates social media usage policy
✅ Limited use of messaging apps for unclassified info
✅ Passive viewing only on public platforms
✅ Strict restrictions to prevent data leakage
📍 Internal Security
✅ India launches first Organised Crime Network Database
✅ Prepared by NIA, launched by Amit Shah
✅ Tracks lost, looted & recovered firearms
✅ Covers State Police & CAPFs
🔆 DEFENCE
📍 Missile Capability
✅ India successfully tests K-4 SLBM
✅ Range: ~3,500 km
✅ Launched from INS Arighaat (Bay of Bengal)
✅ Strengthens sea-based nuclear deterrence
📍 Military Exercises
✅ Exercise Siyom Prahar conducted in Arunachal Pradesh
✅ Focus: drone-based surveillance & precision strikes
📍 Marine Environment
✅ Indian Coast Guard conducts RPREX-2025 in Mumbai
✅ Tests preparedness for oil spill response
🔆 SCHEMES
📍 UJALA Scheme
✅ Launched: 2015
✅ Promotes affordable LED lighting
✅ Over 36 crore LED bulbs distributed
✅ World’s largest zero-subsidy lighting programme
📍 Horticulture
✅ MIDH Scheme supports end-to-end horticulture development
✅ Centre–State funding: 60:40 (90:10 for NE/Himalayan states)
✅ Covers fruits, vegetables, spices, coconut, bamboo
🔆 IMPORTANT DAY
📍 27 December
✅ International Day of Epidemic Preparedness
🔆 APPOINTMENTS
📍 Sports Administration
✅ P. V. Sindhu elected Chair, BWF Athletes’ Commission
✅ Term: 2026–2029
🔆 AWARDS
📍 Environment
✅ Sundarbans’ SAIME Model wins FAO Global Recognition
✅ Community-based climate-adaptive aquaculture model
🔆 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
📍 Space Science
✅ New analysis challenges existence of global subsurface ocean on Titan
✅ Based on data from NASA’s Cassini mission
📍 Biodiversity
✅ ZSI discovers new species Neelus sikkimensis in Sikkim
✅ First record of genus Neelus in India
🔆 SPORTS
📍 Cricket
✅ England’s Josh Tongue takes five-wicket haul at MCG
✅ First England bowler this century to do so
📍 Women’s Cricket
✅ Deepti Sharma becomes first Indian to take 150 T20I wickets
✅ Total international wickets: 333
#CurrentAffairs
https://t.me/CurrentAffairs_ONLY
🔆 INTERNATIONAL
📍 Infrastructure
✅ China opens world’s longest expressway tunnel
✅ Name: Tianshan Shengli Tunnel
✅ Length: 22.13 km
✅ Location: Xinjiang (Tianshan Mountains)
✅ Cuts travel time to ~20 minutes
📍 India–EU Relations
✅ EU leaders Ursula von der Leyen & António Costa to be Chief Guests at Republic Day 2026
✅ Visit coincides with India–EU Summit
✅ Focus: India–EU FTA, trade, defence, technology
✅ EU is India’s largest trading partner (USD 135 bn trade)
🔆 NATIONAL
📍 Labour & Social Security
✅ Govt announces major EPFO reforms
✅ Any-office service & single-window delivery
✅ Faster digital claim settlement
✅ Mission-mode KYC for inoperative accounts
✅ Target: Social security coverage for 100 crore people by March 2026
📍 Disaster Preparedness
✅ India to have 100+ Tsunami-Ready villages
✅ First country in Indian Ocean Region to achieve this
✅ Programme by UNESCO-IOC
✅ Implemented by INCOIS, Ministry of Earth Sciences
✅ Odisha: 24 villages certified, 72 in pipeline
📍 Healthcare Technology
✅ VoxelGrids develops India’s first indigenous MRI scanner
✅ Strength: 1.5 Tesla, no liquid helium
✅ ~40% cheaper than imported machines
✅ Deployed in Chandrapur (Maharashtra)
📍 Defence & Security
✅ Indian Army updates social media usage policy
✅ Limited use of messaging apps for unclassified info
✅ Passive viewing only on public platforms
✅ Strict restrictions to prevent data leakage
📍 Internal Security
✅ India launches first Organised Crime Network Database
✅ Prepared by NIA, launched by Amit Shah
✅ Tracks lost, looted & recovered firearms
✅ Covers State Police & CAPFs
🔆 DEFENCE
📍 Missile Capability
✅ India successfully tests K-4 SLBM
✅ Range: ~3,500 km
✅ Launched from INS Arighaat (Bay of Bengal)
✅ Strengthens sea-based nuclear deterrence
📍 Military Exercises
✅ Exercise Siyom Prahar conducted in Arunachal Pradesh
✅ Focus: drone-based surveillance & precision strikes
📍 Marine Environment
✅ Indian Coast Guard conducts RPREX-2025 in Mumbai
✅ Tests preparedness for oil spill response
🔆 SCHEMES
📍 UJALA Scheme
✅ Launched: 2015
✅ Promotes affordable LED lighting
✅ Over 36 crore LED bulbs distributed
✅ World’s largest zero-subsidy lighting programme
📍 Horticulture
✅ MIDH Scheme supports end-to-end horticulture development
✅ Centre–State funding: 60:40 (90:10 for NE/Himalayan states)
✅ Covers fruits, vegetables, spices, coconut, bamboo
🔆 IMPORTANT DAY
📍 27 December
✅ International Day of Epidemic Preparedness
🔆 APPOINTMENTS
📍 Sports Administration
✅ P. V. Sindhu elected Chair, BWF Athletes’ Commission
✅ Term: 2026–2029
🔆 AWARDS
📍 Environment
✅ Sundarbans’ SAIME Model wins FAO Global Recognition
✅ Community-based climate-adaptive aquaculture model
🔆 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
📍 Space Science
✅ New analysis challenges existence of global subsurface ocean on Titan
✅ Based on data from NASA’s Cassini mission
📍 Biodiversity
✅ ZSI discovers new species Neelus sikkimensis in Sikkim
✅ First record of genus Neelus in India
🔆 SPORTS
📍 Cricket
✅ England’s Josh Tongue takes five-wicket haul at MCG
✅ First England bowler this century to do so
📍 Women’s Cricket
✅ Deepti Sharma becomes first Indian to take 150 T20I wickets
✅ Total international wickets: 333
#CurrentAffairs
https://t.me/CurrentAffairs_ONLY
❤3👌3🔥2
Day 13: 30 December target:
International organization and government schemes:
Topics-
Schemes, programs,policies in news
Sources:Any coaching magazine
PYQs - UPSC Prelims 2014,2015,2016
Current Affairs:
Polity - June 2025 Revision
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
https://t.me/upsc_answer_written
https://t.me/CSE_EXAM
International organization and government schemes:
Topics-
Schemes, programs,policies in news
Sources:Any coaching magazine
PYQs - UPSC Prelims 2014,2015,2016
Current Affairs:
Polity - June 2025 Revision
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
https://t.me/upsc_answer_written
https://t.me/CSE_EXAM
🔥1
#Goodmorning
⏳145 days left CSP26 [ 24-05-26]
⏳234 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳201 days left CAPF AC 19 July
⏳153 days left MPSC (MH) prelims [ 31-05-26]
⏳117 days Left MPPSC (MP) Prelims 26 April
⏳103 days Left CDS1 /NDA 12 April
⏳54 days CGPSC prelims 22 February
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
⏳145 days left CSP26 [ 24-05-26]
⏳234 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳201 days left CAPF AC 19 July
⏳153 days left MPSC (MH) prelims [ 31-05-26]
⏳117 days Left MPPSC (MP) Prelims 26 April
⏳103 days Left CDS1 /NDA 12 April
⏳54 days CGPSC prelims 22 February
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
❤5
🔆 Competition Commission of India (CCI)
📍 Why in News
✅ CCI took cognizance of IndiGo flight disruption to examine possible abuse of market dominance
📍 About CCI
✅ Type: Statutory body under Competition Act, 2002
✔️ Amended by Competition (Amendment) Act, 2007
📍 Administrative Control
✅ Ministry: Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA)
📍 Composition
✅ Chairperson + 2 to 6 Members
✔️ Appointed by Central Government
📍 Mandate & Functions
✅ Prohibits anti-competitive agreements
✅ Prevents abuse of dominant position
✅ Regulates combinations (M&A, acquisitions, control)
✅ Advises statutory authorities on competition issues
✅ Protects consumer interests & ensures freedom of trade
📌 #cse
Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM
📍 Why in News
✅ CCI took cognizance of IndiGo flight disruption to examine possible abuse of market dominance
📍 About CCI
✅ Type: Statutory body under Competition Act, 2002
✔️ Amended by Competition (Amendment) Act, 2007
📍 Administrative Control
✅ Ministry: Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA)
📍 Composition
✅ Chairperson + 2 to 6 Members
✔️ Appointed by Central Government
📍 Mandate & Functions
✅ Prohibits anti-competitive agreements
✅ Prevents abuse of dominant position
✅ Regulates combinations (M&A, acquisitions, control)
✅ Advises statutory authorities on competition issues
✅ Protects consumer interests & ensures freedom of trade
📌 #cse
Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM
❤9