🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS — 22 January 2025

🔆 INTERNATIONAL

📍 Kimberley Process
✅ India takes over as Vice-Chair of the Kimberley Process
✅ Effective year: 2025 | Chairmanship from 1 Jan 2026
✅ Participants: Governments, international diamond industry & civil society
✅ Objective: Prevent trade in conflict diamonds

🔆 NATIONAL

📍 Critical Minerals & Mining
✅ Union Minister G. Kishan Reddy inaugurates Centre of Excellence (CoE) & VR Mine Simulator (VRMS)
✅ Location: IIT (ISM) Dhanbad, Jharkhand
✅ Ministries: Coal Ministry & Mines Ministry

📍 Centre of Excellence (CoE) – NCMM
✅ Part of National Critical Minerals Mission (NCMM)
✅ Purpose: National hub for research & industry solutions in critical minerals
✅ Collaborations:
➡ University of Cambridge (UK)
➡ Saint Petersburg University
➡ IIT Gandhinagar
➡ IIT (BHU), Varanasi
➡ Centre for Process Innovation (UK)

📍 VR Mine Simulator (VRMS)
✅ Industry partners:
➡ Coal India Limited (CIL)
➡ Northern Coalfields Ltd (NCL)
➡ Eastern Coalfields Ltd (ECL)

📍 National Critical Minerals Mission (NCMM)
✅ Launched: 29 January 2025
✅ Duration: 7 years (FY 2024–25 to FY 2030–31)
✅ Total outlay: ₹34,300 crore

📍 Oil & Gas Sector Reforms
✅ Govt notifies new P&NG Rules, 2025
✅ Aim: Boost investment & ease of doing business

📍 Key Features
✅ Single licence system
✅ Lease tenure up to 30 years
✅ Penalty: ₹25 lakh + ₹10 lakh/day for continued violation
✅ Dispute Resolution:
➡ Foreign companies: Neutral arbitration venue
➡ Indian companies: New Delhi
✅ Petroleum lease decisions within 180 days

📍 Archaeology
✅ India’s largest circular stone labyrinth discovered
✅ Location: Borgamni grasslands, Solapur (Maharashtra)
✅ Size: ~50 ft × 50 ft
✅ Structure: 15 concentric stone rings
✅ Linked to Satavahana dynasty

📍 Food Safety
✅ FSSAI directs businesses to stop calling herbal infusions as “tea”
✅ Term “Tea” allowed only if derived from Camellia sinensis

📍 Governance Reforms
✅ Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh launches 5 transformative digital reforms
✅ Occasion: Good Governance Day (25 December)
✅ Event: National Workshop on Good Governance Practices 2025
✅ Venue: New Delhi

📍 DoPT Initiatives
✅ Compendium on reservation for Ex-servicemen
✅ AI-powered Recruitment Rules Generator
✅ e-HRMS 2.0 Mobile App
✅ AI-enabled features on iGOT Karmayogi
✅ Karmayogi Digital Learning Lab 2.0

📍 Cultural Infrastructure
✅ Lotus-shaped Rashtriya Prerna Sthal showcases India’s national journey
✅ Location: Lucknow

📍 Health
✅ Malaria cases reduced by over 80%
✅ Malaria deaths reduced by 78%
✅ Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR): 88 per lakh (from 130 in 2014)
✅ Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): 27
✅ Announced by Health Minister J.P. Nadda

🔆 DEFENCE

📍 Maritime Heritage
✅ INSV Kaundinya sets sail on its first historic voyage
✅ Date: 29 December 2025
✅ Route: Porbandar (Gujarat) → Muscat (Oman)

🔆 STATES

📍 Maharashtra
✅ Sangli to get a dedicated Raisin Research Centre
✅ Proposal approved by Senate of Shivaji University, Kolhapur

🔆 AWARDS / BOOKS

📍 International Honour
✅ Malayalam publisher Ravi Deece conferred France’s Knight of Arts & Letters

📍 Books
✅ VP Jagdeep Dhankhar releases “Sanatan Sanskriti Ki Atal Drishti”
➡ Author: Vasudev Devnani
✅ Former RBI Governor Urjit Patel releases “The Great Sanctions Hack”
✅ President Droupadi Murmu releases Constitution in Santhali language

🔆 SPORTS

📍 Cricket
✅ Vaibhav Suryavanshi breaks AB de Villiers’ record
✅ Fastest 150 in men’s List-A cricket
✅ Score: 150 off 59 balls
📍 Previous Record:
✅ AB de Villiers – 64 balls (2015 vs West Indies)
📍 Tournament:
✅ Vijay Hazare Trophy

#CurrentAffairs

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🔆 India’s First Private Earth Observation (EO) Satellite Constellation

📍 Context (22 Jan 2026):
A Pixxel-led consortium signed an agreement with IN-SPACe to design, build and operate India’s first national private EO constellation.

📌 Who is Involved?
✅ Pixxel-led Consortium
• Pixxel
• Piersight Space
• Satsure Analytics India
• Dhruva Space

✅ IN-SPACe
• Nodal agency to authorise, regulate & promote private space activities in India

📌 Key Features of the EO Constellation
✅ PPP Model
• Executed under Public–Private Partnership
• End-to-end EO ecosystem: satellites → analytics

✅ Constellation Size & Capability
• 12 satellites
• Sensors:
◦ Very-high-resolution optical
◦ Multispectral
◦ Hyperspectral
◦ Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)

✅ Investment & Timeline
• ₹1,200 crore
• 5-year project

✅ Strategic Shift
• From government-built to industry-operated national EO infrastructure

📌 About Earth Observation (EO) Satellites
✅ Monitor Earth’s surface, oceans & atmosphere
✅ Sensors: optical, multispectral, hyperspectral & radar
✅ Applications:
• Agriculture
• Disaster management
• Climate change
• Urban planning
• Water resources
• National security

✅ Strategic Value
• Early warning systems
• Evidence-based policymaking
• Geospatial self-reliance

📌 India’s Existing EO Satellites
• HySIS
• Cartosat-3
• RISAT-2B
• EOS-07

🔖 UPSC Relevance
• Prelims: Space sector reforms, EO satellites
• GS-3: Space technology, PPP, strategic infrastructure

#GS3
#prelims
#science_technology
#science_and_technology

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🔆 Atal Pension Yojana (APY)

📍 Context: Cabinet approved continuation of APY till 2030–31

📌 About APY
✅ Launch: 9 May 2015
✅ Type: Central Sector Scheme
✅ Objective: Universal social security, especially for poor, underprivileged & unorganised workers

📌 Eligibility
✅ Indian citizen
✅ Age: 18–40 years
✅ Not an Income Tax payer

📌 Key Features
✅ Guaranteed pension: ₹1,000 – ₹5,000 per month
✅ Pension starts at: 60 years
✅ Pension amount depends on contribution & entry age

📌 Progress So Far
✅ 8.66+ crore subscribers
✅ One of the largest pension coverage schemes in India

📌 Significance
✅ Old-age income security
✅ Financial inclusion of informal sector
✅ Strengthens India’s social security architecture

🔖 UPSC Relevance
• Prelims: Scheme details
• GS-2: Welfare schemes & social justice

#goverment_schemes

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Sports Authority of India (SAI) announces recruitment of Assistant coaches but also puts reservation quotas.

🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS — 21 JANUARY 2026

🔆 FINANCE

📍 IMF World Economic Outlook (Update)
✅ IMF raises global growth forecast (2026) to 3.3%
✅ Reason: AI-led investment boom & easing trade pressures
📍 Global Growth:
✅ 2025: 3.3%
✅ 2026: 3.3%
✅ 2027: 3.2%

📍 India Growth Outlook (IMF)
✅ FY 2025–26: 7.3% (↑ by 0.7 pp)
✅ FY 2026–27: 6.4%
📍 Drivers:
✅ Strong domestic demand
✅ Easing inflation
✅ Sustained investment

📍 About IMF
✅ Established: 1944 (Bretton Woods)
✅ HQ: Washington DC
✅ Members: 191 countries
📍 Key Reports:
✅ WEO, GFSR, Fiscal Monitor, External Sector Report

🔆 INSURANCE

📍 Swiss Re Report
✅ India to be fastest-growing insurance market globally
📍 Growth (2026–30):
✅ India: 6.9%
✅ China: ~4%
✅ USA: ~2%

🔆 INDUSTRY & MANUFACTURING

📍 FICCI Manufacturing Index
✅ Hits all-time high in Q3 FY26
📍 Key Data:
✅ 91% firms report higher/same production
✅ Capacity utilisation: ~75%
✅ Export optimism strong

📍 Asia Manufacturing Index 2026
✅ India ranks 6th in Asia
📍 Released by:
✅ Dezan Shira & Associates

🔆 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

📍 Global Safety Index (Numbeo)
✅ UAE ranked safest country globally (Score: 86.0)
📍 Top cities include:
✅ Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah

📍 China Demographics
✅ China’s population declines for 4th consecutive year
📍 Reasons:
✅ High living costs
✅ Job insecurity
✅ Low fertility despite incentives

📍 India’s Income Status
✅ SBI report: India to reach upper-middle-income status by 2030
📍 Per capita income target:
✅ ~$4,000

🔆 NATIONAL AFFAIRS

📍 Export Promotion Mission (EPM)
✅ Mission-mode framework launched in Union Budget 2025–26
📍 Duration:
✅ FY 2025–26 to FY 2030–31
📍 Nodal agency:
✅ DGFT

📍 Key Pillars:
✅ Niryat Protsahan (financial)
✅ Niryat Disha (non-financial)
📍 Credit Support:
✅ ₹20,000 crore CGSE (collateral-free)

🔆 ENVIRONMENT & CLIMATE

📍 Carbon Credit Trading Scheme Expansion
✅ GHG emission norms expanded to 4 new sectors:
➡ Petroleum refining
➡ Petrochemicals
➡ Textiles
➡ Secondary aluminium

📍 Targets:
✅ 3–7% emission-intensity reduction by FY 2026–27

📍 Environmental Protection Fund Rules 2026
✅ 75% funds to States, 25% with Centre
✅ Used for pollution control & clean-tech R&D

🔆 TEXTILES

📍 Central Silk Board Reform
✅ Project approval limit raised:
➡ ₹50 lakh → ₹1 crore
📍 Objective:
✅ Faster project clearance

🔆 ECONOMY

📍 Index of Eight Core Industries
✅ December 2025 growth: 3.7%
📍 Positive sectors:
✅ Coal, Steel, Cement, Electricity

🔆 ECOLOGY

📍 Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary
✅ Declared Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ)
📍 Location:
✅ Aravalli range, Rajasthan
📍 ESZ extent:
✅ 0–1 km buffer

🔆 DEFENCE

📍 Indian Navy Contract
✅ Contract signed for 3 indigenous bottom-opening barges
📍 Built by:
✅ Suryadipta Projects (Thane)
📍 Capacity:
✅ 200 tonnes each

🔆 MoUs

📍 Energy Cooperation
✅ ADNOC Gas – HPCL sign 10-year LNG supply deal
📍 Value:
✅ $2.5–3 billion
📍 Supply:
✅ 0.5 MTPA from Das Island

🔆 STATES

📍 Biodiversity
✅ Brandt’s Hedgehog discovered in Jammu & Kashmir
📍 First-ever record in India

📍 Law & Order
✅ Punjab Police launches Operation Parhar
📍 Aim:
✅ Make Punjab gangster-free

🔆 SPORTS

📍 Cricket
✅ Vidarbha wins maiden Vijay Hazare Trophy
📍 Final:
✅ Defeated Saurashtra

📍 Khelo India
✅ 6th Khelo India Winter Games 2026 begin
📍 Venue:
✅ Leh, Ladakh

📍 Badminton
✅ Saina Nehwal announces retirement
📍 Achievements:
✅ Olympic Bronze (2012)
✅ World No.1 (2015)

#CurrentAffairs

New Cadre policy 2026 for IAS/IPS/IFoS

Major differences from CAP 2017:

1. Zones REMOVED, Groups INTRODUCED

2.Cadre Preference System Simplified

3.Home Cadre Rule – Still Strict, Slightly Clearer

4.Insider Allocation via Cycles

5.Rotation of Groups Year-to-Year

6.EWS Category Explicitly Integrated

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🔆 Mob vs Crowd

📍 Opening Insight

“Men, it has been well said, think in herds; it will be seen that they go mad in herds, while they only recover their senses slowly, and one by one.”
— Charles Mackay

📍 What is a Crowd?
✅ A crowd is simply an aggregation of individuals
✅ Members may or may not share a common purpose
✅ Usually temporary in nature
✅ Individuals largely retain independent judgment
✅ Does not necessarily act in a unified or violent manner

📍 What is a Mob?
✅ A mob is a crowd that has lost individual rationality
✅ Origin: Mobile vulgus (Latin) → “movable/common people”
✅ Associated with:
• Anger and emotionality
• Disorder and lawlessness
• Herd mentality and impulsive action
✅ Often portrayed as uncontrolled and reactive

📍 Key Distinction: Crowd vs Mob
✅ Crowd → Collection of people
✅ Mob → Crowd + loss of reason + trigger
✅ A mob is essentially “a crowd waiting for a spark”

📍 Psychological Dimension
✅ Crowd → Individuals still think
✅ Mob → Individuals feel, not think
✅ Emotions overpower reason, morality, and legality
✅ Responsibility becomes diffused, accountability diluted

📍 Political & Social Implications

✅ The term mob is often politicised, not just descriptive
✅ Used to delegitimise collective action
✅ Yet, unchecked mob behaviour:
• Threatens rule of law
• Undermines constitutional morality
• Endangers minority rights

#Security

🔆 Personality in News: Ras Behari Bose

📍 Context: Union Home Minister paid tribute to freedom fighter Ras Behari Bose on his death anniversary.

📌 About Ras Behari Bose (1886–1945)
✅ Born in Bardhaman district, Bengal
✅ Strongly inspired by the French Revolution (1789)
✅ Revolutionary nationalist who later operated from Japan

📌 Key Contributions
✅ Yugantar Revolutionary Group
• Active member under Motilal Roy

✅ All-India Revolutionary Link
• Connected revolutionaries of Punjab, United Provinces & Bengal

✅ Delhi Conspiracy Case (1912)
• Involved in the bomb attack on Viceroy Lord Hardinge

✅ Ghadar Movement
• Played a crucial role in overseas revolutionary mobilisation

✅ Indian Independence League (1942)
• Founded in Tokyo to coordinate anti-British efforts

✅ Azad Hind Fauj (INA)
• Key architect in its early formation, later handed leadership to Subhas Chandra Bose

📌 International Recognition
🏅 Awarded Order of the Rising Sun (2nd Grade) by the Japanese Government

📌 Core Values
✅ Patriotism
✅ Courage
✅ Leadership
✅ Perseverance
✅ Revolutionary Internationalism

🔖 UPSC Relevance
• GS-1: Freedom struggle – revolutionary phase
• Prelims: Personalities, movements abroad, INA origins

#history #prelims #mains

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🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS — 23 JANUARY 2026

🔆 NATIONAL AFFAIRS

📍 E-Governance
✅ Govt releases 32nd NeSDA – Way Forward Monthly Report (Dec 2025)
📍 Key findings:
✅ 24,000+ e-services across States/UTs
✅ 21 States/UTs achieve >90% saturation in mandatory services

📍 Electoral Reforms
✅ Election Commission launches ECINET platform at IICDEM 2026
📍 Features:
✅ Integrates 40+ apps
✅ One-stop digital election services
✅ Available in 22 Indian languages + English

📍 Water Governance
✅ PreciSense 2026 national workshop held in Pune
📍 Focus:
✅ Accuracy & calibration of hydrometric & meteorological instruments

📍 Jal Jeevan Mission
✅ 3rd Sujal Gram Samvad organised
📍 Aim:
✅ Community-led water governance
📍 Participation:
✅ 3,000+ stakeholders across 8 Gram Panchayats

🔆 GOVERNANCE & LEGISLATURE

📍 AIPOC 2026
✅ 86th All India Presiding Officers’ Conference held in Lucknow
📍 Theme:
✅ Strong Legislature – Prosperous Nation
📍 Key resolutions:
✅ Minimum 30 sittings/year for State Legislatures
✅ National Legislative Index
✅ Technology adoption in legislatures

🔆 ENVIRONMENT & CLIMATE

📍 Green Transition
✅ NITI Aayog releases decarbonisation roadmaps for:
➡ Cement
➡ Aluminium
➡ MSMEs
📍 Tools:
✅ RDF, clinker substitution, CCUS, Carbon Credit Trading Scheme

🔆 DEFENCE

📍 Quantum Technologies
✅ CDS Gen Anil Chauhan releases Military Quantum Mission Policy Framework
📍 Four pillars:
✅ Quantum communication
✅ Quantum computing
✅ Quantum sensing
✅ Quantum materials
📍 Covers Tri-Services

🔆 MoUs

📍 Skill Development
✅ MSDE signs MoU with WEF
📍 Initiative:
✅ India Skills Accelerator
📍 Objective:
✅ Bridge skill gaps & improve global employability

📍 Digital India
✅ BHASHINI Division signs MoU with Survey of India
📍 Purpose:
✅ AI-based digitisation of geographical place names (toponyms)

🔆 STATES

📍 West Bengal
✅ 49th International Kolkata Book Fair begins at Salt Lake
📍 Theme country (2026): Argentina

📍 Gujarat
✅ Foundation stone laid for India’s first integrated private satellite plant
📍 Location: Sanand | Company: Azista Space

📍 Assam
✅ Launch of Atal Vichal Agragami Assam Scheme
📍 Support:
✅ ₹25,000/month (research scholars)
✅ ₹40,000/month (Divyang scholars)

📍 Uttar Pradesh
✅ Lucknow becomes 1st Zero Fresh Waste Dump City in UP
📍 Waste processing capacity: 700 MT/day

📍 Maharashtra
✅ Announcement of India’s first Innovation City near Mumbai
📍 Investment: ₹1 lakh crore+ | Anchor: Tata Group

🔆 SCHEMES

📍 Beti Bachao Beti Padhao
✅ Completes 11 years (launched: 22 Jan 2015)
📍 Impact:
✅ Sex Ratio at Birth improves from 918 → 930

🔆 IMPORTANT DAYS

📍 Parakram Diwas 2026
✅ To commemorate 129th birth anniversary of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose
📍 Date: 23 January

🔆 AWARDS & CULTURE

📍 Cinema
✅ Indian film “Fishers of Men” shortlisted for HAF-24 (Hong Kong)
📍 Supported by Waves Film Bazaar

🔆 SPORTS

📍 Para-Sports
✅ National Paralympic Powerlifting Championship inaugurated
📍 Host: Uttarakhand
📍 Aim:
✅ Promote inclusive sports & identify Paralympic talent

#CurrentAffairs

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