Day 105: 2 April target:
Science and Technology
Topics:
Nano-technology
Energy
Health And IT
Governance in field of S&T
Current Affairs: August, September 2025
Related
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
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@CSE_EXAM
Science and Technology
Topics:
Nano-technology
Energy
Health And IT
Governance in field of S&T
Current Affairs: August, September 2025
Related
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM
❤3
#Goodmorning
⏳52 days left CSP26[ 24-05-26]
⏳141 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳248 days left UPPSC prelims 6 December
⏳115 days left 72nd BPSC PRELIMS 26 July
⏳108 days left CAPF AC 19 July
⏳94 days left UKPSC PRELIMS 5 July
⏳67 days Left OPSC/ GPSC prelims 07 June
⏳60 days left MPSC (MH) prelims [ 31-05-26]
⏳24 days Left MPPSC (MP)/ HCS Prelims 26 April
⏳23 days Left bpsc mains 25 April
JPSC PRELIMS 19 April
⏳10 days days Left CDS1 /NDA 12 April
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
⏳52 days left CSP26[ 24-05-26]
⏳141 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳248 days left UPPSC prelims 6 December
⏳115 days left 72nd BPSC PRELIMS 26 July
⏳108 days left CAPF AC 19 July
⏳94 days left UKPSC PRELIMS 5 July
⏳67 days Left OPSC/ GPSC prelims 07 June
⏳60 days left MPSC (MH) prelims [ 31-05-26]
⏳24 days Left MPPSC (MP)/ HCS Prelims 26 April
⏳23 days Left bpsc mains 25 April
JPSC PRELIMS 19 April
⏳10 days days Left CDS1 /NDA 12 April
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
👌3
🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS — 1 APRIL 2026
🔆 INTERNATIONAL
📍 India Becomes Global Leader in IRCC Issuance
✅ India emerged as the top country in issuing Internationally Recognized Certificates of Compliance (IRCCs) under the Nagoya Protocol
✅ India issued 3,561 IRCCs, over 56% of global total of 6,311
✅ IRCC proves that:
• Prior Informed Consent has been taken
• Mutually Agreed Terms are in place
✅ India’s success credited to effective implementation of:
• Biological Diversity Act, 2002
• National Biodiversity Authority
• State Biodiversity Boards
• Biodiversity Management Committees
🔆 NATIONAL
📍 NSO Releases Energy Statistics India 2026
✅ National Statistical Office released the 33rd edition of Energy Statistics India 2026
✅ India’s total renewable energy potential stands at 47,04,043 MW as of 31 March 2025
✅ Solar energy accounts for nearly 71% of total renewable potential with 33,43,378 MW
✅ Other major sources:
• Wind Power – 11,63,856 MW
• Large Hydro – 1,33,410 MW
✅ More than 70% of renewable potential is concentrated in 6 states:
• Rajasthan – 23.7%
• Maharashtra – 14.26%
• Gujarat – 9.1%
• Andhra Pradesh – 9.1%
• Karnataka – 8.59%
• Madhya Pradesh – 8.09%
📍 Credit Flow to Energy Sector Rises Sharply
✅ Credit to the energy sector increased more than 6 times
✅ It rose from ₹1,688 crore in 2021 to ₹10,325 crore in 2025
📍 MeitY Approves 29 Projects under ECMS
✅ Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology approved 29 new projects under the 4th tranche of Electronics Components Manufacturing Scheme (ECMS)
✅ Total investment approved: ₹7,104 crore
✅ Expected production value: ₹84,515 crore
✅ Direct employment generation: 14,246 jobs
✅ Total approvals under ECMS now stand at 75 applications with total investment of ₹61,671 crore
📍 ECMS Key Features
✅ Scheme launched in 2025 with an outlay of ₹40,000 crore for FY26–FY32
✅ Focuses on high-value components like:
• PCBs
• Camera modules
• Display modules
• Lithium-ion cells
✅ Incentives available:
• Turnover-linked
• Capex-linked
• Hybrid incentives
📍 Nyaya Setu AI Chatbot Launched
✅ Department of Justice launched AI-powered legal assistant “Nyaya Setu” during DISHA Programme at Vigyan Bhawan
✅ Features:
• Voice-first
• Multilingual
• Multimodal (voice + text)
✅ Helps citizens understand legal rights and legal processes
✅ Developed using BHASHINI technology and trained on Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita
📍 ‘Dishika’ Unveiled as Nyaya Setu Mascot
✅ Mascot name: Dishika
✅ Acts as a friendly digital guide to improve trust and accessibility
✅ BHASHINI currently supports:
• 36 text languages
• 23 voice languages
• 500+ government websites
📍 PM Inaugurates Samrat Samprati Museum
✅ PM Narendra Modi inaugurated the Samrat Samprati Museum at Koba, Gandhinagar on Mahavir Jayanti
✅ Museum is dedicated to:
• Jain history
• Life of Samrat Samprati
• Values of Ahimsa and spirituality
🔆 DEFENCE
📍 First Next Generation Offshore Patrol Vessel Launched
✅ First NGOPV named Shachi launched at Goa Shipyard Limited on 31 March 2026
✅ It is the first among 11 Next Generation Offshore Patrol Vessels for Indian Navy
✅ Built jointly by:
• Goa Shipyard Limited
• Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers
✅ “Shachi” is named after Indian mythology and its crest includes the Ursa Major constellation and lighthouse
🔆 STATES
📍 Punjab Approves Mukhyamantri Mawan Dheeyan Satkar Yojana
✅ Punjab Cabinet led by Bhagwant Mann approved Mukhyamantri Mawan Dheeyan Satkar Yojana
✅ Scheme aims to provide financial support to women
✅ Women aged 18 years and above and registered voters of Punjab are eligible
✅ Assistance under the scheme:
• ₹1,000 per month for all eligible women
• ₹1,500 per month for SC women
✅ Scheme expected to cover around 97% of adult women in Punjab
🔆 SCHEMES
📍 PM-KUSUM Deadline Extended to March 2027
✅ Ministry of New and Renewable Energy extended PM-KUSUM project commissioning deadline to 31 March 2027
✅ Applies to projects where PPA was signed or Letter of Intent issued before 31 December 2025
✅ Earlier deadline was March 2026
✅ PM-KUSUM aims to add 34,800 MW solar capacity
🔆 INTERNATIONAL
📍 India Becomes Global Leader in IRCC Issuance
✅ India emerged as the top country in issuing Internationally Recognized Certificates of Compliance (IRCCs) under the Nagoya Protocol
✅ India issued 3,561 IRCCs, over 56% of global total of 6,311
✅ IRCC proves that:
• Prior Informed Consent has been taken
• Mutually Agreed Terms are in place
✅ India’s success credited to effective implementation of:
• Biological Diversity Act, 2002
• National Biodiversity Authority
• State Biodiversity Boards
• Biodiversity Management Committees
🔆 NATIONAL
📍 NSO Releases Energy Statistics India 2026
✅ National Statistical Office released the 33rd edition of Energy Statistics India 2026
✅ India’s total renewable energy potential stands at 47,04,043 MW as of 31 March 2025
✅ Solar energy accounts for nearly 71% of total renewable potential with 33,43,378 MW
✅ Other major sources:
• Wind Power – 11,63,856 MW
• Large Hydro – 1,33,410 MW
✅ More than 70% of renewable potential is concentrated in 6 states:
• Rajasthan – 23.7%
• Maharashtra – 14.26%
• Gujarat – 9.1%
• Andhra Pradesh – 9.1%
• Karnataka – 8.59%
• Madhya Pradesh – 8.09%
📍 Credit Flow to Energy Sector Rises Sharply
✅ Credit to the energy sector increased more than 6 times
✅ It rose from ₹1,688 crore in 2021 to ₹10,325 crore in 2025
📍 MeitY Approves 29 Projects under ECMS
✅ Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology approved 29 new projects under the 4th tranche of Electronics Components Manufacturing Scheme (ECMS)
✅ Total investment approved: ₹7,104 crore
✅ Expected production value: ₹84,515 crore
✅ Direct employment generation: 14,246 jobs
✅ Total approvals under ECMS now stand at 75 applications with total investment of ₹61,671 crore
📍 ECMS Key Features
✅ Scheme launched in 2025 with an outlay of ₹40,000 crore for FY26–FY32
✅ Focuses on high-value components like:
• PCBs
• Camera modules
• Display modules
• Lithium-ion cells
✅ Incentives available:
• Turnover-linked
• Capex-linked
• Hybrid incentives
📍 Nyaya Setu AI Chatbot Launched
✅ Department of Justice launched AI-powered legal assistant “Nyaya Setu” during DISHA Programme at Vigyan Bhawan
✅ Features:
• Voice-first
• Multilingual
• Multimodal (voice + text)
✅ Helps citizens understand legal rights and legal processes
✅ Developed using BHASHINI technology and trained on Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita
📍 ‘Dishika’ Unveiled as Nyaya Setu Mascot
✅ Mascot name: Dishika
✅ Acts as a friendly digital guide to improve trust and accessibility
✅ BHASHINI currently supports:
• 36 text languages
• 23 voice languages
• 500+ government websites
📍 PM Inaugurates Samrat Samprati Museum
✅ PM Narendra Modi inaugurated the Samrat Samprati Museum at Koba, Gandhinagar on Mahavir Jayanti
✅ Museum is dedicated to:
• Jain history
• Life of Samrat Samprati
• Values of Ahimsa and spirituality
🔆 DEFENCE
📍 First Next Generation Offshore Patrol Vessel Launched
✅ First NGOPV named Shachi launched at Goa Shipyard Limited on 31 March 2026
✅ It is the first among 11 Next Generation Offshore Patrol Vessels for Indian Navy
✅ Built jointly by:
• Goa Shipyard Limited
• Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers
✅ “Shachi” is named after Indian mythology and its crest includes the Ursa Major constellation and lighthouse
🔆 STATES
📍 Punjab Approves Mukhyamantri Mawan Dheeyan Satkar Yojana
✅ Punjab Cabinet led by Bhagwant Mann approved Mukhyamantri Mawan Dheeyan Satkar Yojana
✅ Scheme aims to provide financial support to women
✅ Women aged 18 years and above and registered voters of Punjab are eligible
✅ Assistance under the scheme:
• ₹1,000 per month for all eligible women
• ₹1,500 per month for SC women
✅ Scheme expected to cover around 97% of adult women in Punjab
🔆 SCHEMES
📍 PM-KUSUM Deadline Extended to March 2027
✅ Ministry of New and Renewable Energy extended PM-KUSUM project commissioning deadline to 31 March 2027
✅ Applies to projects where PPA was signed or Letter of Intent issued before 31 December 2025
✅ Earlier deadline was March 2026
✅ PM-KUSUM aims to add 34,800 MW solar capacity
❤4
✅ Central financial support under scheme: ₹34,422 crore
✅ Funding pattern:
• Central Government – 30% subsidy
• State Government – 30% subsidy
• Farmers – 40% contribution
#CurrentAffairs
✅ Funding pattern:
• Central Government – 30% subsidy
• State Government – 30% subsidy
• Farmers – 40% contribution
#CurrentAffairs
🔆 Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS)
📍 About
✅ Launched in 2023.
✅ Aim: To create a domestic carbon credit market and support India’s goal of reducing emission intensity by 45% from 2005 levels by 2030.
📍 Legal Basis
✅ Introduced under the Energy Conservation Act.
✅ Strengthened through the Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act.
📍 Mechanisms under CCTS
✅ Compliance Mechanism
➡️ Mandatory mechanism where the government fixes GHG emission intensity targets for obligated entities.
➡️ Initially covers 9 sectors such as:
• Fertiliser
• Iron & Steel
• Pulp & Paper
• Petrochemicals
• Petroleum Refineries
➡️ Obligated entities are notified by the Ministry of Power on the recommendation of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency.
✅ Offset Mechanism
➡️ Voluntary, project-based mechanism.
➡️ Designed for non-obligated entities that are outside the compliance mechanism.
📍 Carbon Credit Certificates
✅ Carbon Credit Certificates are issued by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency to entities that surpass their emission reduction targets.
📍 Monitoring Mechanism
✅ The scheme is monitored by a National Steering Committee chaired by the Power Secretary.
📍 Draft Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emission Intensity Target Rules, 2025
✅ Issued under the compliance mechanism of CCTS.
✅ Proposes legally binding GHG emission targets for more than 460 industrial units.
✅ Forms the basis of India’s first compliance-based carbon market.
#goverment_schemes
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_government_scheme
📍 About
✅ Launched in 2023.
✅ Aim: To create a domestic carbon credit market and support India’s goal of reducing emission intensity by 45% from 2005 levels by 2030.
📍 Legal Basis
✅ Introduced under the Energy Conservation Act.
✅ Strengthened through the Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act.
📍 Mechanisms under CCTS
✅ Compliance Mechanism
➡️ Mandatory mechanism where the government fixes GHG emission intensity targets for obligated entities.
➡️ Initially covers 9 sectors such as:
• Fertiliser
• Iron & Steel
• Pulp & Paper
• Petrochemicals
• Petroleum Refineries
➡️ Obligated entities are notified by the Ministry of Power on the recommendation of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency.
✅ Offset Mechanism
➡️ Voluntary, project-based mechanism.
➡️ Designed for non-obligated entities that are outside the compliance mechanism.
📍 Carbon Credit Certificates
✅ Carbon Credit Certificates are issued by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency to entities that surpass their emission reduction targets.
📍 Monitoring Mechanism
✅ The scheme is monitored by a National Steering Committee chaired by the Power Secretary.
📍 Draft Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emission Intensity Target Rules, 2025
✅ Issued under the compliance mechanism of CCTS.
✅ Proposes legally binding GHG emission targets for more than 460 industrial units.
✅ Forms the basis of India’s first compliance-based carbon market.
#goverment_schemes
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_government_scheme
❤6👌1
PYQ Themes by Anmol Vachan.pdf
32.8 MB
30 % discount
Time less Practice more
UPSC Prelims Accelerator Program
* Daily 8:10 PM Quiz (GS/CSAT as per schedule)
* 60+ Topic-wise MCQs every day
* Saturday CSAT – 15 MCQs
* Sunday OFF
* MCQs based on PYQs (UPSC CSE, CDS, CAPF, State PSC) + Statics+ current affairs
* All MCQs saved for later practice
* Total 4000+ Que
* Complete topic-wise syllabus schedule https://t.me/anmolvachan1/42398
Fee 499rs699rs
Sample question https://t.me/+RMQ69mdaUI1iMmNl
Time less Practice more
UPSC Prelims Accelerator Program
* Daily 8:10 PM Quiz (GS/CSAT as per schedule)
* 60+ Topic-wise MCQs every day
* Saturday CSAT – 15 MCQs
* Sunday OFF
* MCQs based on PYQs (UPSC CSE, CDS, CAPF, State PSC) + Statics+ current affairs
* All MCQs saved for later practice
* Total 4000+ Que
* Complete topic-wise syllabus schedule https://t.me/anmolvachan1/42398
Fee 499rs
Sample question https://t.me/+RMQ69mdaUI1iMmNl
❤3
🔆 Samrat Samprati
📍 Who was he?
✅ Samrat Samprati was a ruler of the Mauryan dynasty.
✅ He was the son of Kunala and grandson of Ashoka.
✅ He was also known by the titles Indrapalit, Sangat and Vigatashok.
📍 Reign
✅ Samprati is believed to have ruled between 230 BCE and 220 BCE.
✅ After Ashoka’s death in 232 BCE, some historians believe that the Mauryan Empire was divided between Samprati and Dasharatha.
📍 Religious Journey
✅ According to Jain traditions, Samprati was either a Jain from birth or later converted to Jainism under the guidance of the monk Suhastin.
✅ He accepted Suhastin as his guru and followed the practices of a Jain layman.
✅ Suhastin was the eighth leader of the Jain congregation established by Mahavira.
✅ In the Shvetambara Jain tradition, Samprati is considered the most important Mauryan patron of Jainism.
📍 Associated Texts
✅ Samprati’s story first appears in Shvetambara Jain texts related to monastic discipline.
✅ Later medieval works such as Samprati Nripa Charitra were devoted entirely to his life.
📍 Contribution to Jainism
✅ Samprati played a major role in spreading Jainism across India and beyond.
✅ He is believed to have promoted Jainism in regions such as Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Malwa and Rajputana.
✅ Some accounts also credit him with spreading Jain influence to China, Myanmar, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan and even parts of Central and West Asia.
✅ He is said to have built nearly 125,000 new temples, renovated older temples and established charitable centres for the poor.
🔆 Samrat Samprati Museum
📍 About the Museum
✅ Samrat Samprati Sangrahalaya is a major Jain heritage museum located in Koba.
✅ It is named after Samrat Samprati Maharaj.
✅ The museum aims to preserve and showcase the artistic, cultural and religious heritage of Jainism.
✅ It has been developed as a “Kala-Tirth” — a centre of both spiritual learning and cultural heritage.
#history #prelims #mains
Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM https://t.me/Upsc_4_history
📍 Who was he?
✅ Samrat Samprati was a ruler of the Mauryan dynasty.
✅ He was the son of Kunala and grandson of Ashoka.
✅ He was also known by the titles Indrapalit, Sangat and Vigatashok.
📍 Reign
✅ Samprati is believed to have ruled between 230 BCE and 220 BCE.
✅ After Ashoka’s death in 232 BCE, some historians believe that the Mauryan Empire was divided between Samprati and Dasharatha.
📍 Religious Journey
✅ According to Jain traditions, Samprati was either a Jain from birth or later converted to Jainism under the guidance of the monk Suhastin.
✅ He accepted Suhastin as his guru and followed the practices of a Jain layman.
✅ Suhastin was the eighth leader of the Jain congregation established by Mahavira.
✅ In the Shvetambara Jain tradition, Samprati is considered the most important Mauryan patron of Jainism.
📍 Associated Texts
✅ Samprati’s story first appears in Shvetambara Jain texts related to monastic discipline.
✅ Later medieval works such as Samprati Nripa Charitra were devoted entirely to his life.
📍 Contribution to Jainism
✅ Samprati played a major role in spreading Jainism across India and beyond.
✅ He is believed to have promoted Jainism in regions such as Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Malwa and Rajputana.
✅ Some accounts also credit him with spreading Jain influence to China, Myanmar, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan and even parts of Central and West Asia.
✅ He is said to have built nearly 125,000 new temples, renovated older temples and established charitable centres for the poor.
🔆 Samrat Samprati Museum
📍 About the Museum
✅ Samrat Samprati Sangrahalaya is a major Jain heritage museum located in Koba.
✅ It is named after Samrat Samprati Maharaj.
✅ The museum aims to preserve and showcase the artistic, cultural and religious heritage of Jainism.
✅ It has been developed as a “Kala-Tirth” — a centre of both spiritual learning and cultural heritage.
#history #prelims #mains
Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM https://t.me/Upsc_4_history
❤7
Day 106: 3 April target:
Science and Technology
Topics:
Revision
Current Affairs: October, November 2025
Related
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM
Science and Technology
Topics:
Revision
Current Affairs: October, November 2025
Related
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM
❤4
#Goodmorning
⏳51 days left CSP26[ 24-05-26]
⏳140 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳247 days left UPPSC prelims 6 December
⏳114 days left 72nd BPSC PRELIMS 26 July
⏳107 days left CAPF AC 19 July
⏳93 days left UKPSC PRELIMS 5 July
⏳66 days Left OPSC/ GPSC prelims 07 June
⏳59 days left MPSC (MH) prelims [ 31-05-26]
⏳23 days Left MPPSC (MP)/ HCS Prelims 26 April
⏳22 days Left bpsc mains 25 April
JPSC PRELIMS 19 April
⏳9 days days Left CDS1 /NDA 12 April
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
⏳51 days left CSP26[ 24-05-26]
⏳140 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳247 days left UPPSC prelims 6 December
⏳114 days left 72nd BPSC PRELIMS 26 July
⏳107 days left CAPF AC 19 July
⏳93 days left UKPSC PRELIMS 5 July
⏳66 days Left OPSC/ GPSC prelims 07 June
⏳59 days left MPSC (MH) prelims [ 31-05-26]
⏳23 days Left MPPSC (MP)/ HCS Prelims 26 April
⏳22 days Left bpsc mains 25 April
JPSC PRELIMS 19 April
⏳9 days days Left CDS1 /NDA 12 April
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
❤4
🔆 SMILE Scheme
📍 Full Form
✅ Support for Marginalized Individuals for Livelihood and Enterprise.
✅ Launched in 2022 as a Central Sector Scheme.
📍 Aim
✅ To provide welfare, rehabilitation and livelihood support to:
➡️ Transgender persons
➡️ Persons engaged in the act of begging
📍 Implemented By
✅ Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.
📍 Duration
✅ 2021–22 to 2025–26.
📍 Beneficiaries / Target Group
✅ Transgender community.
✅ Persons engaged in begging.
📍 Eligibility
✅ Transgender persons as defined under the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act.
✅ Persons identified for rehabilitation from begging.
📍 Two Sub-Schemes
✅ Central Sector Scheme for Comprehensive Rehabilitation for Welfare of Transgender Persons.
✅ Central Sector Scheme for Comprehensive Rehabilitation of Persons engaged in the act of Begging.
📍 Safeguards
✅ Provision for a Transgender Protection Cell in every State to monitor offences.
📍 Important Features
✅ Scholarships for transgender students from Class IX to Post-Graduation.
✅ ‘Garima Greh’ provides shelter homes for transgender persons.
✅ SMILE-75 Initiative (2023–24): Extends benefits of the scheme to 75 municipal corporations and municipalities across India.
📍 Do Not Confuse With
✅ SMILE Programme – Strengthening Multimodal and Integrated Logistics Ecosystem (logistics sector).
✅ Operation Smile – Scheme launched by the Kerala Government for rehabilitation of homeless persons.
#goverment_schemes
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_government_scheme
📍 Full Form
✅ Support for Marginalized Individuals for Livelihood and Enterprise.
✅ Launched in 2022 as a Central Sector Scheme.
📍 Aim
✅ To provide welfare, rehabilitation and livelihood support to:
➡️ Transgender persons
➡️ Persons engaged in the act of begging
📍 Implemented By
✅ Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.
📍 Duration
✅ 2021–22 to 2025–26.
📍 Beneficiaries / Target Group
✅ Transgender community.
✅ Persons engaged in begging.
📍 Eligibility
✅ Transgender persons as defined under the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act.
✅ Persons identified for rehabilitation from begging.
📍 Two Sub-Schemes
✅ Central Sector Scheme for Comprehensive Rehabilitation for Welfare of Transgender Persons.
✅ Central Sector Scheme for Comprehensive Rehabilitation of Persons engaged in the act of Begging.
📍 Safeguards
✅ Provision for a Transgender Protection Cell in every State to monitor offences.
📍 Important Features
✅ Scholarships for transgender students from Class IX to Post-Graduation.
✅ ‘Garima Greh’ provides shelter homes for transgender persons.
✅ SMILE-75 Initiative (2023–24): Extends benefits of the scheme to 75 municipal corporations and municipalities across India.
📍 Do Not Confuse With
✅ SMILE Programme – Strengthening Multimodal and Integrated Logistics Ecosystem (logistics sector).
✅ Operation Smile – Scheme launched by the Kerala Government for rehabilitation of homeless persons.
#goverment_schemes
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_government_scheme
❤9👍1
🔆 C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji)
📍 Context
✅ President Droupadi Murmu recently unveiled the statue of C. Rajagopalachari at Rashtrapati Bhavan, replacing that of Edwin Lutyens.
📍 Who was He?
✅ Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, popularly known as Rajaji or CR, was a freedom fighter, social reformer and statesman.
✅ He was the last Governor-General of independent India and the first Indian to hold the office.
✅ He was also awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1954.
📍 Early Life
✅ Born in December 1878 at Thorapalli in Krishnagiri district of Tamil Nadu.
✅ He studied in his village school and later moved to Madras in 1896 to study law.
✅ He completed his Bachelor of Law in 1899 and started legal practice in Salem.
📍 Role in Freedom Struggle
✅ Participated in the 1906 and 1907 sessions of the Indian National Congress.
✅ Supported the Rowlatt Satyagraha in 1919 and led the Non-Cooperation Movement in Tamil Nadu in 1920.
✅ In 1930, he led the famous Vedaranyam Salt March from Trichy to Vedaranyam during the Civil Disobedience Movement.
✅ He differed with Mahatma Gandhi during the Quit India Movement in 1942 and advocated negotiations.
✅ In 1944, he proposed the famous Rajaji Formula to resolve the Congress-Muslim League deadlock.
📍 Political Contributions
✅ Elected to the Salem Municipal Council in 1911 and became its Chairman in 1917.
✅ Founded the Swatantra Party in 1959 to provide a constitutional opposition and support free enterprise.
✅ Opposed excessive state control and Soviet-style economic planning.
✅ Favoured democratic governance with a balance between state intervention and individual freedom.
📍 Social Reform Measures
✅ Supported Dalit temple entry and introduced legislation in 1939 to protect such rights.
✅ Backed laws making caste-based discrimination punishable.
✅ Introduced Hindi in schools in 1938, but later opposed its compulsory imposition.
✅ Worked for the welfare of backward classes and social equality.
📍 Legacy
✅ Rajaji is remembered as one of the foremost intellectuals and statesmen of modern India.
✅ He passed away on 25 December 1972.
#history #prelims #mains
Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM https://t.me/Upsc_4_history
📍 Context
✅ President Droupadi Murmu recently unveiled the statue of C. Rajagopalachari at Rashtrapati Bhavan, replacing that of Edwin Lutyens.
📍 Who was He?
✅ Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, popularly known as Rajaji or CR, was a freedom fighter, social reformer and statesman.
✅ He was the last Governor-General of independent India and the first Indian to hold the office.
✅ He was also awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1954.
📍 Early Life
✅ Born in December 1878 at Thorapalli in Krishnagiri district of Tamil Nadu.
✅ He studied in his village school and later moved to Madras in 1896 to study law.
✅ He completed his Bachelor of Law in 1899 and started legal practice in Salem.
📍 Role in Freedom Struggle
✅ Participated in the 1906 and 1907 sessions of the Indian National Congress.
✅ Supported the Rowlatt Satyagraha in 1919 and led the Non-Cooperation Movement in Tamil Nadu in 1920.
✅ In 1930, he led the famous Vedaranyam Salt March from Trichy to Vedaranyam during the Civil Disobedience Movement.
✅ He differed with Mahatma Gandhi during the Quit India Movement in 1942 and advocated negotiations.
✅ In 1944, he proposed the famous Rajaji Formula to resolve the Congress-Muslim League deadlock.
📍 Political Contributions
✅ Elected to the Salem Municipal Council in 1911 and became its Chairman in 1917.
✅ Founded the Swatantra Party in 1959 to provide a constitutional opposition and support free enterprise.
✅ Opposed excessive state control and Soviet-style economic planning.
✅ Favoured democratic governance with a balance between state intervention and individual freedom.
📍 Social Reform Measures
✅ Supported Dalit temple entry and introduced legislation in 1939 to protect such rights.
✅ Backed laws making caste-based discrimination punishable.
✅ Introduced Hindi in schools in 1938, but later opposed its compulsory imposition.
✅ Worked for the welfare of backward classes and social equality.
📍 Legacy
✅ Rajaji is remembered as one of the foremost intellectuals and statesmen of modern India.
✅ He passed away on 25 December 1972.
#history #prelims #mains
Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM https://t.me/Upsc_4_history
❤5
❤1
🔆 Pradhan Mantri Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana (PMVKY)
📍 Launch & Objective
✅ Launched in 2014.
✅ Aim: To ensure holistic and sustainable development of tribal communities through convergence of resources and focused interventions.
📍 Implemented By
✅ Implemented by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.
📍 Major Components
✅ Pradhan Mantri Adi Adarsh Gram Yojana (PMAAGY):
➡️ Focuses on integrated development of 36,428 tribal villages.
➡️ Key areas: Connectivity, education, health and sanitation.
✅ Development of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs):
➡️ Seeks socio-economic upliftment of PVTGs while preserving their cultural heritage.
✅ Support to Tribal Research Institutes (TRIs):
➡️ Provides financial assistance to States and UTs.
➡️ Strengthens research and knowledge related to tribal issues.
✅ Pre-Matric Scholarship for ST Students:
➡️ For students studying in Classes IX and X.
➡️ Eligibility: Parental annual income up to ₹2.5 lakh.
✅ Post-Matric Scholarship for ST Students:
➡️ For studies beyond Class X.
✅ Administrative Assistance for PMVKY (PMUs):
➡️ Supports Project Management Units in States.
📍 Key Feature
✅ PMVKY is a convergence umbrella scheme, not a standalone scheme.
✅ It brings together various tribal welfare initiatives under a single framework to improve implementation and outcomes.
#goverment_schemes
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_government_scheme
📍 Launch & Objective
✅ Launched in 2014.
✅ Aim: To ensure holistic and sustainable development of tribal communities through convergence of resources and focused interventions.
📍 Implemented By
✅ Implemented by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.
📍 Major Components
✅ Pradhan Mantri Adi Adarsh Gram Yojana (PMAAGY):
➡️ Focuses on integrated development of 36,428 tribal villages.
➡️ Key areas: Connectivity, education, health and sanitation.
✅ Development of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs):
➡️ Seeks socio-economic upliftment of PVTGs while preserving their cultural heritage.
✅ Support to Tribal Research Institutes (TRIs):
➡️ Provides financial assistance to States and UTs.
➡️ Strengthens research and knowledge related to tribal issues.
✅ Pre-Matric Scholarship for ST Students:
➡️ For students studying in Classes IX and X.
➡️ Eligibility: Parental annual income up to ₹2.5 lakh.
✅ Post-Matric Scholarship for ST Students:
➡️ For studies beyond Class X.
✅ Administrative Assistance for PMVKY (PMUs):
➡️ Supports Project Management Units in States.
📍 Key Feature
✅ PMVKY is a convergence umbrella scheme, not a standalone scheme.
✅ It brings together various tribal welfare initiatives under a single framework to improve implementation and outcomes.
#goverment_schemes
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_government_scheme
❤5
#Goodmorning
⏳50 days left CSP26[ 24-05-26]
⏳139 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳246 days left UPPSC prelims 6 December
⏳113 days left 72nd BPSC PRELIMS 26 July
⏳106 days left CAPF AC 19 July
⏳92 days left UKPSC PRELIMS 5 July
⏳65 days Left OPSC/ GPSC prelims 07 June
⏳58 days left MPSC (MH) prelims [ 31-05-26]
⏳22 days Left MPPSC (MP)/ HCS Prelims 26 April
⏳21 days Left bpsc mains 25 April
JPSC PRELIMS 19 April
⏳8 days days Left CDS1 /NDA 12 April
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
⏳50 days left CSP26[ 24-05-26]
⏳139 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳246 days left UPPSC prelims 6 December
⏳113 days left 72nd BPSC PRELIMS 26 July
⏳106 days left CAPF AC 19 July
⏳92 days left UKPSC PRELIMS 5 July
⏳65 days Left OPSC/ GPSC prelims 07 June
⏳58 days left MPSC (MH) prelims [ 31-05-26]
⏳22 days Left MPPSC (MP)/ HCS Prelims 26 April
⏳21 days Left bpsc mains 25 April
JPSC PRELIMS 19 April
⏳8 days days Left CDS1 /NDA 12 April
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
❤2
🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS — 2 APRIL 2026
🔆 REGULATORY BODIES
📍 RBI Foundation Day 2026
✅ Reserve Bank of India celebrated its Foundation Day on 1 April 2026
✅ RBI was established in 1935 under the RBI Act, 1934
✅ Headquarters shifted from Kolkata to Mumbai in 1937
✅ First Governor: Osborne Smith
✅ First Indian Governor: C. D. Deshmukh
🔆 BANKING & FINANCE
📍 GST Collections Cross ₹2 Lakh Crore
✅ GST collections in March 2026 crossed ₹2 lakh crore for the first time
✅ Collections rose by 8.8% year-on-year
✅ FY26 GST growth stood at 8.3% overall
📍 India’s Fiscal Deficit Narrows
✅ Fiscal deficit during April–February FY26 narrowed to ₹12.5 trillion
✅ It was ₹13.4 trillion in the same period last year
✅ Deficit stands at 80.4% of revised estimates
✅ Total capital expenditure reached ₹9.3 trillion, up nearly 15% year-on-year
📍 Industrial Output Grows 5.2% in February 2026
✅ India’s Index of Industrial Production (IIP) grew by 5.2% in February 2026
✅ Manufacturing remained the key driver with around 78% share in IIP
✅ Mining sector grew by 3.1%
✅ Electricity generation increased by 2.3%
🔆 NATIONAL
📍 New Solid Waste Management Rules, 2026
✅ Ministry of Environment notified Solid Waste Management Rules, 2026 from 1 April 2026
✅ These replace the 2016 rules
✅ Four-way waste segregation is now mandatory for households and institutions:
• Wet waste
• Dry waste
• Sanitary waste
• Special care waste
✅ Focus is on circular economy through reuse, recycle and repurpose
✅ Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) use in cement and waste-to-energy plants to rise from 5% to 15% in next 6 years
📍 Census 2027 to Begin from April 2026
✅ India will conduct its first fully digital Census in 2027
✅ Phase I (House Listing & Housing Census) begins from 1 April 2026
✅ Self-enumeration facility will be available in 16 languages
✅ Census 2027 will also include caste enumeration
✅ General reference date: 1 March 2027
📍 Bhavasagara Declared National Repository for Deep-Sea Fauna
✅ “Bhavasagara” Referral Centre has been designated as India’s National Repository for Deep-Sea Fauna
✅ Repository will preserve biological samples and DNA records of deep-sea species
✅ It functions under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002
✅ It also supports the UN Decade of Ocean Science (2021–2030)
🔆 DEFENCE
📍 MoD Fully Utilises Capital Outlay for FY26
✅ Ministry of Defence fully utilised capital outlay of ₹1.86 lakh crore in FY 2025–26
✅ 503 defence contracts worth ₹2.28 lakh crore were signed
✅ 109 proposals worth ₹6.81 lakh crore received Acceptance of Necessity (AoN)
✅ Around 99.62% of capital outlay was utilised
📍 Indian Navy Receives INS Sanshodhak
✅ INS Sanshodhak inducted into the Indian Navy
✅ It is the 4th and final ship under the Survey Vessel (Large) project
✅ Built by Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers, Kolkata
✅ Other ships in the project: INS Sandhayak, INS Nirdeshak and INS Ikshak
📍 Indian Navy Receives INS Dunagiri
✅ INS Dunagiri inducted under Project 17A
✅ It is the 5th Nilgiri-class stealth frigate
✅ Built by Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers
✅ Project 17A includes total 7 stealth frigates built by MDL and GRSE
🔆 STATES
📍 Utkal Divas 2026
✅ Utkal Divas observed on 1 April 2026
✅ Marks formation of Odisha in 1936
✅ Odisha was the first Indian state formed on linguistic basis (Odia language)
📍 Amaravati to Become Sole Capital of Andhra Pradesh
✅ Andhra Pradesh plans to declare Amaravati as its sole capital
✅ Amendment proposed in Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014
✅ Hyderabad remained common capital of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana till 2024
✅ After bifurcation, Amaravati will officially become Andhra Pradesh’s only capital
🔆 SCHEMES
📍 RoSCTL Scheme Extended Till September 2026
✅ Government extended RoSCTL scheme till 30 September 2026
✅ RoSCTL stands for Rebate of State and Central Taxes and Levies
✅ It benefits apparel and textile exports
✅ RoDTEP scheme for textile products not covered under RoSCTL also extended till September 2026
🔆 BOOKS & AUTHORS
📍 New Book Released by Vice President
🔆 REGULATORY BODIES
📍 RBI Foundation Day 2026
✅ Reserve Bank of India celebrated its Foundation Day on 1 April 2026
✅ RBI was established in 1935 under the RBI Act, 1934
✅ Headquarters shifted from Kolkata to Mumbai in 1937
✅ First Governor: Osborne Smith
✅ First Indian Governor: C. D. Deshmukh
🔆 BANKING & FINANCE
📍 GST Collections Cross ₹2 Lakh Crore
✅ GST collections in March 2026 crossed ₹2 lakh crore for the first time
✅ Collections rose by 8.8% year-on-year
✅ FY26 GST growth stood at 8.3% overall
📍 India’s Fiscal Deficit Narrows
✅ Fiscal deficit during April–February FY26 narrowed to ₹12.5 trillion
✅ It was ₹13.4 trillion in the same period last year
✅ Deficit stands at 80.4% of revised estimates
✅ Total capital expenditure reached ₹9.3 trillion, up nearly 15% year-on-year
📍 Industrial Output Grows 5.2% in February 2026
✅ India’s Index of Industrial Production (IIP) grew by 5.2% in February 2026
✅ Manufacturing remained the key driver with around 78% share in IIP
✅ Mining sector grew by 3.1%
✅ Electricity generation increased by 2.3%
🔆 NATIONAL
📍 New Solid Waste Management Rules, 2026
✅ Ministry of Environment notified Solid Waste Management Rules, 2026 from 1 April 2026
✅ These replace the 2016 rules
✅ Four-way waste segregation is now mandatory for households and institutions:
• Wet waste
• Dry waste
• Sanitary waste
• Special care waste
✅ Focus is on circular economy through reuse, recycle and repurpose
✅ Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) use in cement and waste-to-energy plants to rise from 5% to 15% in next 6 years
📍 Census 2027 to Begin from April 2026
✅ India will conduct its first fully digital Census in 2027
✅ Phase I (House Listing & Housing Census) begins from 1 April 2026
✅ Self-enumeration facility will be available in 16 languages
✅ Census 2027 will also include caste enumeration
✅ General reference date: 1 March 2027
📍 Bhavasagara Declared National Repository for Deep-Sea Fauna
✅ “Bhavasagara” Referral Centre has been designated as India’s National Repository for Deep-Sea Fauna
✅ Repository will preserve biological samples and DNA records of deep-sea species
✅ It functions under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002
✅ It also supports the UN Decade of Ocean Science (2021–2030)
🔆 DEFENCE
📍 MoD Fully Utilises Capital Outlay for FY26
✅ Ministry of Defence fully utilised capital outlay of ₹1.86 lakh crore in FY 2025–26
✅ 503 defence contracts worth ₹2.28 lakh crore were signed
✅ 109 proposals worth ₹6.81 lakh crore received Acceptance of Necessity (AoN)
✅ Around 99.62% of capital outlay was utilised
📍 Indian Navy Receives INS Sanshodhak
✅ INS Sanshodhak inducted into the Indian Navy
✅ It is the 4th and final ship under the Survey Vessel (Large) project
✅ Built by Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers, Kolkata
✅ Other ships in the project: INS Sandhayak, INS Nirdeshak and INS Ikshak
📍 Indian Navy Receives INS Dunagiri
✅ INS Dunagiri inducted under Project 17A
✅ It is the 5th Nilgiri-class stealth frigate
✅ Built by Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers
✅ Project 17A includes total 7 stealth frigates built by MDL and GRSE
🔆 STATES
📍 Utkal Divas 2026
✅ Utkal Divas observed on 1 April 2026
✅ Marks formation of Odisha in 1936
✅ Odisha was the first Indian state formed on linguistic basis (Odia language)
📍 Amaravati to Become Sole Capital of Andhra Pradesh
✅ Andhra Pradesh plans to declare Amaravati as its sole capital
✅ Amendment proposed in Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014
✅ Hyderabad remained common capital of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana till 2024
✅ After bifurcation, Amaravati will officially become Andhra Pradesh’s only capital
🔆 SCHEMES
📍 RoSCTL Scheme Extended Till September 2026
✅ Government extended RoSCTL scheme till 30 September 2026
✅ RoSCTL stands for Rebate of State and Central Taxes and Levies
✅ It benefits apparel and textile exports
✅ RoDTEP scheme for textile products not covered under RoSCTL also extended till September 2026
🔆 BOOKS & AUTHORS
📍 New Book Released by Vice President
❤6
✅ Vice President released book “Tides of Time: Bharat’s History through Murals in Parliament”
✅ Author: Sudha Murty
✅ Book highlights India’s history through Parliament murals
🔆 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
📍 NASA Launches Artemis II Mission
✅ NASA launched Artemis II on 1 April 2026
✅ It is the first human lunar mission after more than 50 years
✅ Rocket used: Space Launch System (SLS)
✅ Capsule: Orion
✅ Crew includes Reid Wiseman, Victor Glover, Christina Koch and Jeremy Hansen of Canada
#CurrentAffairs
✅ Author: Sudha Murty
✅ Book highlights India’s history through Parliament murals
🔆 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
📍 NASA Launches Artemis II Mission
✅ NASA launched Artemis II on 1 April 2026
✅ It is the first human lunar mission after more than 50 years
✅ Rocket used: Space Launch System (SLS)
✅ Capsule: Orion
✅ Crew includes Reid Wiseman, Victor Glover, Christina Koch and Jeremy Hansen of Canada
#CurrentAffairs
❤3
🔆 BRICS
📍 About BRICS
✅ BRICS was formally institutionalised in 2009 through the first BRICS Leaders’ Summit.
✅ The term “BRIC” was coined in 2001.
✅ It is an intergovernmental forum aimed at promoting South–South cooperation, multipolarity and development finance.
📍 Agenda
✅ Strengthening cooperation among emerging economies.
✅ Promoting a multipolar world order.
✅ Supporting development finance and interests of the Global South.
📍 Members (11)
✅ Original Members:
➡️ Brazil
➡️ Russia
➡️ India
➡️ China
➡️ South Africa
✅ New Members:
➡️ Egypt
➡️ Ethiopia
➡️ Iran
➡️ United Arab Emirates
➡️ Indonesia – became the first Southeast Asian member in 2025.
✅ Partner Country:
➡️ Nigeria became the 9th BRICS partner country in January 2025.
📍 Importance
✅ BRICS represents over 42% of the global population and around 23% of world GDP.
✅ It acts as an important voice of the Global South and emerging economies.
📍 Institutional Features
✅ BRICS Leaders’ Summit is held annually.
✅ Chairmanship rotates every year among members in the order B-R-I-C-S.
✅ Each presidency lasts from 1 January to 31 December.
✅ BRICS has no permanent headquarters and no single official language.
🔆 17th BRICS Summit, 2025
📍 Key Details
✅ The 17th BRICS Summit was held in Rio de Janeiro in July 2025.
✅ Theme: “Strengthening Global South Cooperation for a More Inclusive and Sustainable Governance”.
✅ The previous summit was held in Kazan in 2024.
📍 Major Declarations
✅ Fortaleza Declaration (2014)
➡️ Adopted at the 6th BRICS Summit.
➡️ Led to the creation of the New Development Bank and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement.
✅ Johannesburg II Declaration (2023)
➡️ Adopted at the 15th BRICS Summit in Johannesburg.
➡️ It emphasized strengthening multilateralism, reforming global governance and promoting the interests of the Global South.
🔆 18th BRICS Presidency
📍 India’s Presidency in 2026
✅ Brazil handed over the BRICS Presidency to India for 2026.
✅ The President country sets the annual agenda, chairs meetings and hosts the BRICS Summit.
🔆 BRICS Parliamentary Forum
📍 About
✅ BRICS Parliamentary Forum was first held in 2015 in Moscow.
✅ It serves as a platform for dialogue among parliaments of BRICS countries.
✅ The 11th BRICS Parliamentary Forum was recently held in Brasilia.
✅ India will remain chair until the conclusion of the 12th forum in 2026.
#CSE_exam
📍 About BRICS
✅ BRICS was formally institutionalised in 2009 through the first BRICS Leaders’ Summit.
✅ The term “BRIC” was coined in 2001.
✅ It is an intergovernmental forum aimed at promoting South–South cooperation, multipolarity and development finance.
📍 Agenda
✅ Strengthening cooperation among emerging economies.
✅ Promoting a multipolar world order.
✅ Supporting development finance and interests of the Global South.
📍 Members (11)
✅ Original Members:
➡️ Brazil
➡️ Russia
➡️ India
➡️ China
➡️ South Africa
✅ New Members:
➡️ Egypt
➡️ Ethiopia
➡️ Iran
➡️ United Arab Emirates
➡️ Indonesia – became the first Southeast Asian member in 2025.
✅ Partner Country:
➡️ Nigeria became the 9th BRICS partner country in January 2025.
📍 Importance
✅ BRICS represents over 42% of the global population and around 23% of world GDP.
✅ It acts as an important voice of the Global South and emerging economies.
📍 Institutional Features
✅ BRICS Leaders’ Summit is held annually.
✅ Chairmanship rotates every year among members in the order B-R-I-C-S.
✅ Each presidency lasts from 1 January to 31 December.
✅ BRICS has no permanent headquarters and no single official language.
🔆 17th BRICS Summit, 2025
📍 Key Details
✅ The 17th BRICS Summit was held in Rio de Janeiro in July 2025.
✅ Theme: “Strengthening Global South Cooperation for a More Inclusive and Sustainable Governance”.
✅ The previous summit was held in Kazan in 2024.
📍 Major Declarations
✅ Fortaleza Declaration (2014)
➡️ Adopted at the 6th BRICS Summit.
➡️ Led to the creation of the New Development Bank and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement.
✅ Johannesburg II Declaration (2023)
➡️ Adopted at the 15th BRICS Summit in Johannesburg.
➡️ It emphasized strengthening multilateralism, reforming global governance and promoting the interests of the Global South.
🔆 18th BRICS Presidency
📍 India’s Presidency in 2026
✅ Brazil handed over the BRICS Presidency to India for 2026.
✅ The President country sets the annual agenda, chairs meetings and hosts the BRICS Summit.
🔆 BRICS Parliamentary Forum
📍 About
✅ BRICS Parliamentary Forum was first held in 2015 in Moscow.
✅ It serves as a platform for dialogue among parliaments of BRICS countries.
✅ The 11th BRICS Parliamentary Forum was recently held in Brasilia.
✅ India will remain chair until the conclusion of the 12th forum in 2026.
#CSE_exam
❤14😁1
Yashoda Krishna Painting Sold for ₹167 Crore | #IndianArt l
https://youtube.com/watch?v=OGMbxSTQRWA&si=YGpZiVAyXiy2GYJ7
https://youtube.com/watch?v=OGMbxSTQRWA&si=YGpZiVAyXiy2GYJ7
YouTube
Ravi Varma Yashoda Krishna Painting Sold for ₹167 Crore | #IndianArt #Krishna #Painting #yashoda
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