Yashoda Krishna Painting Sold for ₹167 Crore | #IndianArt l


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Economic survey 2025-26

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Quick revision Just 13 min

🔆 PM E-Drive Scheme

📍 Context
✅ Recently, under the PM E-Drive Scheme, ₹2,000 crore has been allocated to establish 72,000 public EV charging stations across India.

📍 About the Scheme
✅ PM E-Drive stands for PM Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement.
✅ It is a Central Sector Scheme launched in 2024.
✅ Aim: To accelerate electric mobility in India through incentives for EVs and expansion of charging infrastructure.

📍 Implemented By
✅ Implemented by the Ministry of Heavy Industries.
✅ Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited is the nodal agency for demand aggregation of charging infrastructure.
✅ BHEL will also develop a Unified EV Super App for users across India.

📍 Key Components
✅ Incentives for electric vehicles such as:
➡️ e-2 Wheelers
➡️ e-3 Wheelers
➡️ e-Ambulances
➡️ e-Trucks

✅ Installation of public EV charging stations across the country.
✅ Procurement of electric buses through CESL.
✅ Modernisation of testing agencies to support green mobility.

📍 Scheme Replaces
✅ Replaces the FAME India Scheme (Phase I & II).
✅ Also subsumes the Electric Mobility Promotion Scheme, 2024 (EMPS-2024).

📍 Financial Outlay
✅ Total financial outlay: ₹10,900 crore.
✅ Implementation period: 2024–2026.

📍 Significance
✅ The scheme aims to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and promote sustainable transport.
✅ Expansion of charging infrastructure is expected to improve EV adoption and support India’s climate goals.

#goverment_schemes

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Full length test

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🔆 Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)

📍 What is PSLV?
✅ PSLV is India’s third-generation launch vehicle developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation.
✅ It is used for placing satellites into different Earth orbits.
✅ The first successful launch of PSLV took place in 1994.

📍 Role
✅ PSLV is known as the “workhorse of ISRO”.
✅ It is mainly used for launching satellites into Low Earth Orbit (LEO).

📍 Design
✅ PSLV is a four-stage launch vehicle.
✅ It was the first Indian rocket to use liquid propulsion stages.
✅ The vehicle uses alternating solid and liquid fuel stages.

📍 Orbits Served
✅ PSLV is used for placing satellites in:
➡️ Sun-synchronous Orbit
➡️ Geostationary Transfer Orbit
➡️ Navigation Orbits

📍 Payload Capacity
✅ PSLV can carry about 1,750 kg payload to a 600 km Sun-Synchronous Polar Orbit.

📍 Variants
✅ Major variants of PSLV are:
➡️ PSLV-XL – uses extended strap-on boosters
➡️ PSLV-DL
➡️ PSLV-QL

📍 Important Achievements
✅ PSLV gained global recognition through the PSLV-C37 mission in 2017.
✅ In this mission, PSLV launched 104 satellites in a single flight, creating a world record.
✅ PSLV has been highly reliable, with only two failures since its inception.

📍 Major Missions Launched by PSLV
✅ Chandrayaan-1 (2008)
✅ Mars Orbiter Mission (2013)
✅ AstroSat

📍 Failures
✅ PSLV failed during its inaugural flight in 1993.
✅ Another failure occurred in the PSLV-C39 mission in 2017.

#GS3
#prelims
#science_technology
#science_and_technology

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🔆 Nipah Virus (NiV)

📍 About
✅ Zoonotic viral disease caused by the Nipah Virus Infection.
✅ Caused by Nipah virus, a highly pathogenic paramyxovirus.

📍 Transmission
✅ Animal → Human and Human → Human transmission possible.
✅ Natural reservoir: Fruit bats.
✅ Virus is present in bat urine and may also occur in faeces, saliva and birthing fluids.

📍 Affected Systems
✅ Primarily affects:
➡️ Respiratory system
➡️ Nervous system
➡️ Can cause encephalitis-like symptoms

📍 Treatment & Diagnosis
✅ No vaccine currently available.
✅ No specific curative treatment.
✅ Supportive care is the main treatment.

✅ Diagnosis methods include:
➡️ RT-PCR
➡️ ELISA
➡️ Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
➡️ Serum Neutralisation Test (SNT)

📍 Key Features
✅ Classified as a highly pathogenic paramyxovirus.
✅ Requires Biosafety Level-4 (BSL-4) laboratory facilities.
✅ Listed among the WHO Priority Pathogens.

📍 History
✅ First identified in 1999 in Malaysia and Singapore.

📍 Outbreak Regions
✅ Major outbreaks reported in:
➡️ Malaysia
➡️ Bangladesh
➡️ India, especially in Kerala and recently in West Bengal.

📍 Recent Development
✅ Gennova Biopharmaceuticals is developing a self-amplifying mRNA (saRNA) vaccine against Nipah virus.

#GS3 #Health #science_technology

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🔆 Dhanyakataka as a Prominent Buddhist Centre

📍 About
✅ Dhanyakataka, also known as Dharanikota, was located on the banks of the Krishna River in present-day Andhra Pradesh.
✅ It emerged as an important Buddhist centre during the ancient and medieval periods.

📍 Foundation & Satavahana Connection
✅ Founded around the 5th century BCE.
✅ Flourished under the Satavahana dynasty.
✅ Served as the capital of the Satavahanas from the 1st to 3rd centuries CE.

📍 Importance as a Buddhist Centre
✅ Major centre of Buddhist learning and culture.
✅ Associated with the Mahasanghika school of Buddhism.
✅ Contained several monasteries and viharas.
✅ The Dharmagupta Vihara was among the largest Buddhist monasteries in India.

✅ It was also a major centre of Buddhist art and architecture.
✅ The nearby Great Stupa at Amaravati became one of the most important Buddhist monuments in India.

📍 Decline
✅ Declined after the fall of the Satavahanas in the 3rd century CE.
✅ Later sacked by the Pallavas in the 6th century CE and eventually abandoned.

📍 Prelims Fact
✅ Dhanyakataka, which flourished as a prominent Buddhist centre under the Mahasanghikas, was located in:
➡️ Andhra

#prelims
#art_and_culture

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🔆 Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-dhan (PM-SYM)

📅 Launched: 2019
🏛 Type: Central Sector Scheme
📌 Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Labour and Employment
🎯 Purpose: Social security & old-age income support for unorganised sector workers

📍 Key Highlights

✅ Target Group:
▪ Unorganised workers earning ≤ ₹15,000/month
▪ Age group: 18–40 years

✅ Pension Benefit:
▪ ₹3,000/month after attaining 60 years of age

✅ Nature of Scheme:
▪ Voluntary & contributory
▪ 50:50 contribution model (Subscriber : Government)

📍 Eligibility Criteria

✅ Must be 18–40 years old
✅ Monthly income ≤ ₹15,000
❌ Not an income tax payer
❌ Not covered under NPS / EPFO / ESIC or organised sector schemes

📍 Coverage & Beneficiaries

✅ Unorganised workers such as:
▪ Street vendors
▪ Agricultural labourers
▪ Construction workers
▪ Domestic workers
▪ Other informal sector occupations

📍 Major Features

✅ Assured Pension:
▪ ₹3,000/month via DBT after 60 years

✅ Family Pension:
▪ On death of subscriber, spouse gets 50% of pension

✅ Enrollment:
▪ Through Common Services Centres (CSCs)
▪ Requires Aadhaar, mobile number & bank account
▪ Contribution via auto-debit

✅ Exit & Withdrawal:
▪ Exit before 60 → own contribution + interest
▪ In case of death/permanent disability → spouse may continue or withdraw

✅ Grievance Redressal:
▪ 24×7 helpline
▪ Online portal/app

📍 Implementation Mechanism

✅ Implemented through:
▪ Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC)
▪ CSC e-Governance Services India Ltd (CSC-SPV)

📍 Latest Update (July 2024)

✅ Over 50 lakh unorganised workers enrolled
✅ Highest registrations:
▪ Haryana: 8.25 lakh
▪ Uttar Pradesh: 6.8 lakh
▪ Maharashtra: 6.1 lakh

📌 Why Important for UPSC?
✅ GS-1: Poverty & Development
✅ GS-2: Welfare schemes, Government interventions
✅ GS-3: Inclusive growth, Social security

#goverment_schemes

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UPPSC Ro/Aro 2023 final result

🔆 Delhi Sultanate

📍 Designation & Responsibilities

✅ Khanzadah
🔹 Period: Sultanate period
🔹 Important Facts: One born in the house, old (Turkish) employees.

✅ Khud-kasht
🔹 Period: Medieval period
🔹 Important Facts: Owner of land who cultivates with his own ploughs and bullock and some hired labour, resident cultivator.

✅ Dam
🔹 Period: Sher Shah Suri
🔹 Important Facts: A copper coin, considered 1/40th of a silver rupee for official purposes.

✅ Dhimmis
🔹 Period: Medieval India
🔹 Important Facts: A dhimmi refers to specific individuals living in Muslim lands, who were granted special status and safety in Islamic law in return for paying the capital tax.

✅ Din
🔹 Period: Medieval India
🔹 Important Facts: Religion

✅ Diwan-i-Arz
🔹 Period: Delhi Sultanate
🔹 Important Facts: Ministry of Military affairs.

✅ Sadr Us Sadur
🔹 Period: Slave dynasty
🔹 Important Facts:
- Under the period of the slave dynasty, the head of the public charities and ecclesiastical department was the sadr-us-sudur.
- In his capacity as rasul of the Sultan, he received appeals and complaints from the public and redressed their grievances.

✅ Sondhar
🔹 Period: Tuglaq period
🔹 Important Facts: Loans to the peasants by Mohammad Bin Tughluq.

✅ Tankah
🔹 Period: Slave dynasty
🔹 Important Facts: Silver coin

✅ Ariz-i-Mustkhraj
🔹 Period: Sultanate period
🔹 Important Facts: Department of arrears.

✅ Ariz
🔹 Period: Delhi Sultanate
🔹 Important Facts:
- Arizi-i-Mamlik was the head of the department. It was he, who recruited, organized, and disciplined the army. Payment of salaries was his duty.

✅ Jarib
🔹 Period: Medieval India
🔹 Important Facts: A measurement, land measurement or survey.
#history

Food chains


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🕰 Delimitation Commissions Till Now:
1st 1952 – Based on the 1951 Census 📊
2nd 1963 – Based on 1961 Census
3rd 1973 – Based on 1971 Census
4th 2002 – Based on 2001 Census (🔒 Freeze till 2026)

🔆 Global Gender Gap Index 2025

📍 About the Index
✅ Released annually since 2006 by the World Economic Forum
✅ Measures gender equality on a scale from 0 to 1
➡️ 0 = complete inequality
➡️ 1 = complete equality
✅ Tracks progress towards SDG-5 (Gender Equality)

📍 Four Dimensions of the Index
1️⃣ Economic Participation and Opportunity
2️⃣ Educational Attainment
3️⃣ Health and Survival
4️⃣ Political Empowerment

📍 India’s Performance
✅ India ranked 131st out of 148 countries in 2025
➡️ India was ranked 129th in 2024

✅ In South Asia, India is among the lower-ranked countries:
➡️ Bhutan – 119
➡️ Nepal – 125
➡️ Sri Lanka – 130

✅ Bangladesh is the best performer in South Asia.

📍 Top 5 Countries
1️⃣ Iceland – 1st (for the 16th consecutive year)
2️⃣ Finland
3️⃣ Norway
4️⃣ United Kingdom
5️⃣ New Zealand

📍 Key Finding
✅ At the present pace, complete global gender parity is estimated to take 123 years.

📍 Important Notes
➡️ No country has yet achieved full gender equality.
➡️ It is the world’s longest-running index on gender parity.

📍 Do Not Confuse With
✅ Gender Inequality Index (GII)
➡️ Released by United Nations Development Programme
➡️ India ranks 102/193

✅ Gender Development Index (GDI)
➡️ Released by United Nations Development Programme
➡️ Part of the Human Development Report

✅ Gender Snapshot 2025
➡️ Released by United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

#GS2 #mains #prelims

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India’s fisheries sector