Economic survey 2025-26

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🔆 PM E-Drive Scheme

📍 Context
✅ Recently, under the PM E-Drive Scheme, ₹2,000 crore has been allocated to establish 72,000 public EV charging stations across India.

📍 About the Scheme
✅ PM E-Drive stands for PM Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement.
✅ It is a Central Sector Scheme launched in 2024.
✅ Aim: To accelerate electric mobility in India through incentives for EVs and expansion of charging infrastructure.

📍 Implemented By
✅ Implemented by the Ministry of Heavy Industries.
✅ Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited is the nodal agency for demand aggregation of charging infrastructure.
✅ BHEL will also develop a Unified EV Super App for users across India.

📍 Key Components
✅ Incentives for electric vehicles such as:
➡️ e-2 Wheelers
➡️ e-3 Wheelers
➡️ e-Ambulances
➡️ e-Trucks

✅ Installation of public EV charging stations across the country.
✅ Procurement of electric buses through CESL.
✅ Modernisation of testing agencies to support green mobility.

📍 Scheme Replaces
✅ Replaces the FAME India Scheme (Phase I & II).
✅ Also subsumes the Electric Mobility Promotion Scheme, 2024 (EMPS-2024).

📍 Financial Outlay
✅ Total financial outlay: ₹10,900 crore.
✅ Implementation period: 2024–2026.

📍 Significance
✅ The scheme aims to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and promote sustainable transport.
✅ Expansion of charging infrastructure is expected to improve EV adoption and support India’s climate goals.

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🔆 Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)

📍 What is PSLV?
✅ PSLV is India’s third-generation launch vehicle developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation.
✅ It is used for placing satellites into different Earth orbits.
✅ The first successful launch of PSLV took place in 1994.

📍 Role
✅ PSLV is known as the “workhorse of ISRO”.
✅ It is mainly used for launching satellites into Low Earth Orbit (LEO).

📍 Design
✅ PSLV is a four-stage launch vehicle.
✅ It was the first Indian rocket to use liquid propulsion stages.
✅ The vehicle uses alternating solid and liquid fuel stages.

📍 Orbits Served
✅ PSLV is used for placing satellites in:
➡️ Sun-synchronous Orbit
➡️ Geostationary Transfer Orbit
➡️ Navigation Orbits

📍 Payload Capacity
✅ PSLV can carry about 1,750 kg payload to a 600 km Sun-Synchronous Polar Orbit.

📍 Variants
✅ Major variants of PSLV are:
➡️ PSLV-XL – uses extended strap-on boosters
➡️ PSLV-DL
➡️ PSLV-QL

📍 Important Achievements
✅ PSLV gained global recognition through the PSLV-C37 mission in 2017.
✅ In this mission, PSLV launched 104 satellites in a single flight, creating a world record.
✅ PSLV has been highly reliable, with only two failures since its inception.

📍 Major Missions Launched by PSLV
✅ Chandrayaan-1 (2008)
✅ Mars Orbiter Mission (2013)
✅ AstroSat

📍 Failures
✅ PSLV failed during its inaugural flight in 1993.
✅ Another failure occurred in the PSLV-C39 mission in 2017.

#GS3
#prelims
#science_technology
#science_and_technology

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🔆 Nipah Virus (NiV)

📍 About
✅ Zoonotic viral disease caused by the Nipah Virus Infection.
✅ Caused by Nipah virus, a highly pathogenic paramyxovirus.

📍 Transmission
✅ Animal → Human and Human → Human transmission possible.
✅ Natural reservoir: Fruit bats.
✅ Virus is present in bat urine and may also occur in faeces, saliva and birthing fluids.

📍 Affected Systems
✅ Primarily affects:
➡️ Respiratory system
➡️ Nervous system
➡️ Can cause encephalitis-like symptoms

📍 Treatment & Diagnosis
✅ No vaccine currently available.
✅ No specific curative treatment.
✅ Supportive care is the main treatment.

✅ Diagnosis methods include:
➡️ RT-PCR
➡️ ELISA
➡️ Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
➡️ Serum Neutralisation Test (SNT)

📍 Key Features
✅ Classified as a highly pathogenic paramyxovirus.
✅ Requires Biosafety Level-4 (BSL-4) laboratory facilities.
✅ Listed among the WHO Priority Pathogens.

📍 History
✅ First identified in 1999 in Malaysia and Singapore.

📍 Outbreak Regions
✅ Major outbreaks reported in:
➡️ Malaysia
➡️ Bangladesh
➡️ India, especially in Kerala and recently in West Bengal.

📍 Recent Development
✅ Gennova Biopharmaceuticals is developing a self-amplifying mRNA (saRNA) vaccine against Nipah virus.

#GS3 #Health #science_technology

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🔆 Dhanyakataka as a Prominent Buddhist Centre

📍 About
✅ Dhanyakataka, also known as Dharanikota, was located on the banks of the Krishna River in present-day Andhra Pradesh.
✅ It emerged as an important Buddhist centre during the ancient and medieval periods.

📍 Foundation & Satavahana Connection
✅ Founded around the 5th century BCE.
✅ Flourished under the Satavahana dynasty.
✅ Served as the capital of the Satavahanas from the 1st to 3rd centuries CE.

📍 Importance as a Buddhist Centre
✅ Major centre of Buddhist learning and culture.
✅ Associated with the Mahasanghika school of Buddhism.
✅ Contained several monasteries and viharas.
✅ The Dharmagupta Vihara was among the largest Buddhist monasteries in India.

✅ It was also a major centre of Buddhist art and architecture.
✅ The nearby Great Stupa at Amaravati became one of the most important Buddhist monuments in India.

📍 Decline
✅ Declined after the fall of the Satavahanas in the 3rd century CE.
✅ Later sacked by the Pallavas in the 6th century CE and eventually abandoned.

📍 Prelims Fact
✅ Dhanyakataka, which flourished as a prominent Buddhist centre under the Mahasanghikas, was located in:
➡️ Andhra

#prelims
#art_and_culture

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🔆 Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-dhan (PM-SYM)

📅 Launched: 2019
🏛 Type: Central Sector Scheme
📌 Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Labour and Employment
🎯 Purpose: Social security & old-age income support for unorganised sector workers

📍 Key Highlights

✅ Target Group:
▪ Unorganised workers earning ≤ ₹15,000/month
▪ Age group: 18–40 years

✅ Pension Benefit:
▪ ₹3,000/month after attaining 60 years of age

✅ Nature of Scheme:
▪ Voluntary & contributory
▪ 50:50 contribution model (Subscriber : Government)

📍 Eligibility Criteria

✅ Must be 18–40 years old
✅ Monthly income ≤ ₹15,000
❌ Not an income tax payer
❌ Not covered under NPS / EPFO / ESIC or organised sector schemes

📍 Coverage & Beneficiaries

✅ Unorganised workers such as:
▪ Street vendors
▪ Agricultural labourers
▪ Construction workers
▪ Domestic workers
▪ Other informal sector occupations

📍 Major Features

✅ Assured Pension:
▪ ₹3,000/month via DBT after 60 years

✅ Family Pension:
▪ On death of subscriber, spouse gets 50% of pension

✅ Enrollment:
▪ Through Common Services Centres (CSCs)
▪ Requires Aadhaar, mobile number & bank account
▪ Contribution via auto-debit

✅ Exit & Withdrawal:
▪ Exit before 60 → own contribution + interest
▪ In case of death/permanent disability → spouse may continue or withdraw

✅ Grievance Redressal:
▪ 24×7 helpline
▪ Online portal/app

📍 Implementation Mechanism

✅ Implemented through:
▪ Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC)
▪ CSC e-Governance Services India Ltd (CSC-SPV)

📍 Latest Update (July 2024)

✅ Over 50 lakh unorganised workers enrolled
✅ Highest registrations:
▪ Haryana: 8.25 lakh
▪ Uttar Pradesh: 6.8 lakh
▪ Maharashtra: 6.1 lakh

📌 Why Important for UPSC?
✅ GS-1: Poverty & Development
✅ GS-2: Welfare schemes, Government interventions
✅ GS-3: Inclusive growth, Social security

#goverment_schemes

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🔆 Delhi Sultanate

📍 Designation & Responsibilities

✅ Khanzadah
🔹 Period: Sultanate period
🔹 Important Facts: One born in the house, old (Turkish) employees.

✅ Khud-kasht
🔹 Period: Medieval period
🔹 Important Facts: Owner of land who cultivates with his own ploughs and bullock and some hired labour, resident cultivator.

✅ Dam
🔹 Period: Sher Shah Suri
🔹 Important Facts: A copper coin, considered 1/40th of a silver rupee for official purposes.

✅ Dhimmis
🔹 Period: Medieval India
🔹 Important Facts: A dhimmi refers to specific individuals living in Muslim lands, who were granted special status and safety in Islamic law in return for paying the capital tax.

✅ Din
🔹 Period: Medieval India
🔹 Important Facts: Religion

✅ Diwan-i-Arz
🔹 Period: Delhi Sultanate
🔹 Important Facts: Ministry of Military affairs.

✅ Sadr Us Sadur
🔹 Period: Slave dynasty
🔹 Important Facts:
- Under the period of the slave dynasty, the head of the public charities and ecclesiastical department was the sadr-us-sudur.
- In his capacity as rasul of the Sultan, he received appeals and complaints from the public and redressed their grievances.

✅ Sondhar
🔹 Period: Tuglaq period
🔹 Important Facts: Loans to the peasants by Mohammad Bin Tughluq.

✅ Tankah
🔹 Period: Slave dynasty
🔹 Important Facts: Silver coin

✅ Ariz-i-Mustkhraj
🔹 Period: Sultanate period
🔹 Important Facts: Department of arrears.

✅ Ariz
🔹 Period: Delhi Sultanate
🔹 Important Facts:
- Arizi-i-Mamlik was the head of the department. It was he, who recruited, organized, and disciplined the army. Payment of salaries was his duty.

✅ Jarib
🔹 Period: Medieval India
🔹 Important Facts: A measurement, land measurement or survey.
#history

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🕰 Delimitation Commissions Till Now:
1st 1952 – Based on the 1951 Census 📊
2nd 1963 – Based on 1961 Census
3rd 1973 – Based on 1971 Census
4th 2002 – Based on 2001 Census (🔒 Freeze till 2026)

🔆 Global Gender Gap Index 2025

📍 About the Index
✅ Released annually since 2006 by the World Economic Forum
✅ Measures gender equality on a scale from 0 to 1
➡️ 0 = complete inequality
➡️ 1 = complete equality
✅ Tracks progress towards SDG-5 (Gender Equality)

📍 Four Dimensions of the Index
1️⃣ Economic Participation and Opportunity
2️⃣ Educational Attainment
3️⃣ Health and Survival
4️⃣ Political Empowerment

📍 India’s Performance
✅ India ranked 131st out of 148 countries in 2025
➡️ India was ranked 129th in 2024

✅ In South Asia, India is among the lower-ranked countries:
➡️ Bhutan – 119
➡️ Nepal – 125
➡️ Sri Lanka – 130

✅ Bangladesh is the best performer in South Asia.

📍 Top 5 Countries
1️⃣ Iceland – 1st (for the 16th consecutive year)
2️⃣ Finland
3️⃣ Norway
4️⃣ United Kingdom
5️⃣ New Zealand

📍 Key Finding
✅ At the present pace, complete global gender parity is estimated to take 123 years.

📍 Important Notes
➡️ No country has yet achieved full gender equality.
➡️ It is the world’s longest-running index on gender parity.

📍 Do Not Confuse With
✅ Gender Inequality Index (GII)
➡️ Released by United Nations Development Programme
➡️ India ranks 102/193

✅ Gender Development Index (GDI)
➡️ Released by United Nations Development Programme
➡️ Part of the Human Development Report

✅ Gender Snapshot 2025
➡️ Released by United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

#GS2 #mains #prelims

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India’s fisheries sector

The Convention on Wetlands COP Timeline

✅​1971: Where it all began (Ramsar, Iran) The world's first environmental treaty focused on ecosystem conservation is signed in Ramsar, Iran.

✅​1975: Turning words into action (Global) The (Ramsar) Convention on Wetlands is ratified by seven countries and enters into force.

✅​1980: A beginning for cooperation (Italy) The very first Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties (COP) sets the Convention in motion, adopting procedural rules and early guidance for listing wetlands.

✅​1982: Opening the door to change (France) Adopted at the first Extraordinary COP (ExCOP), the Paris Protocol adds an amendment process and official working languages.

✅​1984: Policies take shape (Netherlands) In Groningen, COP2 delegates agree on early recommendations that prompt countries to develop national wetland strategies and protection frameworks.

✅​1987: Building the backbone (Canada) The Regina Amendments establish the Standing Committee, Secretariat and budget system at the second ExCOP, followed by COP3.

✅​1990: Eyes on the water (Switzerland) COP4's Montreux Record is launched to track Wetlands of International Importance undergoing ecological change and support their recovery.

✅​1993: Science steps in (Japan) The Scientific and Technical Review Panel (STRP) is created at COP5 to provide expert guidance to the COP, Standing Committee and Secretariat.

✅​1996: Planning ahead (Australia) At COP6 in Brisbane, Parties adopt the first Strategic Plan (1997-2002), setting measurable goals for conservation and wise use.

✅​1999: Three pillars, one purpose (Costa Rica) COP7 defines the Convention's core approach with Resolution VII.8: wise use, site protection and international cooperation.

✅​2002: Regional action begins (Spain) The framework for Ramsar Regional Initiatives (RRIs) is initiated at COP8, encouraging cooperation at basin and subregional levels.

✅​2005: Ministers take the mic (Uganda) The Kampala Declaration, adopted at COP9, becomes the Convention's first ministerial-level political statement.

✅​2008: Wetlands in a new role (Republic of Korea) Two COP10 resolutions link wetlands to climate adaptation and mitigation, with a focus on peatlands and disaster risk reduction.

✅​2012: Words that matter (Romania) The role of Indigenous Peoples and traditional knowledge in wetland conservation is formally acknowledged by COP11.

✅​2015: Cities join the movement (Uruguay) The Wetland City Accreditation scheme is launched to recognize cities that conserve and sustainably manage urban wetlands at COP12.

✅​2018: Gender enters the agenda (United Arab Emirates) Dubai's COP13 mainstreams gender equality across wetland policy and management, strengthening inclusion in implementation worldwide.

✅​2022: From Wuhan to the world (China/Switzerland) COP14, hosted jointly in Wuhan and Geneva, adopts the Wuhan Declaration linking wetlands to sustainable development, resilience and peacebuilding.

✅​2025: Restoration, reaffirmed at the Falls (Zimbabwe) The Victoria Falls Declaration at COP15 reaffirms the importance of wetland protection and restoration for planetary health and the Fifth Strategic Plan sharpens the focus on implementation and accountability.

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