#Goodmorning
⏳44 days left CSP26[ 24-05-26]
⏳133 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳240 days left UPPSC prelims 6 December
⏳107 days left 72nd BPSC PRELIMS 26 July
⏳100 days left CAPF AC 19 July
⏳86 days left UKPSC PRELIMS 5 July
⏳59 days Left OPSC/ GPSC prelims 07 June
⏳52 days left MPSC (MH) prelims [ 31-05-26]
⏳16 days Left MPPSC (MP)/ HCS Prelims 26 April
⏳15 days Left bpsc mains 25 April
JPSC PRELIMS 19 April
⏳2 days days Left CDS1 /NDA 12 April
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
⏳44 days left CSP26[ 24-05-26]
⏳133 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳240 days left UPPSC prelims 6 December
⏳107 days left 72nd BPSC PRELIMS 26 July
⏳100 days left CAPF AC 19 July
⏳86 days left UKPSC PRELIMS 5 July
⏳59 days Left OPSC/ GPSC prelims 07 June
⏳52 days left MPSC (MH) prelims [ 31-05-26]
⏳16 days Left MPPSC (MP)/ HCS Prelims 26 April
⏳15 days Left bpsc mains 25 April
JPSC PRELIMS 19 April
⏳2 days days Left CDS1 /NDA 12 April
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
🔆 Maa Kamakhya Temple
📍 Location
✅ Located in Guwahati, atop the Nilachal Hill on the banks of the Brahmaputra River.
✅ Dedicated to Goddess Kamakhya.
📍 Background
✅ According to legend, the temple was originally built by Narakasura.
✅ Historical records date to 1565, when Nara Narayan rebuilt the temple.
📍 Architecture
✅ Reconstructed in the Nilachal style of architecture.
✅ The Nilachal style combines Nagara and Saracenic/Mughal architectural influences.
✅ The temple has a distinctive brick dome shaped like a 16-sided polygon.
📍 Religious Significance
✅ Kamakhya is one of the 51 Shakti Peethas.
✅ Each Shakti Peetha is associated with a body part of Sati.
✅ It is one of the most important centres of the Shakti cult in India.
📍 Festival
✅ The famous Ambubachi Mela is celebrated here.
✅ The festival marks the annual menstruation of the presiding Goddess.
#prelims
#art_and_culture
https://t.me/Studytoday1
https://t.me/upsc_art_and_culture
📍 Location
✅ Located in Guwahati, atop the Nilachal Hill on the banks of the Brahmaputra River.
✅ Dedicated to Goddess Kamakhya.
📍 Background
✅ According to legend, the temple was originally built by Narakasura.
✅ Historical records date to 1565, when Nara Narayan rebuilt the temple.
📍 Architecture
✅ Reconstructed in the Nilachal style of architecture.
✅ The Nilachal style combines Nagara and Saracenic/Mughal architectural influences.
✅ The temple has a distinctive brick dome shaped like a 16-sided polygon.
📍 Religious Significance
✅ Kamakhya is one of the 51 Shakti Peethas.
✅ Each Shakti Peetha is associated with a body part of Sati.
✅ It is one of the most important centres of the Shakti cult in India.
📍 Festival
✅ The famous Ambubachi Mela is celebrated here.
✅ The festival marks the annual menstruation of the presiding Goddess.
#prelims
#art_and_culture
https://t.me/Studytoday1
https://t.me/upsc_art_and_culture
❤1
🔆 E. V. Ramaswamy (Periyar) (1879–1973)
📍 Who was Periyar?
✅ E. V. Ramasamy was a noted social reformer, rationalist and philosopher from Tamil Nadu.
✅ He was inspired by the constructive political programmes of Mahatma Gandhi in his early years.
📍 Publications
✅ Periyar founded and published the Tamil weekly Kudi Arasu.
✅ The publication promoted social reform, rationalism and opposition to caste discrimination.
📍 Activism
✅ He actively participated in the Vaikom Satyagraha.
✅ He also took part in the Non-Cooperation Movement.
📍 Titles
✅ He came to be known as “Vaikom Veeran” for his role in the Vaikom movement.
✅ His followers called him “Periyar”, meaning “great man”.
📍 Leadership and Political Role
✅ In 1932, he co-founded the Self-Respect Socialist Party along with Singara Velu Chettiar.
✅ He later became the leading figure of the Self-Respect Movement, which campaigned against caste hierarchy, patriarchy and social inequality.
📍 Significance
✅ Periyar played a major role in shaping the Dravidian movement in South India.
✅ He advocated:
➡️ Social equality
➡️ Women’s rights
➡️ Rationalism
➡️ Abolition of caste discrimination
#history #prelims #mains
Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM https://t.me/Upsc_4_history
📍 Who was Periyar?
✅ E. V. Ramasamy was a noted social reformer, rationalist and philosopher from Tamil Nadu.
✅ He was inspired by the constructive political programmes of Mahatma Gandhi in his early years.
📍 Publications
✅ Periyar founded and published the Tamil weekly Kudi Arasu.
✅ The publication promoted social reform, rationalism and opposition to caste discrimination.
📍 Activism
✅ He actively participated in the Vaikom Satyagraha.
✅ He also took part in the Non-Cooperation Movement.
📍 Titles
✅ He came to be known as “Vaikom Veeran” for his role in the Vaikom movement.
✅ His followers called him “Periyar”, meaning “great man”.
📍 Leadership and Political Role
✅ In 1932, he co-founded the Self-Respect Socialist Party along with Singara Velu Chettiar.
✅ He later became the leading figure of the Self-Respect Movement, which campaigned against caste hierarchy, patriarchy and social inequality.
📍 Significance
✅ Periyar played a major role in shaping the Dravidian movement in South India.
✅ He advocated:
➡️ Social equality
➡️ Women’s rights
➡️ Rationalism
➡️ Abolition of caste discrimination
#history #prelims #mains
Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM https://t.me/Upsc_4_history
❤3
🔆 Ozone Depleting Substances (ODSs)
📍 Definition:
✅ Chlorine, bromine, CFCs, carbon tetrachloride, halons, etc.
📍 Potential Drivers of Ozone Hole over Antarctica:
1. Changes in Antarctic polar vortex
2. Changes in solar cycle
3. Increased atmospheric abundance of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
📍 Polar Vortex
✅ Stratospheric wind patterns with vast low-pressure areas and very cold air, more pronounced over the South Poles.
✅ Leads to formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs).
📍 Impact of Volcanic Eruptions on Ozone Layer:
✅ Triggers massive stratospheric water vapor plume.
✅ Injects large quantities of sulphur dioxide (facilitates chemical conversion of chlorine making it more reactive).
✅ Contributes atmospheric bromine and hydrogen chloride.
✅ Eruption particles provide surfaces for chemical reactions for ODSs.
📍 PSCs (Polar Stratospheric Clouds):
✅ Also known as nacreous clouds or mother of pearl.
✅ Formed below -78°C and trap outgoing longwave radiation.
📍 Location:
✅ Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai, a submarine volcano in the Tongan archipelago located in the Southern Pacific Ocean, erupted in January 2022.
📍 Ozone Layer Depletion Process (Infographic):
✅ 1st step: UV rays split chlorine atom from CFC molecule.
✅ 2nd step: Chlorine atom breaks up ozone molecule.
✅ 3rd step: The chlorine molecule left behind creates chlorine monoxide and oxygen (O2).
#environment
📍 Definition:
✅ Chlorine, bromine, CFCs, carbon tetrachloride, halons, etc.
📍 Potential Drivers of Ozone Hole over Antarctica:
1. Changes in Antarctic polar vortex
2. Changes in solar cycle
3. Increased atmospheric abundance of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
📍 Polar Vortex
✅ Stratospheric wind patterns with vast low-pressure areas and very cold air, more pronounced over the South Poles.
✅ Leads to formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs).
📍 Impact of Volcanic Eruptions on Ozone Layer:
✅ Triggers massive stratospheric water vapor plume.
✅ Injects large quantities of sulphur dioxide (facilitates chemical conversion of chlorine making it more reactive).
✅ Contributes atmospheric bromine and hydrogen chloride.
✅ Eruption particles provide surfaces for chemical reactions for ODSs.
📍 PSCs (Polar Stratospheric Clouds):
✅ Also known as nacreous clouds or mother of pearl.
✅ Formed below -78°C and trap outgoing longwave radiation.
📍 Location:
✅ Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai, a submarine volcano in the Tongan archipelago located in the Southern Pacific Ocean, erupted in January 2022.
📍 Ozone Layer Depletion Process (Infographic):
✅ 1st step: UV rays split chlorine atom from CFC molecule.
✅ 2nd step: Chlorine atom breaks up ozone molecule.
✅ 3rd step: The chlorine molecule left behind creates chlorine monoxide and oxygen (O2).
#environment
❤6
Attorney General
Upsc prelims accelerator
100+ MCQ /Day
Practice is key clear prelims
Total - 4000+ MCQ
Fee- 499699 999
Join CLICK HERE
Upsc prelims accelerator
100+ MCQ /Day
Practice is key clear prelims
Total - 4000+ MCQ
Fee- 499
Join CLICK HERE
Food chains
Upsc prelims accelerator
50+ MCQ /Day
Practice is key clear prelims
Total - 4000 MCQ
Fee- 499699
Join CLICK HERE
Upsc prelims accelerator
50+ MCQ /Day
Practice is key clear prelims
Total - 4000 MCQ
Fee- 499
Join CLICK HERE
🔆 16th Finance Commission and Federalism Debate
📍 Introduction
✅ The recommendations of the Sixteenth Finance Commission have raised concerns over India’s fiscal federalism.
✅ While the Commission increases grants to local bodies, many States fear a decline in their own fiscal autonomy.
📍 Key Recommendations of the Commission
✅ The States’ share in the divisible tax pool remains at 41%.
✅ However, the effective share of States may fall from nearly 36% to 32% due to greater use of discretionary transfers.
✅ The Commission has recommended nearly ₹7.91 lakh crore for rural and urban local bodies during 2026–31.
✅ Of this, around ₹4.4 lakh crore is for rural local bodies and ₹3.6 lakh crore for urban local bodies.
📍 Why States are Concerned
✅ The Commission has discontinued revenue deficit grants, which earlier supported fiscally weaker States.
✅ Several smaller and poorer States may lose resources, especially many northeastern States.
✅ The shift is from predictable, statutory transfers to discretionary grants and centrally sponsored schemes.
✅ This may increase the Centre’s influence over States.
📍 Article 275 vs Article 282
✅ Grants under Article 275 are statutory and meant to support States based on need, especially tribal and special area States.
✅ Grants under Article 282 are discretionary and can be tied to central priorities.
✅ The Commission is criticised for replacing Article 275-based support with Article 282-type discretionary funding.
📍 Impact on Fiscal Federalism
✅ Fiscal federalism is based on predictable sharing of resources between Centre and States.
✅ Greater dependence on discretionary grants may weaken cooperative federalism.
✅ The recommendations also dilute the constitutional distinction between States and local bodies.
✅ Panchayats and Municipalities are important, but they constitutionally function under the States through the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments.
📍 Need for a Balanced Approach
✅ Strengthening local bodies is necessary for grassroots governance.
✅ But this should not happen at the expense of States’ financial capacity.
✅ The Centre must ensure a balance between empowering local governments and preserving State autonomy.
📍 Conclusion
✅ The 16th Finance Commission has attempted to deepen decentralisation, but excessive reliance on discretionary transfers may weaken India’s federal structure.
✅ Fiscal decentralisation should strengthen both States and local bodies, not create competition between them.
🔹 Prelims Question
With reference to grants under the Constitution of India, consider the following statements:
1. Article 275 provides statutory grants to States in need.
2. Article 282 grants are discretionary in nature.
3. Panchayats and Municipalities derive their constitutional status from Part IV of the Constitution.
A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) 1, 2 and 3
✅ Answer: A
🔹 Mains Question
“The recommendations of the Sixteenth Finance Commission reflect a tension between decentralisation and fiscal federalism.” Critically examine.
#GS2 #Economy
📍 Introduction
✅ The recommendations of the Sixteenth Finance Commission have raised concerns over India’s fiscal federalism.
✅ While the Commission increases grants to local bodies, many States fear a decline in their own fiscal autonomy.
📍 Key Recommendations of the Commission
✅ The States’ share in the divisible tax pool remains at 41%.
✅ However, the effective share of States may fall from nearly 36% to 32% due to greater use of discretionary transfers.
✅ The Commission has recommended nearly ₹7.91 lakh crore for rural and urban local bodies during 2026–31.
✅ Of this, around ₹4.4 lakh crore is for rural local bodies and ₹3.6 lakh crore for urban local bodies.
📍 Why States are Concerned
✅ The Commission has discontinued revenue deficit grants, which earlier supported fiscally weaker States.
✅ Several smaller and poorer States may lose resources, especially many northeastern States.
✅ The shift is from predictable, statutory transfers to discretionary grants and centrally sponsored schemes.
✅ This may increase the Centre’s influence over States.
📍 Article 275 vs Article 282
✅ Grants under Article 275 are statutory and meant to support States based on need, especially tribal and special area States.
✅ Grants under Article 282 are discretionary and can be tied to central priorities.
✅ The Commission is criticised for replacing Article 275-based support with Article 282-type discretionary funding.
📍 Impact on Fiscal Federalism
✅ Fiscal federalism is based on predictable sharing of resources between Centre and States.
✅ Greater dependence on discretionary grants may weaken cooperative federalism.
✅ The recommendations also dilute the constitutional distinction between States and local bodies.
✅ Panchayats and Municipalities are important, but they constitutionally function under the States through the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments.
📍 Need for a Balanced Approach
✅ Strengthening local bodies is necessary for grassroots governance.
✅ But this should not happen at the expense of States’ financial capacity.
✅ The Centre must ensure a balance between empowering local governments and preserving State autonomy.
📍 Conclusion
✅ The 16th Finance Commission has attempted to deepen decentralisation, but excessive reliance on discretionary transfers may weaken India’s federal structure.
✅ Fiscal decentralisation should strengthen both States and local bodies, not create competition between them.
🔹 Prelims Question
With reference to grants under the Constitution of India, consider the following statements:
1. Article 275 provides statutory grants to States in need.
2. Article 282 grants are discretionary in nature.
3. Panchayats and Municipalities derive their constitutional status from Part IV of the Constitution.
A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) 1, 2 and 3
✅ Answer: A
🔹 Mains Question
“The recommendations of the Sixteenth Finance Commission reflect a tension between decentralisation and fiscal federalism.” Critically examine.
#GS2 #Economy
❤3👏1
🔆 National One Health Mission
📍 Context
✅ Approved by the Prime Minister’s Science, Technology and Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC) in 2022.
📍 Aim
✅ To strengthen pandemic preparedness and integrated disease surveillance through the “One Health” approach.
✅ Recognises the interconnection between human, animal and ecosystem health.
📍 Implemented By
✅ Indian Council of Medical Research
✅ Anchor institution: National Institute of One Health
📍 Beneficiaries / Target Sector
✅ Public health system
✅ Veterinary sector
✅ Environmental health institutions
✅ Entire population through improved disease preparedness
📍 Key Features
✅ Nationwide mission involving inter-ministerial and multi-sectoral collaboration.
✅ Brings together:
➡️ Human health sector
➡️ Animal health sector
➡️ Environmental health sector
✅ Promotes integrated surveillance of:
➡️ Zoonotic diseases
➡️ Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
➡️ Emerging infectious diseases
✅ Aligns with the global One Health framework advocated by:
➡️ World Health Organization
➡️ Food and Agriculture Organization
➡️ World Organisation for Animal Health
📍 About ICMR
✅ Indian Council of Medical Research is India’s apex body for formulation, coordination and promotion of biomedical research.
✅ It is one of the oldest medical research bodies in the world.
✅ Its Governing Body is headed by the Union Health Minister.
✅ It is assisted by a Scientific Advisory Board comprising experts in various biomedical disciplines.
#goverment_schemes
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_government_scheme
📍 Context
✅ Approved by the Prime Minister’s Science, Technology and Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC) in 2022.
📍 Aim
✅ To strengthen pandemic preparedness and integrated disease surveillance through the “One Health” approach.
✅ Recognises the interconnection between human, animal and ecosystem health.
📍 Implemented By
✅ Indian Council of Medical Research
✅ Anchor institution: National Institute of One Health
📍 Beneficiaries / Target Sector
✅ Public health system
✅ Veterinary sector
✅ Environmental health institutions
✅ Entire population through improved disease preparedness
📍 Key Features
✅ Nationwide mission involving inter-ministerial and multi-sectoral collaboration.
✅ Brings together:
➡️ Human health sector
➡️ Animal health sector
➡️ Environmental health sector
✅ Promotes integrated surveillance of:
➡️ Zoonotic diseases
➡️ Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
➡️ Emerging infectious diseases
✅ Aligns with the global One Health framework advocated by:
➡️ World Health Organization
➡️ Food and Agriculture Organization
➡️ World Organisation for Animal Health
📍 About ICMR
✅ Indian Council of Medical Research is India’s apex body for formulation, coordination and promotion of biomedical research.
✅ It is one of the oldest medical research bodies in the world.
✅ Its Governing Body is headed by the Union Health Minister.
✅ It is assisted by a Scientific Advisory Board comprising experts in various biomedical disciplines.
#goverment_schemes
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_government_scheme
❤3
Day 114: 11 April target:
International organization and government schemes: REVISION
Topics-
Schemes, programs,policies in news
Sources:Any coaching magazine
Current Affairs:
Related
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM
International organization and government schemes: REVISION
Topics-
Schemes, programs,policies in news
Sources:Any coaching magazine
Current Affairs:
Related
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM
❤1
#Goodmorning
⏳43 days left CSP26[ 24-05-26]
⏳132 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳239 days left UPPSC prelims 6 December
⏳106 days left 72nd BPSC PRELIMS 26 July
⏳99 days left CAPF AC 19 July
⏳85 days left UKPSC PRELIMS 5 July
⏳58 days Left OPSC/ GPSC prelims 07 June
⏳51 days left MPSC (MH) prelims [ 31-05-26]
⏳15 days Left MPPSC (MP)/ HCS Prelims 26 April
⏳14 days Left bpsc mains 25 April
JPSC PRELIMS 19 April
⏳ Tomorrow CDS1 /NDA 12 April
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
⏳43 days left CSP26[ 24-05-26]
⏳132 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳239 days left UPPSC prelims 6 December
⏳106 days left 72nd BPSC PRELIMS 26 July
⏳99 days left CAPF AC 19 July
⏳85 days left UKPSC PRELIMS 5 July
⏳58 days Left OPSC/ GPSC prelims 07 June
⏳51 days left MPSC (MH) prelims [ 31-05-26]
⏳15 days Left MPPSC (MP)/ HCS Prelims 26 April
⏳14 days Left bpsc mains 25 April
JPSC PRELIMS 19 April
⏳ Tomorrow CDS1 /NDA 12 April
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
❤1
🔆 Ahilyabai Holkar (1725–1795)
📍 Context
✅ Prime Minister recently paid tributes to Lokmata Ahilyabai Holkar on her 300th birth anniversary.
📍 About
✅ Ahilyabai Holkar was a Maratha queen and reformist ruler.
✅ Born on 31 May 1725 at Chaondi in present-day Ahilyanagar district (formerly Ahmednagar), Maharashtra.
📍 Dynasty
✅ She was the woman ruler of the Holkar dynasty under the Maratha Empire.
✅ The Holkar seat of power was at Maheshwar.
📍 Rule
✅ She assumed control of Malwa in 1754 after the death of her husband, Khande Rao Holkar, in the Battle of Kumbher.
📍 Title
✅ British historian John Keay called her “The Philosopher Queen”.
📍 Major Contributions
✅ Established and promoted the textile industry, especially the famous Maheshwari sarees.
✅ Protected widows’ rights and supported tribal communities.
✅ Maintained a secular and inclusive administration.
📍 Cultural Works
✅ Restored several temples across India.
✅ Rebuilt the Kashi Vishwanath Temple in 1780.
✅ Contributed to the restoration of the Somnath Temple in 1783.
#history #prelims #mains
Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM https://t.me/Upsc_4_history
📍 Context
✅ Prime Minister recently paid tributes to Lokmata Ahilyabai Holkar on her 300th birth anniversary.
📍 About
✅ Ahilyabai Holkar was a Maratha queen and reformist ruler.
✅ Born on 31 May 1725 at Chaondi in present-day Ahilyanagar district (formerly Ahmednagar), Maharashtra.
📍 Dynasty
✅ She was the woman ruler of the Holkar dynasty under the Maratha Empire.
✅ The Holkar seat of power was at Maheshwar.
📍 Rule
✅ She assumed control of Malwa in 1754 after the death of her husband, Khande Rao Holkar, in the Battle of Kumbher.
📍 Title
✅ British historian John Keay called her “The Philosopher Queen”.
📍 Major Contributions
✅ Established and promoted the textile industry, especially the famous Maheshwari sarees.
✅ Protected widows’ rights and supported tribal communities.
✅ Maintained a secular and inclusive administration.
📍 Cultural Works
✅ Restored several temples across India.
✅ Rebuilt the Kashi Vishwanath Temple in 1780.
✅ Contributed to the restoration of the Somnath Temple in 1783.
#history #prelims #mains
Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM https://t.me/Upsc_4_history
❤4
🔆 Folk Theatre of India
📍 Northern & Western India
✅ Bhand Pather (Kashmir)
Humour-based theatre using satire, wit & parody; incorporates instruments like surnai, nagara & dhol
✅ Bhaona (Assam)
Presentation of Ankia Naat; begins in Sanskrit by Sutradhar, later shifts to Brajaboli/Assamese
✅ Bhavai (Gujarat)
Popular in Kutch & Kathiawar; blends devotional & romantic themes
✅ Garodas (Gujarat)
Uses painted pictures to narrate stories of romance & valour
✅ Kariyila (Himachal Pradesh)
Open-air night theatre with small plays & skits
✅ Powada (Maharashtra)
Ballads on Shivaji’s heroic deeds; sung by Gondhalis & Shahirs
✅ Tamaasha (Maharashtra)
Female performer (Murki) central; features classical music, fast footwork & expressive gestures
📍 Southern India
✅ Burra Katha (Andhra Pradesh)
Oral storytelling by main narrator + two co-artists; uses Burra percussion instrument
✅ Chavittu Natakam (Kerala)
17th-century Christian art form; known as “stamping drama”
✅ Krishnattam (Kerala)
Originated under King Manavada of Calicut; eight plays over eight days
✅ Kuravanji (Tamil Nadu)
Dance-drama on a love-struck heroine; performed in Bharatanatyam style
✅ Mudiyettu (Kerala)
Ritual theatre in Kali temples; depicts Bhadrakali’s victory over Darika
✅ Therukoothu (Tamil Nadu)
Harvest-linked theatre; cycle of eight plays on Draupadi
✅ Villu Pattu (Deccan)
Musical narration of Ramayana stories
✅ Yakshagana (Karnataka)
Open-air theatre based on Mahabharata & Ramayana
📍 Eastern India
✅ Dashavatara (Konkan & Goa)
Depicts ten incarnations of Lord Vishnu; stylised masks & make-up
✅ Daskathia (Odisha)
Two narrators — Gayaka & Palia; musical accompaniment with kathia
✅ Oja-Pali (Assam)
Linked to Manasa festival; Oja (lead narrator) & Pali (chorus)
📍 North-Central Belt
✅ Raasleela (Uttar Pradesh)
Based on Lord Krishna’s legends; blends prose dialogue & songs
✅ Swang (Punjab & Haryana)
Music-based evolving into prose; styles in Rohtak (Haryanvi) & Hathras (Brajbhasha)
📍 Other Important Forms
✅ Maach (Madhya Pradesh)
✅ Naqal/Bhand (Punjab)
✅ Nautanki (Uttar Pradesh)
✅ Pagati Veshalu (Telangana & Andhra Pradesh)
✅ Padayani (Kerala)
✅ Tal-Maddale (Karnataka)
✅ Bayalata (Karnataka)
📌 UPSC Relevance
✅ GS-1 – Indian Culture
✅ Important for Prelims matching questions
✅ Value addition for Mains answers on cultural diversity
#prelims
#art_and_culture
https://t.me/Studytoday1
https://t.me/upsc_art_and_culture
📍 Northern & Western India
✅ Bhand Pather (Kashmir)
Humour-based theatre using satire, wit & parody; incorporates instruments like surnai, nagara & dhol
✅ Bhaona (Assam)
Presentation of Ankia Naat; begins in Sanskrit by Sutradhar, later shifts to Brajaboli/Assamese
✅ Bhavai (Gujarat)
Popular in Kutch & Kathiawar; blends devotional & romantic themes
✅ Garodas (Gujarat)
Uses painted pictures to narrate stories of romance & valour
✅ Kariyila (Himachal Pradesh)
Open-air night theatre with small plays & skits
✅ Powada (Maharashtra)
Ballads on Shivaji’s heroic deeds; sung by Gondhalis & Shahirs
✅ Tamaasha (Maharashtra)
Female performer (Murki) central; features classical music, fast footwork & expressive gestures
📍 Southern India
✅ Burra Katha (Andhra Pradesh)
Oral storytelling by main narrator + two co-artists; uses Burra percussion instrument
✅ Chavittu Natakam (Kerala)
17th-century Christian art form; known as “stamping drama”
✅ Krishnattam (Kerala)
Originated under King Manavada of Calicut; eight plays over eight days
✅ Kuravanji (Tamil Nadu)
Dance-drama on a love-struck heroine; performed in Bharatanatyam style
✅ Mudiyettu (Kerala)
Ritual theatre in Kali temples; depicts Bhadrakali’s victory over Darika
✅ Therukoothu (Tamil Nadu)
Harvest-linked theatre; cycle of eight plays on Draupadi
✅ Villu Pattu (Deccan)
Musical narration of Ramayana stories
✅ Yakshagana (Karnataka)
Open-air theatre based on Mahabharata & Ramayana
📍 Eastern India
✅ Dashavatara (Konkan & Goa)
Depicts ten incarnations of Lord Vishnu; stylised masks & make-up
✅ Daskathia (Odisha)
Two narrators — Gayaka & Palia; musical accompaniment with kathia
✅ Oja-Pali (Assam)
Linked to Manasa festival; Oja (lead narrator) & Pali (chorus)
📍 North-Central Belt
✅ Raasleela (Uttar Pradesh)
Based on Lord Krishna’s legends; blends prose dialogue & songs
✅ Swang (Punjab & Haryana)
Music-based evolving into prose; styles in Rohtak (Haryanvi) & Hathras (Brajbhasha)
📍 Other Important Forms
✅ Maach (Madhya Pradesh)
✅ Naqal/Bhand (Punjab)
✅ Nautanki (Uttar Pradesh)
✅ Pagati Veshalu (Telangana & Andhra Pradesh)
✅ Padayani (Kerala)
✅ Tal-Maddale (Karnataka)
✅ Bayalata (Karnataka)
📌 UPSC Relevance
✅ GS-1 – Indian Culture
✅ Important for Prelims matching questions
✅ Value addition for Mains answers on cultural diversity
#prelims
#art_and_culture
https://t.me/Studytoday1
https://t.me/upsc_art_and_culture
❤5👌1
Ocean currents
Upsc prelims accelerator
100+ MCQ /Day
Practice is key clear prelims
Total - 4000+ MCQ
Fee- 499699
Join CLICK HERE
Upsc prelims accelerator
100+ MCQ /Day
Practice is key clear prelims
Total - 4000+ MCQ
Fee- 499
Join CLICK HERE
🔆 National Quantum Mission: 1,000-km Secure Communication Milestone
📍 Context
✅ India has achieved 1,000-km secure quantum communication under the National Quantum Mission.
✅ It is among the world’s longest deployments of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD).
✅ The achievement will strengthen secure communications in defence, banking and critical infrastructure.
📍 What is Quantum Communication?
✅ Quantum communication refers to encoding and transmitting information between distant quantum systems.
✅ It uses principles of quantum mechanics for ultra-secure communication.
📍 Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)
✅ QKD is a method of creating and sharing secret encryption keys using quantum mechanics.
✅ It relies on quantum states that change when observed.
➡️ Therefore, any attempt to intercept the communication can be immediately detected.
✅ This makes QKD far more secure than conventional encryption systems.
📍 Medium Used
✅ Like classical communication, quantum communication mainly uses light in the form of single photons.
✅ This enables fast, low-error and highly secure transfer of information.
📍 About National Quantum Mission
✅ Launched by the Department of Science and Technology for the period 2023–24 to 2030–31.
📍 Major Objectives
✅ Develop intermediate-scale quantum computers.
✅ Establish 2,000-km satellite-based quantum-secure communication.
✅ Design advanced quantum devices such as:
➡️ Magnetometers
➡️ Gravity sensors
➡️ Atomic clocks
✅ Develop next-generation quantum materials such as:
➡️ Superconductors
➡️ Novel semiconductor structures
➡️ Topological materials
#goverment_schemes
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_government_scheme
📍 Context
✅ India has achieved 1,000-km secure quantum communication under the National Quantum Mission.
✅ It is among the world’s longest deployments of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD).
✅ The achievement will strengthen secure communications in defence, banking and critical infrastructure.
📍 What is Quantum Communication?
✅ Quantum communication refers to encoding and transmitting information between distant quantum systems.
✅ It uses principles of quantum mechanics for ultra-secure communication.
📍 Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)
✅ QKD is a method of creating and sharing secret encryption keys using quantum mechanics.
✅ It relies on quantum states that change when observed.
➡️ Therefore, any attempt to intercept the communication can be immediately detected.
✅ This makes QKD far more secure than conventional encryption systems.
📍 Medium Used
✅ Like classical communication, quantum communication mainly uses light in the form of single photons.
✅ This enables fast, low-error and highly secure transfer of information.
📍 About National Quantum Mission
✅ Launched by the Department of Science and Technology for the period 2023–24 to 2030–31.
📍 Major Objectives
✅ Develop intermediate-scale quantum computers.
✅ Establish 2,000-km satellite-based quantum-secure communication.
✅ Design advanced quantum devices such as:
➡️ Magnetometers
➡️ Gravity sensors
➡️ Atomic clocks
✅ Develop next-generation quantum materials such as:
➡️ Superconductors
➡️ Novel semiconductor structures
➡️ Topological materials
#goverment_schemes
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_government_scheme
❤3
🔆 Gaganyaan Mission
📍 Context
✅ Indian Space Research Organisation successfully conducted the second Integrated Air Drop Test for the Gaganyaan mission.
✅ The test validated the safe descent and landing systems of the Crew Module, especially the parachute deployment sequence under simulated flight conditions.
📍 Objective of Gaganyaan
✅ To demonstrate India’s human spaceflight capability by sending a crew of 3 astronauts to Low Earth Orbit (400 km) for a 3-day mission and bringing them back safely by splashdown in Indian sea waters.
✅ The mission includes:
➡️ Two unmanned missions
➡️ One manned mission
📍 Three Major Components
✅ 1. Human Rated Launch Vehicle (HLVM-3)
➡️ Based on ISRO’s LVM3, modified for human-rating requirements.
➡️ It is a three-stage rocket:
• First stage: Two solid-fuel boosters strapped to the core
• Second stage: Two liquid-fuelled clustered Vikas-2 engines
• Third stage: Indigenous CE-20 cryogenic engine using liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen
✅ 2. Orbital Module
➡️ Provides an Earth-like environment for astronauts in space.
➡️ It consists of:
• Crew Module
– Habitable module carrying astronauts
– Includes Environmental Control and Life Support Systems (ECLSS) and parachutes
• Service Module
– Unpressurised module carrying propulsion, power, thermal radiators, and oxygen/water tanks
✅ 3. Crew Escape System (CES)
➡️ A safety mechanism designed to save astronauts if something goes wrong during launch.
📍 Significance of Gaganyaan
✅ India will become the fourth country after the United States, Russia and China to independently develop human spaceflight capability.
✅ Will strengthen India’s space diplomacy and international collaborations.
✅ Will build advanced technological capability for future missions like:
➡️ Sample return missions
➡️ Bharatiya Antariksh Station
✅ Also expected to boost:
➡️ Economic growth
➡️ Employment generation
➡️ Academia–industry partnerships in space technology
#GS3
#prelims
#science_technology
#science_and_technology
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_science_and_technology
📍 Context
✅ Indian Space Research Organisation successfully conducted the second Integrated Air Drop Test for the Gaganyaan mission.
✅ The test validated the safe descent and landing systems of the Crew Module, especially the parachute deployment sequence under simulated flight conditions.
📍 Objective of Gaganyaan
✅ To demonstrate India’s human spaceflight capability by sending a crew of 3 astronauts to Low Earth Orbit (400 km) for a 3-day mission and bringing them back safely by splashdown in Indian sea waters.
✅ The mission includes:
➡️ Two unmanned missions
➡️ One manned mission
📍 Three Major Components
✅ 1. Human Rated Launch Vehicle (HLVM-3)
➡️ Based on ISRO’s LVM3, modified for human-rating requirements.
➡️ It is a three-stage rocket:
• First stage: Two solid-fuel boosters strapped to the core
• Second stage: Two liquid-fuelled clustered Vikas-2 engines
• Third stage: Indigenous CE-20 cryogenic engine using liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen
✅ 2. Orbital Module
➡️ Provides an Earth-like environment for astronauts in space.
➡️ It consists of:
• Crew Module
– Habitable module carrying astronauts
– Includes Environmental Control and Life Support Systems (ECLSS) and parachutes
• Service Module
– Unpressurised module carrying propulsion, power, thermal radiators, and oxygen/water tanks
✅ 3. Crew Escape System (CES)
➡️ A safety mechanism designed to save astronauts if something goes wrong during launch.
📍 Significance of Gaganyaan
✅ India will become the fourth country after the United States, Russia and China to independently develop human spaceflight capability.
✅ Will strengthen India’s space diplomacy and international collaborations.
✅ Will build advanced technological capability for future missions like:
➡️ Sample return missions
➡️ Bharatiya Antariksh Station
✅ Also expected to boost:
➡️ Economic growth
➡️ Employment generation
➡️ Academia–industry partnerships in space technology
#GS3
#prelims
#science_technology
#science_and_technology
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_science_and_technology
❤4
Day 115: 12 April target:
Cover Backlogs
Full length test
Current Affairs:
Revision
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM
Cover Backlogs
Full length test
Current Affairs:
Revision
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM
#Goodmorning
⏳42 days left CSP26[ 24-05-26]
⏳131 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳238 days left UPPSC prelims 6 December
⏳105 days left 72nd BPSC PRELIMS 26 July
⏳98 days left CAPF AC 19 July
⏳84 days left UKPSC PRELIMS 5 July
⏳57 days Left OPSC/ GPSC prelims 07 June
⏳50 days left MPSC (MH) prelims [ 31-05-26]
⏳14 days Left MPPSC (MP)/ HCS Prelims 26 April
⏳13 days Left bpsc mains 25 April
JPSC PRELIMS 19 April
⏳ All the best CDS1 /NDA 12 April
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
⏳42 days left CSP26[ 24-05-26]
⏳131 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳238 days left UPPSC prelims 6 December
⏳105 days left 72nd BPSC PRELIMS 26 July
⏳98 days left CAPF AC 19 July
⏳84 days left UKPSC PRELIMS 5 July
⏳57 days Left OPSC/ GPSC prelims 07 June
⏳50 days left MPSC (MH) prelims [ 31-05-26]
⏳14 days Left MPPSC (MP)/ HCS Prelims 26 April
⏳13 days Left bpsc mains 25 April
JPSC PRELIMS 19 April
⏳ All the best CDS1 /NDA 12 April
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
❤1
India Ranks third globally in Renewable Energy Installed Capacity
According to the Renewable Energy Statistics 2026 released by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), India now ranks third globally in Renewable Energy Installed Capacity, as announced by Union Minister Shri Pralhad Joshi
According to the Renewable Energy Statistics 2026 released by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), India now ranks third globally in Renewable Energy Installed Capacity, as announced by Union Minister Shri Pralhad Joshi
❤4👍2👌1