🔆 Lipulekh Pass in News 🇮🇳

📍 Why in News
✅ Nepal objected to India resuming Kailash Mansarovar Yatra via Lipulekh Pass
✅ Cites Sugauli Treaty
✅ India rejected claims as historically unfounded

📍 Location & Geography
✅ Lipulekh Pass in Kumaon region, Uttarakhand
✅ Situated near tri-junction: India–Nepal–China
✅ Connects India with Tibet (China)

📍 Key Features
✅ Altitude: ~5,334 m (17,500 ft)
✅ High-altitude Himalayan mountain pass
✅ Traditional route for Kailash Mansarovar Yatra

📍 Strategic & Political Significance
✅ Important for India–Nepal boundary dispute
✅ Linked with Kalapani region issue
✅ Strategic access towards Tibet (China)
✅ Sensitive zone in India–China–Nepal geopolitics

📍 Exam Relevance
✅ Prelims: Map location, tri-junction, altitude
✅ Mains (GS2/GS3): Border disputes, neighbourhood relations, strategic geography

#GS1 #GS2 #Geography #IR #PlacesInNews

🔆 Mughal Period

📍 Designation & Responsibilities

✅ Faujdar
🔹 Period: Mughal period
🔹 Important Facts: In charge of Sarkar (Comparable to modern-day district collector).

✅ Ganj
🔹 Period: Mughal period
🔹 Important Facts: A grain market.

✅ Gomastha
🔹 Period: Mughal period
🔹 Important Facts:
- Gomastha described an Indian agent of the British East India Company employed in the Company's colonies, to sign bonds, usually compellingly, by local weavers and artisans to deliver goods to the Company.
- The prices of the goods were fixed by the gomasthas.
- The goods were exported by the Company to Europe and America. Gomastha may also be described as ‘a paid manager of the private trader’s concerns’, who claimed ‘hardly any share in the profit and loss of his employer’s business’.

✅ Ibadat Khana
🔹 Period: Mughal period
🔹 Important Facts:
- The Ibadat Khana was a meeting house built in 1575 CE by the Mughal Emperor Akbar at Fatehpur Sikri to gather spiritual leaders of different religious grounds so as to conduct a discussion on the teachings of the respective religious leaders.

✅ Khots/Muqaddam
🔹 Period: Delhi Sultanate
🔹 Important Facts: Village headman.

✅ Khalsa
🔹 Period: Mughal period
🔹 Important Facts: Land revenue directly for imperial treasury.

✅ Khums
🔹 Period: Medieval India
🔹 Important Facts: Tax on plunder.

#history

BPSC 72nd Exam Notification PDF

Vacancy: 1230
Applicationwindow: 07 to 31 May 2026

🔆 Beyond-Lithium Batteries: Emerging Alternatives

📍 Context
✅ Rising demand from EVs, storage systems, electronics
✅ Search for safer, cheaper, and abundant alternatives to lithium

🔆 Sodium-Ion Batteries (Na-ion)

📍 About
✅ Similar to lithium-ion, but uses sodium ions (Na⁺)
✅ Charge flow between anode ↔ cathode via electrolyte

📍 Advantages
✅ Abundant & cheap: Sodium widely available globally
✅ Safer: Lower fire risk vs lithium batteries
✅ Better logistics: Easier transport & storage

📍 Limitations
❗ Lower energy density (~100–160 Wh/kg) than lithium

🔆 Fluoride-Ion Batteries (F-ion)

📍 About
✅ Uses fluoride ions (F⁻) as charge carriers

📍 Advantages
✅ Very high energy density: Potential >2000 Wh/kg
✅ Abundant resource: Fluorine widely available

📍 Challenges
❗ Still in early research stage
❗ Issues of stability & material compatibility

🔆 Lithium-Ion Batteries (Current Dominant Tech)

📍 About
✅ Uses lithium ions (Li⁺) between electrodes
✅ Backbone of EVs, mobiles, energy storage

📍 Advantages
✅ High energy density (~150–250 Wh/kg)
✅ Low self-discharge (1.5–2%/month)
✅ Low maintenance

📍 Constraints
❗ Dependence on scarce minerals (lithium, cobalt, nickel)
❗ Supply chain risks & imports
❗ Fire risk & slower charging issues

🔆 Comparative Insight
📍 Energy Density: Fluoride > Lithium > Sodium
📍 Safety: Sodium > Lithium
📍 Availability: Sodium & Fluoride > Lithium

🔆 Significance
✅ Reduces import dependence (critical minerals)
✅ Supports clean energy transition & EV growth
✅ Promotes battery diversification & resilience

📍 Way Forward
✅ Invest in R&D for next-gen batteries
✅ Build domestic supply chains
✅ Focus on safety + sustainability standards

#GS3
#prelims
#science_technology
#science_and_technology

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🔆 Chalukya Dynasty (Deccan Power: 6th–12th Century)

📍 Why in News
✅ Discovery of 1300–1500-year-old temples in Telangana (Krishna river region)
✅ Built in Kadamba Nagara style (Rekha Nagara format)
✅ Inscription ‘Gandaloranru’ (8th–9th century AD) linked to Badami Chalukyas

📍 Overview of Chalukyas
✅ Ruled Deccan plateau (6th–12th century)
✅ Three branches:
• Badami (Western Chalukyas – early phase)
• Eastern Chalukyas (Vengi)
• Western Chalukyas (Kalyani)

🔆 Chalukyas of Badami

📍 Foundation & Expansion
✅ Founded by Pulakesin I (c. 550 CE) → Capital: Badami (Vatapi)
✅ Successor Kirtivarman I expanded kingdom

📍 Golden Phase: Pulakesin II (609–642 CE)
✅ Defeated Harsha at Narmada (checked northern expansion)
✅ Victory recorded in Aihole inscription (Ravikirti)
✅ Defeated Vishnukundins (Deccan)
✅ Visited by Xuanzang
✅ Diplomatic ties with Khosrau II

📍 Decline
❗ Defeated by Narasimhavarman I (capture of Vatapi, c. 642 CE)
❗ Final fall to Dantidurga (c. 750 CE)

🔆 Art & Architecture
📍 Over 150 monuments (450–700 CE) in Malaprabha basin
✅ Key Sites:
• Pattadakal (UNESCO World Heritage)
• Badami (rock-cut caves)
• Aihole (experimental architecture)

📍 Examples
✅ Durga Temple (Aihole)
✅ Lad Khan Temple
✅ Meguti Temple (634 CE)

➡️ Blend of Nagara + Dravida styles

🔆 Polity & Administration
📍 Administrative Units:
✅ Maharashtraka → Rashtraka → Vishaya → Bhoga
✅ Presence of feudatories (Alupas, Gangas, Banas)
✅ Local assemblies & Mahajanas managed local affairs

🔆 Society
✅ Caste system present
✅ Women held political & cultural roles (e.g., Vijayanka)
❗ Sati not prominent (evidence of active widows)

🔆 Religion
✅ Initially Vedic Hinduism → later Shaivism dominant
✅ Sects: Pashupata, Kapalika, Kalamukha
✅ Patronage to Jainism
❗ Buddhism declined

🔆 Army & Economy
📍 Army: Infantry, cavalry, elephants + navy
📍 Coinage:
✅ Gold coins (honnu) with temple, lion, boar symbols
✅ Scripts: Nagari & Kannada

🔆 Key Takeaways
✅ Major Deccan power bridging North–South India
✅ Known for temple architecture evolution
✅ Strong example of early regional administration & culture

#history #prelims #mains

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🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS – 2 MAY 2026

🔆 BANKING & FINANCE

📍 FDI Trends in India
✅ Reserve Bank of India reports Gross FDI: $88.3B, Net FDI: $6.3B
✅ Indicates strong inflows but high repatriation/outflows
✅ Net FDI = Actual addition to domestic capital

📍 ₹2000 Notes Update
✅ 98.47% notes returned to banking system
✅ Still legal tender but limited circulation
✅ Withdrawal = currency management (not demonetisation)

🔆 ECONOMY

📍 GST Collections Hit Record High
✅ ₹2.42 lakh crore (April 2026 – all-time high)
✅ YoY growth: 8.7%
✅ Based on destination principle
✅ Constitutional basis: Art 246A, 269A, 279A

🔆 STATES

📍 Nilgiris Forest Fire Contained
✅ Nilgiris = part of Western Ghats
✅ 1st Biosphere Reserve under UNESCO MAB
✅ Rich biodiversity: lion-tailed macaque, Nilgiri tahr

📍 Gig Workers Protection – Karnataka
✅ First state with digital grievance system
✅ Portal: IPGRS for complaint tracking
✅ Ensures transparency & labour rights

📍 Sikkim – Paperless Judiciary
✅ India’s first fully digital judiciary state
✅ Features: e-filing, digital records, faster justice

🔆 NATIONAL

📍 Aarogya Maitri Deployed Globally
✅ Portable healthcare system deployed in Jamaica
✅ Part of India’s HADR diplomacy
✅ Enables rapid medical response in disasters

📍 Citizenship (Amendment) Rules 2026
✅ Digitalisation of OCI + introduction of e-OCI
✅ Mandatory online applications
✅ Minor cannot hold dual passports
✅ Faster immigration via biometric consent

📍 Assistive Tech Standards by BIS
✅ New standards under NLEAP initiative
✅ Focus: mobility aids & inclusive design
✅ Aim: accessibility + tech development

📍 US Returns 657 Antiquities to India
✅ Value: ~$14 million
✅ Includes Avalokiteshvara statue & Dancing Ganesha
✅ Highlights crackdown on cultural smuggling

🔆 AWARDS & RECOGNITIONS

📍 Whitley Awards 2026
✅ Winners: Barkha Subba & Parveen Shaikh
✅ Work: Himalayan salamander & Indian skimmer conservation
✅ Known as “Green Oscars”

🔆 SPORTS

📍 World Athletics Relays 2026
✅ India sends 21-member squad
✅ Event in Gaborone, Botswana
✅ Competing in 5 relay categories

📍 Youngest Palk Strait Swimmer
✅ Ishank Singh (7 yrs) crosses 29 km
✅ Route: Talaimannar → Dhanushkodi
✅ Time: 9 hrs 50 min

🔆 SCHEMES

📍 IS-PCMR Scheme Update
✅ 58 companies approved
✅ Outlay: ₹1,500 crore
✅ Focus: recycling critical minerals (EVs, electronics)
✅ Supports clean energy transition

🔆 RANKS & REPORTS

📍 Global Hepatitis Report 2026
✅ India among top contributors to hepatitis deaths
✅ HBV & HCV → 95% of deaths globally
✅ ~1.34 million deaths (2024)
✅ WHO target: 65% reduction by 2030

🔆 IMPORTANT DAYS

📍 Maharashtra Day (1 May)
✅ Formation of Maharashtra (1960)
✅ Split from Bombay State with Gujarat

🔆 SUMMITS & CONFERENCES

📍 Santa Marta Conference
✅ Focus: transition away from fossil fuels
✅ Introduced global coordination + finance reforms
✅ Linked to COP30 climate process

📍 National Summit on Innovation & Inclusivity
✅ Organised by Health Ministry (Chandigarh)
✅ Focus: digital health, primary care
✅ Launch: Swasth Bharat Portal, JANANI Portal

🔆 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

📍 C-ART Facility (Visakhapatnam)
✅ Coastal Atmospheric Research Testbed
✅ First on East Coast
✅ Tools: Doppler radar, wind lidar

🔆 DEFENCE

📍 INS Mahendragiri Delivered
✅ 6th ship of Project 17A (Nilgiri-class)
✅ Stealth guided-missile frigate
✅ Boosts Aatmanirbhar Bharat in defence

🔆 OBITUARY

📍 Dijo Kappan Passed Away
✅ Noted consumer rights activist (68 yrs)

#CurrentAffairs

🔆 Nyokum Yullo Festival (Arunachal Pradesh)

📍 About the Festival
✅ Celebrated by Nyishi community
✅ Observed in Arunachal Pradesh
✅ Meaning:
• Nyok → Earth/Land
• Kum → Togetherness/Collectiveness

📍 Rituals & Practices
✅ Worship of Nyokum goddess (prosperity & good harvest)
✅ No idol worship; rituals around bamboo structure (Yugung)
✅ Singing & dancing led by head priest (Nyubh)
✅ Guests welcomed with rice paste powder & opo (local drink)

📍 Traditional Attire
✅ Men: Eri cotton robes, bead necklaces, bamboo caps (with feathers/hornbill beak)
✅ Women: Wrap-around skirts, ornaments, bamboo headgear

🔆 About Nyishi Tribe

📍 Distribution
✅ Largest ethnic group in Arunachal Pradesh
✅ Also found in Assam (Sonitpur, North Lakhimpur)

📍 Society & Culture
✅ Patrilineal society; no rigid caste system
✅ Practice of polygyny present
✅ Believe in harmony between man, nature & spirits

📍 Language
✅ Nyishi/Nishi (Sino-Tibetan family)

📍 Occupation
✅ Slash-and-burn (jhum) agriculture, hunting, fishing

📍 Religion
✅ Indigenous Donyi-Polo (Sun–Moon worship)
✅ Also influenced by Hinduism & Christianity

📍 Other Festivals
✅ Boori-Boot (Feb)
✅ Nyokum (Feb)
✅ Longte (April)

📍 Key Takeaways
✅ Important for tribal culture & festivals (Prelims)
✅ Reflects nature-centric belief systems of Northeast India

#prelims
#art_and_culture

https://t.me/Studytoday1
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🔆 Sangam Economy (Early Historic South India)

📍 Agriculture
✅ Backbone of the Sangam economy
✅ Major crops: Paddy (rice) and millets
✅ Advanced irrigation:
• Tanks and dams
• Supported farming in non-perennial river systems

📍 Trade
✅ Internal trade flourished through:
📌 Well-maintained roads
📌 Secured marketplaces

✅ External trade:
• Mentioned in Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
• Exports: Spices, textiles, precious stones, pearls
• Roman gold coins found in South India confirm Indo-Roman trade

📍 Crafts & Industries
✅ Weaving:
• Major industry
• Fine textiles frequently praised in Sangam literature

✅ Metallurgy:
• Advanced iron and steel production
• Used for tools and weapons

✅ Bead-making:
• Highly developed craft
• Important trade commodity

📍 Urban Centres
✅ Growth driven by thriving trade
✅ Major cities:
• Puhar (Chola)
• Muciri / Muchiri (Chera)
• Madurai (Pandya)

✅ Archaeological evidence (though limited due to continuous habitation) supports Sangam literary accounts

#history #prelims #mains

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🔆 First Battle of Panipat (1526)

📍 Overview
✅ Fought on 21 April 1526 between:
• Babur
• Ibrahim Lodi

✅ Marked the end of Delhi Sultanate and beginning of the Mughal Empire in India

📍 Battle Location
✅ Panipat — strategic gateway to Delhi

🔆 Key Political Causes

📍 Weakness of Lodi Rule
✅ Ibrahim Lodi’s autocratic rule alienated nobles
✅ Poor administration weakened central authority

📍 Factionalism & Noble Revolt
✅ Afghan nobles lost privileges
✅ Internal conflicts weakened resistance

📍 Invitation to Babur
✅ Rebels like Daulat Khan Lodi and Alam Khan invited Babur to intervene

🔆 Battle Snapshot

📍 Forces
✅ Babur: ~10,000–12,000 troops + artillery
✅ Ibrahim Lodi: ~100,000 soldiers + 1000 elephants

📍 Outcome
✅ Ibrahim Lodi killed in battle
✅ Babur secured decisive victory

🔆 Reasons for Babur’s Victory

📍 1. Modern Warfare & Technology
✅ Effective use of:
• Cannons
• Tufang (matchlocks)

➡️ Gunpowder weapons neutralised elephant warfare

📍 2. Tactical Innovation
✅ Tulughma Strategy → flanking & encirclement
✅ Araba System → carts linked as defensive barriers
✅ Use of mantlets to protect gunners

📍 3. Disciplined Army
✅ Smaller but highly organised Timurid force
✅ Better command structure & coordination

📍 4. Weakness of Lodi Forces
✅ Lack of unity among Afghan nobles
✅ Overdependence on elephants & traditional warfare

🔆 Why Panipat Became a Major Battlefield?

📍 Strategic Location
✅ On Grand Trunk Road connecting Central Asia & India

📍 Gateway to Delhi
✅ Control of Panipat meant control over political power

📍 Open Plains
✅ Suitable for cavalry & artillery deployment

📍 Logistical Advantages
✅ Availability of water, food & camp space

🔆 Historical Significance

📍 Political Transition
✅ Ended Lodi dynasty & Delhi Sultanate
✅ Began centralised Mughal rule

📍 Military Transformation
✅ Introduced modern gunpowder warfare in India
✅ Shift from elephant warfare → artillery-based warfare

📍 Administrative Impact
✅ Laid foundation for long-lasting Mughal administration

🔆 Contemporary Relevance

📍 Strategic Lessons
✅ Technology + tactics can outweigh numerical superiority

📍 Political Lesson
✅ Internal divisions can invite external intervention

📍 Leadership Insight
✅ Importance of adaptability & strategic thinking in crises

📍 Key Terms
✅ Tufang: Early matchlock firearm
✅ Tulughma: Mongol-style encirclement tactic
✅ Araba System: Linked-cart defensive formation
✅ Mantlets: Protective shields/screens for soldiers

#history #prelims #mains

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🔆 Methane Alert and Response System (MARS)

📍 Why in News
✅ MARS expanded to monitor coal mines & waste facilities
✅ Triggered after Kanjurmarg Landfill was identified among the world’s top 3 methane-emitting sites

📍 Earlier Coverage
✅ Previously focused only on oil & gas facilities under UNEP’s methane partnership

🔆 About MARS

📍 Meaning
✅ First public global satellite detection & notification system for tracking large methane “super-emitters” worldwide

📍 Nodal Agency
✅ Managed by United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) through the International Methane Emissions Observatory (IMEO)

📍 Launch
✅ Launched at COP27
✅ Venue: Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt

🔆 Objectives & Functions

📍 Key Functions
✅ Detects major methane leaks/emissions using satellites
✅ Sends alerts & notifications to governments and operators
✅ Supports rapid mitigation action

📍 Global Methane Pledge Support
✅ Assists implementation of Global Methane Pledge
➡️ Goal: Reduce methane emissions by 30% below 2020 levels by 2030

🔆 Why Methane Matters?

📍 Importance
✅ Methane is a highly potent greenhouse gas
✅ Causes significantly more warming than CO₂ in the short term

📍 Major Sources
✅ Oil & gas operations
✅ Coal mines
✅ Landfills & waste facilities
✅ Agriculture & livestock

📍 Significance
✅ Enhances global climate monitoring
✅ Promotes accountability & transparency
✅ Helps countries meet climate commitments

#GS3
#prelims
#science_technology
#science_and_technology

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🔆 Hantavirus 🦠

📍 Why in News
✅ Suspected Hantavirus outbreak reported on a Netherlands-based cruise ship
✅ Resulted in multiple deaths and illnesses

🔆 About Hantavirus

📍 Meaning
✅ Group of viruses mainly carried by rodents that can infect humans

📍 Origin of Name
✅ Named after Hantan River region where virus was identified in the 1970s

🔆 Transmission

📍 Main Mode
✅ Inhalation of air contaminated with:
• Rodent urine
• Droppings
• Saliva particles

📍 Rare Transmission
✅ Rodent bites or scratches

📍 Common Carriers
✅ Deer mice
✅ Rats
✅ Other wild rodents

🔆 Diseases Caused

📍 1. Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)
✅ Severe respiratory illness affecting lungs
✅ Common in North & South America

📍 Symptoms
✅ Fever, fatigue, muscle pain
✅ Later: coughing, breathing difficulty, lung fluid accumulation

📍 Fatality
❗ Mortality rate around 38%

📍 2. Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS)
✅ Primarily affects kidneys
✅ Can cause:
• Internal bleeding
• Low blood pressure
• Acute kidney failure

🔆 General Symptoms
✅ Fever & chills
✅ Headache, dizziness
✅ Abdominal pain
✅ Severe breathing problems in advanced stage

🔆 Who is at High Risk?
✅ People exposed to rodent-infested areas
✅ Cleaning enclosed or poorly ventilated places without protection

🔆 Prevention & Treatment

📍 Preventive Measures
✅ Avoid rodent exposure
✅ Maintain cleanliness & hygiene
✅ Use masks & gloves while cleaning contaminated areas

📍 Treatment
❗ No specific cure available
✅ Early diagnosis & supportive medical care improve survival chances

📍 Key Takeaways
✅ Zoonotic disease transmitted mainly through rodents
✅ Important from public health & epidemiology perspective

#GS3
#prelims
#science_technology
#science_and_technology

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🔆 History of Indian Cinema – Quick Revision Notes

📍 Early Beginnings (1896–1910s)
✅ Lumière Brothers (1896): Introduced motion pictures in Bombay.
✅ Save Dada (Harishchandra Bhatavdekar, 1899): Made first Indian short films.
✅ Jamshedjee Madan (1907): Established Elphinstone Picture House, Calcutta.
✅ Universal Studios (1916): Opened first Hollywood agency in India.

📍 Silent Film Era (1910–1930)
✅ First Indian Silent Film: Raja Harishchandra (1913) by Dadasaheb Phalke – Father of Indian Cinema.
✅ Other works – Lanka Dahan (1917), Mohini Bhasmasur.
✅ First Indo-British film: Pundalik (1912) by N.G. Chitre & R.G. Torney.
✅ First Woman Filmmaker: Fatma Begum – Bulbul-e-Paristan (1926).
✅ Censorship Controversy: Bhakta Vidur (1921) banned in Madras.
✅ Popular Studios: Kohinoor Film Co., Phalke’s Hindustan Cinema Co.

📍 Talkies & Colour Films (1930–1950s)
✅ First Talkie: Alam Ara (1931) by Ardeshir Irani; first song – De De Khuda Ke Naam Par.
✅ Studio System: Started with Devdas (1935) by P.C. Barua.
✅ First Colour Film: Sairandhri (1933) (processed in Germany).
✅ First Indigenous Colour Film: Kisan Kanya (1937) by Ardeshir Irani.
✅ First Songless Film: Naujawan (1937) by J.B.H. Wadia.
✅ First Stunt Films: Hunterwali (1935) starring Fearless Nadia.
✅ First South Indian Film: Premsagar (1939) by K. Subrahmanyam.

📍 Milestones & Awards
✅ First Cinemascope Film: Kaagaz Ke Phool (1959) – Guru Dutt.
✅ First 70mm Film: Around the World (1967) – Raj Kapoor.
✅ First 3D Film: My Dear Kuttichathan (Malayalam).
✅ First Sanskrit Film: Adi Shankara – G.V. Iyer.
✅ Dadasaheb Phalke Award (1969): First winner – Devika Rani (Lady of Indian Film).
✅ Swarna Kamal: Best Film of the Year award.
✅ First IFFI: 1952.
✅ First Actress to win Padma Shri: Nargis Dutt.
✅ First Actor with French Chevalier Award: Sivaji Ganesan.
✅ First Film Star CM: M.G. Ramachandran (Tamil Nadu).

📍 Parallel Cinema Movement (1970s–80s)
✅ Directors: Shyam Benegal, Satyajit Ray, Ritwik Ghatak, Mrinal Sen, Adoor Gopalakrishnan, Mani Kaul, Govind Nihalani.
✅ Focused on realism, social themes, and art cinema.

#prelims
#art_and_culture

@studytoday1
@upsc_art_and_culture

🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS – 6 MAY 2026

🔆 ECONOMY

📍 India’s Net Direct Tax Collections FY26
✅ Net direct tax collection: ₹23.40 lakh crore
✅ Growth: 5.12% YoY
✅ Personal Income Tax became largest contributor

🔆 STATES

📍 Telangana–L&T Metro Agreement
✅ Telangana acquires 100% stake in Hyderabad Metro Phase-I
✅ Deal size: ~₹15,000 crore
✅ Shift from PPP model to full state ownership

📍 UIDAI–NFSU 5-Year Pact
✅ Collaboration on cybersecurity & digital forensics
✅ Strengthens Aadhaar ecosystem security

🔆 NATIONAL

📍 2 New Semiconductor Units Approved
✅ Cabinet clears projects worth ₹3,936 crore under India Semiconductor Mission
✅ Units in Gujarat (Dholera & Surat)
✅ Focus: GaN displays & semiconductor assembly/testing

📍 SC Expands Definition of Acid Attack Victims
✅ Includes victims of forcible acid ingestion/internal injuries
✅ Brings wider access to RPwD Act benefits
✅ Acid attack remains cognizable & non-bailable under BNS 2023

📍 Supreme Court Judge Strength Increased
✅ Judges increased from 33 → 37 (excluding CJI)
✅ Aim: reduce pendency & improve judicial efficiency

📍 Railway Multitracking Projects Approved
✅ Cost: ₹23,437 crore
✅ Focus: logistics, connectivity & congestion reduction

📍 Ship Repair Facility in Gujarat
✅ State-of-the-art facility approved at Vadinar
✅ Boosts maritime infrastructure & defence support

🔆 INTERNATIONAL

📍 Hantavirus Outbreak
✅ Linked to rodent-borne zoonotic infection
✅ Causes HCPS & HFRS syndromes
✅ No specific cure available

📍 UNGA President Visits India
✅ Annalena Baerbock visited India
✅ Focus: strengthening India–UN engagement
✅ Paid tribute at Rajghat & met EAM S. Jaishankar

🔆 MoUs & AGREEMENTS

📍 JJM 2.0 Reform-Linked MoUs
✅ Signed with Uttarakhand, Karnataka & Tripura
✅ Focus: Gram Panchayat-led water governance
✅ Target: 100% tap water coverage by Dec 2028

🔆 AWARDS & RECOGNITIONS

📍 Pulitzer Prize 2026
✅ Indian journalists R.K. Anand & Suparna Sharma honoured
✅ Awarded for “trAPPed” digital crime investigation
✅ Category: Illustrated Reporting & Commentary

🔆 IMPORTANT DAYS

📍 World Asthma Day 2026 (5 May)
✅ Theme: “Access to anti-inflammatory inhalers for everyone with asthma – still an urgent need.”

🔆 SUMMITS & CONFERENCES

📍 Brain-Computer Interface Conference
✅ Inaugurated by CDS Anil Chauhan
✅ Focus: future warfare & human-machine integration

📍 National Conference on Rare Diseases
✅ Focus on innovation, early diagnosis & collaboration
✅ Financial assistance up to ₹50 lakh per patient

🔆 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

📍 India’s First State-led SpaceTech CoE
✅ Launched in Bengaluru by Karnataka Govt
✅ Bridges research & commercialization in space sector

📍 LR-AShM Missile Test
✅ DRDO successfully tests hypersonic anti-ship missile
✅ Range: ~1,500 km | Speed: up to Mach 10
✅ Advanced glide vehicle + precision targeting

🔆 APPS & PORTALS
📍 Samarth Panchayat Portal
✅ Ministry of Panchayati Raj initiative
✅ Enables Panchayats to monitor tax & non-tax revenue digitally
✅ Supports UPI-based rural tax collection

#CurrentAffairs

Election commission of India

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Finance commission of India

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