SSC CGL 2026 Online Application Date Extended

Last Date : 25th June, 2026

🔆 Role of SHGs (Self-Help Groups) in Governance

📍 About SHGs
✅ Informal associations of people who come together to improve their socio-economic conditions.

✅ Originated in 1975, Bangladesh under the initiative of Muhammad Yunus.

✅ Not governed by any specific Act; based on Article 19(1)(c) of the Constitution (Freedom to form associations).

📍 Role of SHGs in Governance

✅ Promoting Social Integrity
• Mobilize communities against social evils such as dowry, alcoholism, and environmental degradation.

✅ Voice to Marginalized Sections
• Empower women, SCs, STs, and weaker sections through collective representation.
• India has around 1.2 crore SHGs, nearly 88% women-led.

✅ Financial Inclusion
• Improve access to formal credit and banking services.
• SHG-Bank Linkage Programme (NABARD) has reduced dependence on moneylenders.

✅ Employment Generation
• Promote micro-enterprises and rural entrepreneurship.
• Examples: tailoring, grocery shops, handicrafts, repair services, etc.

✅ Leadership Development
• Create grassroots leaders and strengthen local governance.
• Example: Andhra Pradesh created nearly 1.4 lakh women leaders through SHGs.

📍 Issues & Challenges

✅ Inadequate Rural Banking Infrastructure
• High servicing costs discourage lending in remote areas.

✅ Poor Coverage
• Credit access remains weak in states like Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Odisha.

✅ Lack of Professionalism
• Weak accounting, record-keeping, and financial management.

✅ Insufficient Training
• Limited technical, managerial, and entrepreneurial skills.

✅ Inadequate Financial Assistance
• Credit availability often falls short of actual requirements.

✅ Lack of Stability
• Women-led SHGs may face disruptions due to migration after marriage.

✅ Limited Market Access
• SHG products often struggle to access larger markets.
• GeM Portal is helping improve market linkages.

📍 Way Forward

✅ Strengthen Financial Infrastructure
• Expand rural banking networks and institutional support through agencies like NABARD.

✅ Expand SHGs to Urban & Semi-Urban Areas
• Address growing urban poverty and livelihood challenges.
• Example: Mission Shakti SHGs in Odisha.

✅ Increase Coverage in Credit-Deficient Regions
• Focus on North-East states, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, etc.

✅ Capacity Building & Training
• Training in finance, bookkeeping, production, marketing, and digital literacy.

✅ Greater Focus on Social Development
• SHGs should actively contribute to health, sanitation, education, nutrition, and women empowerment.

📍 Conclusion
✅ SHGs have emerged as a powerful instrument of inclusive governance, financial inclusion, women empowerment, and grassroots development. Strengthening institutional support, training, and market access can further enhance their role in achieving sustainable and participatory governance.

#mains

23 june editorial summary

#editorial

Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM

#pib
23 June pib summary

Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/CSE_EXAM

🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS – 23 JUNE 2026

🔆 ECONOMY
📍 India’s Core Sector Growth Slows
✅ Growth of Index of Eight Core Industries (ICI) slowed to 0.5% in May 2026
✅ April growth revised to 1.8%
✅ April-May cumulative growth stood at 1.1%
✅ Covers Coal, Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Refinery Products, Fertilisers, Steel, Cement and Electricity
✅ Released by Office of Economic Adviser

🔆 STATES
📍 Indori Malwi Potato Receives GI Tag
✅ Granted Geographical Indication (GI) status
✅ Major Rabi crop under ODOP initiative
✅ Known for low sugar and starch content
✅ Ideal for chips, wafers and French fries
✅ Other GI products include Garadu and Balam Cucumber

🔆 NATIONAL

📍 India Becomes World Leader in Ship Recycling
✅ India captured 35.4% global ship recycling share in 2025
✅ Share increased from 30.1% in 2024
✅ Recycling volume rose to 2.99 million GT
✅ Achievement under Maritime India Vision 2030
✅ Alang Ship Recycling Yard remains India’s largest recycling hub

📍 India Launches First Digital Space Industry Repository
✅ Indian Space Industry E-Catalogue launched during Indian Space Congress 2026
✅ Developed by SIA-India
✅ Showcases India’s space-sector capabilities
✅ Supports industry collaboration and investment
✅ Includes reports on orbital servicing and space-based computing

📍 Osmania University Achieves Four ISO Certifications
✅ First Indian university to receive 4 ISO certifications simultaneously
✅ Certifications awarded by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)
✅ Covers education, environment, energy and food safety management
✅ University located in Hyderabad, Telangana

📍 CPCL Upgraded to Navratna Status
✅ Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited (CPCL) upgraded from Miniratna-I to Navratna
✅ Became India’s 28th Navratna CPSE
✅ Approval granted by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman
✅ Provides greater financial and operational autonomy

📍 NAFED Launches Digital Auction Platform
✅ NAFEX.in launched by Union Minister Amit Shah
✅ Enhances transparency and efficiency in agricultural auctions
✅ DRISHTI Portal launched for inventory management
✅ NAFED-KALYAN Scholarship introduced for farmers’ children
✅ NAFED functions under Ministry of Cooperation

🔆 INDIA & THE WORLD

📍 PM Modi’s Gifts Showcase India’s Heritage
✅ Traditional Indian handicrafts gifted to foreign dignitaries
✅ Included Kalamkari, Pochampally Silk, Kashmiri Carpet, Dokra Art, Thewa Art and Himroo Silk
✅ Highlights India’s rich cultural diversity
✅ Promotes traditional crafts globally

🔆 AGREEMENTS & MoUs

📍 NSE Signs MoU with Bharat Metal Exchange
✅ Focus on non-ferrous metal derivatives market
✅ Promotes awareness of hedging and price-risk management
✅ Supports development of commodity derivatives ecosystem

📍 IITM & ARIES Sign MoU for Climate Observation Station
✅ Climate observation station to be established at Devasthal
✅ Part of Bharat Climate Observation Network (BCON)
✅ Supports Mission Mausam
✅ Enhances Himalayan climate and atmospheric research

📍 Maharashtra Partners with Google for Education
✅ Over 4 lakh teachers to receive AI training
✅ Training period: 18 months
✅ Conducted free of cost by Google
✅ Strengthens digital education ecosystem

🔆 APPOINTMENTS & RESIGNATIONS
📍 Tushar Mehta Reappointed Solicitor General
✅ Reappointed as Solicitor General of India
✅ Solicitor General is the second-highest law officer of India
✅ Functions under the Union Government’s legal framework

🔆 SPORTS
📍 Harmanpreet Kaur Creates Historic T20I Record
✅ First cricketer in history to play 200 T20 International matches
✅ Achieved milestone during Women’s T20 World Cup 2026
✅ Surpasses all men’s and women’s T20I records
✅ Reinforces India’s prominence in women’s cricket

🔆 DEFENCE
📍 IAF to Acquire Retired Jaguar Aircraft from UK
✅ India to acquire 9 retired SEPECAT Jaguar aircraft
✅ Intended for spare parts and fleet sustainment
✅ Jaguars inducted into IAF in 1979
✅ Expected to remain operational till 2030–32
✅ Will gradually be replaced by Tejas, Rafale and future indigenous fighters

🔆 ENVIRONMENT
📍 ABS Framework Delivers Grassroots Benefits

✅ Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) framework mobilised over ₹266 crore
✅ Around ₹145 crore distributed to beneficiaries
✅ Benefited 10,500+ Biodiversity Management Committees and local communities
✅ Implemented under Biological Diversity Act, 2002
✅ Red Sanders contributed highest ABS realization
✅ Supports equitable sharing of benefits from biological resources

🔆 IMPORTANT DAYS
📍 World Sickle Cell Day 2026
✅ Observed on 19 June
✅ Theme: “Closing the Survival Gap: Equity in Sickle Cell Disease”
✅ Raises awareness about Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)

#CurrentAffairs

23 june current affairs

🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS – 24 JUNE 2026

🔆 NATIONAL

📍 VOC Port Launches India’s First PortGPT App
✅ V.O. Chidambaranar Port Authority launched PortGPT
✅ First major Indian port to deploy enterprise-grade Generative AI mobile platform
✅ Port located at Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu
✅ Renewable energy offsets nearly 94% of energy consumption
✅ Recognized as a Scope-2 Emission Free Port
✅ MoU signed with Gati Shakti Vishwavidyalaya

📍 India’s First Private Hybrid 2G Ethanol Project Gets Support
✅ MoPNG approved ₹150 crore assistance
✅ Support for India’s first private-sector 91 KLPD Hybrid 2G Ethanol Biorefinery
✅ Located at Wave Sugar, Uttar Pradesh
✅ Uses agricultural residues like bagasse and crop stalks
✅ Supports cleaner biofuel production and stubble management

📍 DISHA 2.0 Scheme Approved
✅ Designing Innovative Solutions for Holistic Access to Justice (DISHA 2.0)
✅ Duration: 2026–2031
✅ Total outlay: ₹255 crore
✅ Supports Articles 14, 21 and 39A
✅ Target: Reach 3 crore beneficiaries
✅ Aligns with Viksit Bharat 2047 and SDGs

🔆 INDIA & THE WORLD

📍 Queen Máxima Visits India to Study UPI Ecosystem
✅ Visited India as UNSGSA for Financial Health
✅ Reviewed India’s UPI, Aadhaar and Account Aggregator Framework
✅ Praised India’s Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)
✅ Emphasized focus on financial health beyond financial inclusion
✅ Netherlands Capital: Amsterdam; Seat of Government: The Hague

🔆 AGREEMENTS & MoUs

📍 BHASHINI Division Signs MoU with AISF
✅ Promotes multilingual AI and language technology in Assam
✅ Signed between Digital India BHASHINI Division and Assam Innovation & Startup Foundation
✅ Supports digital access through regional languages
✅ Encourages innovation in language technologies

📍 NHAI Signs MoU with NCAER
✅ Establishes NHAI Centre for Economics of Transportation, Mobility and Logistics
✅ Focus on transport and logistics research
✅ Strengthens evidence-based infrastructure policymaking
✅ NCAER is India’s oldest independent economic policy research institute

🔆 DEFENCE

📍 India Tests Indigenous Garudastra Mortar System
✅ Successfully tested Garudastra 120 mm Vehicle-Mounted Mortar System
✅ Developed by Nibe Limited
✅ Tested at Infantry School, Mhow (Madhya Pradesh)
✅ Range: 7–10 km
✅ Can fire 12 rounds in 60 seconds
✅ Supports shoot-and-scoot capability

📍 US Announces Support Package for M777A2 Howitzers
✅ US announces US$230 million sustainment package
✅ Supports maintenance and operational readiness of M777A2 howitzers
✅ M777A2 is a 155 mm ultra-light howitzer
✅ Widely deployed in mountainous terrain by Indian Army

🔆 IMPORTANT DAYS

📍 World Refugee Day 2026
✅ Observed on 20 June
✅ Theme: “Until Everyone Is Safe”

📍 World Hydrography Day 2026
✅ Observed on 21 June
✅ Theme: “Transforming How Ocean Data is Shared”

📍 International Day of the Celebration of Solstice
✅ Observed on 21 June

📍 World Music Day 2026
✅ Observed on 21 June
✅ Theme: “Music for Peace”

📍 United Nations Public Service Day 2026
✅ Observed on 23 June
✅ Theme: “Transforming Public Institutions: Advancing Innovation, Participation and Inclusion”

#CurrentAffais

24 june current affairs

🔆 Deuterated Compounds & 24 kA Prototype Sodium Cell

📍 Why in News?
✅ Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) inaugurated a Deuterated Compounds Production Plant and commissioned a 24 kA Prototype Sodium Cell.

📍 About Deuterated Compounds

✅ Definition
• Molecules in which specific hydrogen atoms are replaced by deuterium (²H or D).

✅ About Deuterium
• A stable, non-radioactive isotope of hydrogen.
• Contains 1 proton and 1 neutron in its nucleus.
• Approximately twice as heavy as ordinary hydrogen (protium), which has only one proton.

✅ Applications
• Advanced scientific research.
• Nuclear and strategic technologies.
• Pharmaceuticals and chemical studies.
• Frontier technologies and isotope-based investigations.

📍 24 kA Prototype Sodium Cell

✅ Definition
• An electrochemical device developed for the indigenous production of nuclear-grade sodium.

✅ Significance
• Reduces dependence on imports for critical nuclear materials.
• Enhances India’s self-reliance in nuclear technology.

✅ Importance for India’s Nuclear Programme
• Critical for the Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) Programme.
• Supports the Second Stage of India’s Three-Stage Nuclear Power Programme.

📍 Three-Stage Nuclear Power Programme

✅ Stage I: Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) using natural uranium.

✅ Stage II: Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs) using plutonium and uranium-238 to generate more fuel.

✅ Stage III: Thorium-based reactors utilizing India’s vast thorium reserves.

📍 Key Takeaway
✅ The new Deuterated Compounds Plant and Prototype Sodium Cell strengthen India’s capabilities in nuclear research, strategic technologies, and indigenous nuclear fuel-cycle development, supporting long-term energy security.

#GS3
#prelims
#science_technology
#science_and_technology

Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_science_and_technology

CSE 2026-27 mains value addition

🛑 CLICK HERE 🛑

🔆 Drunix Platform

📍 Why in News?
✅ NPCI launched the Drunix Platform to help organisations build and scale tokenisation platforms, digital asset ecosystems, and multi-organisation networks.

📍 About Drunix
✅ Definition
• An open-source blockchain platform designed to support enterprise-grade digital asset and tokenisation solutions.
✅ Launched By
• National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI).
✅ Aim
• Accelerate blockchain readiness by providing foundational technologies for:
• Experimentation
• Interoperability
• Real-world adoption

📍 Key Features
✅ Built as a high-performance distributed ledger platform.
✅ Developed as an enhanced fork of Hyperledger Fabric.
✅ Enables large-scale blockchain deployment.
✅ Designed for enterprise and public infrastructure adoption.
✅ Supports creation of:
• Tokenisation platforms
• Digital asset ecosystems
• Multi-organisation networks

📍 About Hyperledger Fabric
✅ An open-source enterprise blockchain framework.
✅ Developed under the Linux Foundation.
✅ Provides a secure, scalable, and permissioned blockchain architecture for enterprises.

📍 Significance
✅ Strengthens India’s digital public infrastructure ecosystem.
✅ Promotes indigenous blockchain innovation and adoption.
✅ Enhances interoperability across digital networks.
✅ Contributes to the global open-source technology ecosystem.

#goverment_schemes

Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_government_scheme

🔆 Prosecution

📍 Definition
✅ Public Prosecutor is an agent of the State representing public interest in the criminal justice system.
✅ Defined under Section 2(u) of CrPC, 1973.

📍 Role of Public Prosecutor
✅ Maintaining the Case File – Responsible for maintaining all case records.
• Section 24, CrPC: Central Government may appoint one or more Public Prosecutors for conducting cases.

✅ Representation in Court – Appears on behalf of the State and victim to ensure justice and punishment of the accused.
• Tikam Singh vs State & Ors: Public Prosecutor’s office prevents private vengeance through legal processes.

✅ Recording Evidence
• Records evidence and conducts cross-examination of witnesses.

📍 Issues & Challenges
✅ Weak Directorate of Prosecution
• Prosecution functions are often overridden by the executive.
• Need for a uniform national authority.
• States like Goa and Kerala have separate Directorates of Prosecution.

✅ Lack of Separation
• No clear boundary between investigation and prosecution in many states.
• When prosecution is headed by senior police officers, independence gets compromised.

✅ Lack of Independence & Responsibility
• Prosecutors often play a limited role in crucial decisions such as initiating prosecution, collecting evidence, and withdrawal of cases.

✅ Low Conviction Rate
• Conviction rates remain low under existing arrangements.
• NCRB 2019: Conviction rate was 41.9% in murder cases and 27.8% in rape cases.

📍 Way Forward
✅ Independent Directorate of Prosecution
• Establish a separate Directorate with strict separation from the executive.
• Law Commission (1958) recommended a dedicated Directorate of Prosecution with its own cadre.

✅ Reduce Eligibility Experience
• Lower required experience from 7 years to 3 years to attract more lawyers.

✅ National Training Institute
• Establish a national institution for professional training of prosecutors.

✅ Improve Remuneration
• Enhance salary and service conditions to attract and retain quality legal professionals.

📍 Conclusion
✅ A professional, independent, and well-trained prosecution system is essential for ensuring fair trials, higher conviction rates, and an efficient criminal justice system.

#mains

24 june editorial summary

#editorial

Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM

🔆 BHARATI Programme

📍 Why in News?
✅ APEDA successfully concluded the first cohort of its flagship export acceleration initiative, the BHARATI Programme.

📍 About BHARATI Programme
✅ BHARATI stands for Bharat’s Hub for Agritech, Resilience, Advancement and Incubation for Export Innovation.
✅ A flagship export enablement and acceleration programme to promote an export-first mindset among Indian agri-food startups.
✅ Nodal Agency: Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA).

📍 Aim
✅ Build a future-ready export ecosystem to achieve USD 50 billion in APEDA-scheduled product exports by 2030.
✅ Support startups in product development, sustainability, logistics, quality compliance, and export readiness.

📍 Eligibility
✅ Agri-food startups, APEDA-registered exporters, Farmer Producer Companies (FPCs) and SPS solution providers.
✅ Startup criteria:
• Private Ltd., LLP or Registered Partnership
• ≤5 years old
• Annual turnover ≤ ₹10 crore

📍 Key Features
✅ Selected 100 startups from 700+ applications.
✅ Cohort included 68 agri-food startups, 26 export-tech startups, and 6 SPS innovators.
✅ 120-hour acceleration programme covering branding, scaling, export compliance, and investor readiness.
✅ Top 8 startups showcased at Gulfood 2026 (Dubai) for global B2B exposure.
✅ Encouraged entrepreneurship across all age groups (17–75 years).

📍 UPSC Prelims Facts
✅ Implemented by: APEDA.
✅ Focuses on agri-food exports and startup acceleration.
✅ Supports India’s target of USD 50 billion agri-product exports by 2030.

#goverment_schemes

Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_government_scheme