πππ‘ππ§π¨π₯ ππ₯ππ§ππ’π§π π’π§ ππ§ππ’π
π1
#Goodmorning
β³46 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
β³321 days left CSP27 [ 23-05-27]
β³411 days left CSM27 [ 20-08-27]
β³153 days left UPPSC/RAS prelims 6 December
β³70 Day left CDS/NDA 2 13 Sept
β³63 day left Mppsc mains26 7 September
β³32 days left Afcat 8 august
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β³20 days left 72nd BPSC PRELIMS 26 July
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#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
β³46 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
β³321 days left CSP27 [ 23-05-27]
β³411 days left CSM27 [ 20-08-27]
β³153 days left UPPSC/RAS prelims 6 December
β³70 Day left CDS/NDA 2 13 Sept
β³63 day left Mppsc mains26 7 September
β³32 days left Afcat 8 august
β³32 days left mppsc mains 8 august
β³20 days left 72nd BPSC PRELIMS 26 July
β³12 days left CAPF AC 19 July
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
π3β€2
π The Federal Fiscal Mismatch Architecture
π Context
β Economist Jayan Jose Thomas highlighted that the rising debt of Indian States is driven by a structural fiscal mismatch between expenditure responsibilities and revenue-raising powers.
π What is the Federal Fiscal Mismatch?
β The Union Government controls major tax sources, while States bear the bulk of expenditure on health, education, agriculture, irrigation, welfare, and local development.
β This imbalance forces States to depend heavily on market borrowings to finance developmental expenditure.
π Key Highlights
β Kerala generates 1.5 times the national average per capita own-tax revenue.
β Yet, its share in Central tax devolution is only 1.92%.
β Around 90% of Keralaβs expenditure is Revenue Expenditure, while only 10% is Capital Expenditure.
β Budget composition:
Salaries β 20%
Pensions β 15.3%
Interest Payments β 16.5%
β Keralaβs Credit-Deposit Ratio (CD Ratio) is 66%, against the national average of 76%.
β State Development Loans (SDLs) carry 6.5β7.5% interest, higher than Union Government borrowing costs.
π Key Challenges
β Limited fiscal space for infrastructure and capital investment.
β High debt servicing reduces funds for productive assets.
β Weak public investment leads to brain drain and slower economic growth.
β States cannot easily reduce spending without affecting health, education, and welfare services.
β Growing gap between private wealth and public finances.
π Chinaβs Model
β Local governments finance infrastructure through:
Local Government Bonds (LGBs)
Land sales
Local Government Financing Vehicles (LGFVs)
β Access to low-cost domestic credit keeps borrowing costs around 2%.
π Way Forward
β Reform Finance Commission devolution to reward efficient tax mobilisation.
β Lower borrowing costs by strengthening the SDL framework.
β Channel excess bank deposits into State infrastructure financing.
β Increase Capital Expenditure on infrastructure, education, healthcare, and technology.
β Improve fiscal autonomy while ensuring cooperative federalism.
π UPSC PRELIMS FACTS
β State Development Loans (SDLs): Market borrowings by State Governments.
β Finance Commission (Article 280): Recommends tax devolution between the Union and States.
β Capital Expenditure: Creates productive assets.
β Revenue Expenditure: Day-to-day operational expenditure.
β Credit-Deposit Ratio (CD Ratio): Indicates the proportion of deposits deployed as loans by banks.
#mains
π Context
β Economist Jayan Jose Thomas highlighted that the rising debt of Indian States is driven by a structural fiscal mismatch between expenditure responsibilities and revenue-raising powers.
π What is the Federal Fiscal Mismatch?
β The Union Government controls major tax sources, while States bear the bulk of expenditure on health, education, agriculture, irrigation, welfare, and local development.
β This imbalance forces States to depend heavily on market borrowings to finance developmental expenditure.
π Key Highlights
β Kerala generates 1.5 times the national average per capita own-tax revenue.
β Yet, its share in Central tax devolution is only 1.92%.
β Around 90% of Keralaβs expenditure is Revenue Expenditure, while only 10% is Capital Expenditure.
β Budget composition:
Salaries β 20%
Pensions β 15.3%
Interest Payments β 16.5%
β Keralaβs Credit-Deposit Ratio (CD Ratio) is 66%, against the national average of 76%.
β State Development Loans (SDLs) carry 6.5β7.5% interest, higher than Union Government borrowing costs.
π Key Challenges
β Limited fiscal space for infrastructure and capital investment.
β High debt servicing reduces funds for productive assets.
β Weak public investment leads to brain drain and slower economic growth.
β States cannot easily reduce spending without affecting health, education, and welfare services.
β Growing gap between private wealth and public finances.
π Chinaβs Model
β Local governments finance infrastructure through:
Local Government Bonds (LGBs)
Land sales
Local Government Financing Vehicles (LGFVs)
β Access to low-cost domestic credit keeps borrowing costs around 2%.
π Way Forward
β Reform Finance Commission devolution to reward efficient tax mobilisation.
β Lower borrowing costs by strengthening the SDL framework.
β Channel excess bank deposits into State infrastructure financing.
β Increase Capital Expenditure on infrastructure, education, healthcare, and technology.
β Improve fiscal autonomy while ensuring cooperative federalism.
π UPSC PRELIMS FACTS
β State Development Loans (SDLs): Market borrowings by State Governments.
β Finance Commission (Article 280): Recommends tax devolution between the Union and States.
β Capital Expenditure: Creates productive assets.
β Revenue Expenditure: Day-to-day operational expenditure.
β Credit-Deposit Ratio (CD Ratio): Indicates the proportion of deposits deployed as loans by banks.
#mains
β€5
π Regional Connectivity Scheme (RCS) β Modified UDAN
π Why in News?
β The Union Cabinet approved the Modified UDAN Scheme to accelerate regional air connectivity and support the vision of Viksit Bharat 2047.
π Modified UDAN Scheme
β Duration: 10 years (FY 2026β27 to 2035β36).
β Outlay: βΉ28,840 crore.
π Key Components
β 100 New Aerodromes: Development of airports from existing unserved airstrips.
β O&M Support: Operational and maintenance support for 3 years to around 441 RCS-only aerodromes.
β 200 Modern Helipads: To be developed in hilly, remote, island, and aspirational districts.
β Viability Gap Funding (VGF): βΉ10,043 crore over 10 years to support regional airline operations.
β Atmanirbhar Bharat Aviation: Promotion of indigenous aircraft such as HAL Dhruv helicopters and HAL Dornier aircraft for regional connectivity.
π About UDAN Scheme
β Launch: October 2016 under the National Civil Aviation Policy (NCAP), 2016.
β Type: Central Sector Scheme.
β Ministry: Ministry of Civil Aviation.
β Implementing Agency: Airports Authority of India (AAI).
β Objective: Make air travel affordable, accessible, and widespread, while improving connectivity to Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities.
π Achievements
β 669 regional routes operationalised.
β Connectivity expanded across 95 airports, heliports, and water aerodromes.
β Benefited over 1.66 crore passengers.
β βΉ4,593.28 crore released as Viability Gap Funding (VGF).
β Indiaβs airport network expanded from 74 (2014) to 159 (2024).
#goverment_schemes
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_government_scheme
π Why in News?
β The Union Cabinet approved the Modified UDAN Scheme to accelerate regional air connectivity and support the vision of Viksit Bharat 2047.
π Modified UDAN Scheme
β Duration: 10 years (FY 2026β27 to 2035β36).
β Outlay: βΉ28,840 crore.
π Key Components
β 100 New Aerodromes: Development of airports from existing unserved airstrips.
β O&M Support: Operational and maintenance support for 3 years to around 441 RCS-only aerodromes.
β 200 Modern Helipads: To be developed in hilly, remote, island, and aspirational districts.
β Viability Gap Funding (VGF): βΉ10,043 crore over 10 years to support regional airline operations.
β Atmanirbhar Bharat Aviation: Promotion of indigenous aircraft such as HAL Dhruv helicopters and HAL Dornier aircraft for regional connectivity.
π About UDAN Scheme
β Launch: October 2016 under the National Civil Aviation Policy (NCAP), 2016.
β Type: Central Sector Scheme.
β Ministry: Ministry of Civil Aviation.
β Implementing Agency: Airports Authority of India (AAI).
β Objective: Make air travel affordable, accessible, and widespread, while improving connectivity to Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities.
π Achievements
β 669 regional routes operationalised.
β Connectivity expanded across 95 airports, heliports, and water aerodromes.
β Benefited over 1.66 crore passengers.
β βΉ4,593.28 crore released as Viability Gap Funding (VGF).
β Indiaβs airport network expanded from 74 (2014) to 159 (2024).
#goverment_schemes
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_government_scheme
β€3π1
#Goodmorning
β³45 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
β³320 days left CSP27 [ 23-05-27]
β³410 days left CSM27 [ 20-08-27]
β³152 days left UPPSC/RAS prelims 6 December
β³69 Day left CDS/NDA 2 13 Sept
β³63 l2day left Mppsc mains26 7 September
β³31 days left Afcat 8 august
β³31 days left mppsc mains 8 august
β³19 days left 72nd BPSC PRELIMS 26 July
β³11 days left CAPF AC 19 July
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
β³45 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
β³320 days left CSP27 [ 23-05-27]
β³410 days left CSM27 [ 20-08-27]
β³152 days left UPPSC/RAS prelims 6 December
β³69 Day left CDS/NDA 2 13 Sept
β³63 l2day left Mppsc mains26 7 September
β³31 days left Afcat 8 august
β³31 days left mppsc mains 8 august
β³19 days left 72nd BPSC PRELIMS 26 July
β³11 days left CAPF AC 19 July
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
β€1
π CURRENT AFFAIRS β 6 JULY 2026
π SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
π Government Orders Removal of Battery Hacking Apps
β Apple and Google directed to remove BAT-BMS, Lossigy and Epoch Li-ion apps
β Apps could remotely stop Bluetooth-enabled e-rickshaws
β Highlights cybersecurity risks in EV Battery Management Systems (BMS)
β BMS monitors, protects and manages lithium-ion battery packs
π SCHEMES
π LokOS Strengthens Rural Livelihood Digitisation
β Digital platform under DAY-NRLM
β Enables end-to-end digitisation of Self-Help Groups (SHGs)
β Aadhaar-linked digital IDs and financial transaction records
β Supports women entrepreneurs through SHE-LEAPS
β Ministry: Ministry of Rural Development
π Registration Extended for Navachar Mantra
β Registration deadline extended till 15 July 2026
β Flagship innovation platform of MSDE
β Implemented through NIESBUD and FITT
β Promotes entrepreneurship and startup innovation
π PM Launches Viksit UDAN
β Next phase of UDAN launched on 4 July 2026
β Total outlay: βΉ29,000 crore
β Duration: 10 years
β Plans 100 new aerodromes and 200 helipads
β Supports regional connectivity and Viksit Bharat 2047
π STATES
π Oldest Scientifically Dated Banyan Tree Identified
β Located in Munger, Bihar
β Estimated age: ~700 years
β Confirmed using AMS Radiocarbon Dating
β Research by Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences (BSIP)
π West Bengal Gets Three New GI Tags
β Jalbhara Sandesh (Chandannagar)
β Manohara (Janai)
β Balagarh Traditional Wooden Boats
β GI registration governed by GI Act, 1999
π Ladakh Announces Incentives for Pashmina Herders
β 25% production-based incentive through DBT
β βΉ8 crore revolving fund approved
β Supports Changthangi goat rearers and Changpa community
π NATIONAL
π NCW Launches Women Helpline 14490
β 24Γ7 toll-free helpline
β Provides counselling, complaint registration and grievance redressal
β Covers domestic violence, workplace harassment and gender-based violence
π India Inaugurates First Greenfield Refinery-Cum-Petrochemical Complex
β Located at Pachpadra, Rajasthan
β Project cost: βΉ79,450 crore
β Joint venture: HPCL (74%) and Government of Rajasthan (26%)
β Indiaβs first integrated Greenfield refinery-cum-petrochemical complex
π India Unveils First Indigenous EXIM Shipping Container
β Unveiled by Sarbananda Sonowal
β Manufactured by DCM Shriram Group
β Designed for international intermodal cargo transport
π INTERNATIONAL
π IAEA Reports Power Loss at Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Plant
β Plant lost off-site power for the 21st time
β Located in Ukraine
β One of Europeβs largest nuclear power plants
β Report released by IAEA
π United States Marks 250th Independence Anniversary
β Celebrated on 4 July 2026
β Marks 250 years of the US Declaration of Independence (1776)
π INDIA & THE WORLD
π India and Mali Launch Export Promotion Forum
β First institutional trade platform between both countries
β Theme: βReinforcing Trade and Strategic Partnershipsβ
β FY 2025β26 bilateral trade: US$326.61 million
β Launched in Bamako
π AGREEMENTS & MoUs
π IndiaβIsrael Bilateral Investment Agreement Comes into Force
β Agreement signed in September 2025
β Effective from 6 July 2026
β Promotes cross-border investment and economic cooperation
π APPOINTMENTS & RESIGNATIONS
π Keiko Fujimori Wins Peru Presidential Election
β Conservative leader elected President of Peru
π AWARDS & RECOGNITIONS
π 651 Indian Army Personnel Receive UN Medal
β Awarded for peacekeeping service in DR Congo
β Serving under MONUSCO
β Recognises contribution to UN peacekeeping
π ICMR-MINDS Wins Gold at National e-Governance Awards
β Awarded at National Awards for e-Governance 2026
β Integrates mental health with Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)
π SPORTS
π Australia Wins Record Seventh Womenβs T20 World Cup
β Defeated England in the final
β Venue: Lordβs Cricket Ground
β Beth Mooney named Player of the Match
#CurrentAffairs
π SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
π Government Orders Removal of Battery Hacking Apps
β Apple and Google directed to remove BAT-BMS, Lossigy and Epoch Li-ion apps
β Apps could remotely stop Bluetooth-enabled e-rickshaws
β Highlights cybersecurity risks in EV Battery Management Systems (BMS)
β BMS monitors, protects and manages lithium-ion battery packs
π SCHEMES
π LokOS Strengthens Rural Livelihood Digitisation
β Digital platform under DAY-NRLM
β Enables end-to-end digitisation of Self-Help Groups (SHGs)
β Aadhaar-linked digital IDs and financial transaction records
β Supports women entrepreneurs through SHE-LEAPS
β Ministry: Ministry of Rural Development
π Registration Extended for Navachar Mantra
β Registration deadline extended till 15 July 2026
β Flagship innovation platform of MSDE
β Implemented through NIESBUD and FITT
β Promotes entrepreneurship and startup innovation
π PM Launches Viksit UDAN
β Next phase of UDAN launched on 4 July 2026
β Total outlay: βΉ29,000 crore
β Duration: 10 years
β Plans 100 new aerodromes and 200 helipads
β Supports regional connectivity and Viksit Bharat 2047
π STATES
π Oldest Scientifically Dated Banyan Tree Identified
β Located in Munger, Bihar
β Estimated age: ~700 years
β Confirmed using AMS Radiocarbon Dating
β Research by Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences (BSIP)
π West Bengal Gets Three New GI Tags
β Jalbhara Sandesh (Chandannagar)
β Manohara (Janai)
β Balagarh Traditional Wooden Boats
β GI registration governed by GI Act, 1999
π Ladakh Announces Incentives for Pashmina Herders
β 25% production-based incentive through DBT
β βΉ8 crore revolving fund approved
β Supports Changthangi goat rearers and Changpa community
π NATIONAL
π NCW Launches Women Helpline 14490
β 24Γ7 toll-free helpline
β Provides counselling, complaint registration and grievance redressal
β Covers domestic violence, workplace harassment and gender-based violence
π India Inaugurates First Greenfield Refinery-Cum-Petrochemical Complex
β Located at Pachpadra, Rajasthan
β Project cost: βΉ79,450 crore
β Joint venture: HPCL (74%) and Government of Rajasthan (26%)
β Indiaβs first integrated Greenfield refinery-cum-petrochemical complex
π India Unveils First Indigenous EXIM Shipping Container
β Unveiled by Sarbananda Sonowal
β Manufactured by DCM Shriram Group
β Designed for international intermodal cargo transport
π INTERNATIONAL
π IAEA Reports Power Loss at Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Plant
β Plant lost off-site power for the 21st time
β Located in Ukraine
β One of Europeβs largest nuclear power plants
β Report released by IAEA
π United States Marks 250th Independence Anniversary
β Celebrated on 4 July 2026
β Marks 250 years of the US Declaration of Independence (1776)
π INDIA & THE WORLD
π India and Mali Launch Export Promotion Forum
β First institutional trade platform between both countries
β Theme: βReinforcing Trade and Strategic Partnershipsβ
β FY 2025β26 bilateral trade: US$326.61 million
β Launched in Bamako
π AGREEMENTS & MoUs
π IndiaβIsrael Bilateral Investment Agreement Comes into Force
β Agreement signed in September 2025
β Effective from 6 July 2026
β Promotes cross-border investment and economic cooperation
π APPOINTMENTS & RESIGNATIONS
π Keiko Fujimori Wins Peru Presidential Election
β Conservative leader elected President of Peru
π AWARDS & RECOGNITIONS
π 651 Indian Army Personnel Receive UN Medal
β Awarded for peacekeeping service in DR Congo
β Serving under MONUSCO
β Recognises contribution to UN peacekeeping
π ICMR-MINDS Wins Gold at National e-Governance Awards
β Awarded at National Awards for e-Governance 2026
β Integrates mental health with Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)
π SPORTS
π Australia Wins Record Seventh Womenβs T20 World Cup
β Defeated England in the final
β Venue: Lordβs Cricket Ground
β Beth Mooney named Player of the Match
#CurrentAffairs
β€6
π IMPORTANT DAYS
π International Day of Cooperatives 2026
β Observed on 4 July
β Theme: βCooperatives for a Peaceful World!β
π SUMMITS & CONFERENCES
π India to Host BRICS Anti-Drug Agencies Meeting
β Venue: Guwahati, Assam
β Organised by NCB
β Focus on strengthening anti-drug cooperation
π India to Chair UN Consumer Protection Experts Meeting
β 9th Intergovernmental Group of Experts (IGE) session
β Held from 6β8 July 2026 in Geneva
β Organised by UNCTAD
β India represented by Nidhi Khare
π OBITUARY
π Pandvani Exponent Teejan Bai Passes Away
β Legendary Pandvani folk artist from Chhattisgarh
β Popularised Mahabharata storytelling tradition
β Known for Kapalik and Vedamati performance styles
#CurrentAffairs
π International Day of Cooperatives 2026
β Observed on 4 July
β Theme: βCooperatives for a Peaceful World!β
π SUMMITS & CONFERENCES
π India to Host BRICS Anti-Drug Agencies Meeting
β Venue: Guwahati, Assam
β Organised by NCB
β Focus on strengthening anti-drug cooperation
π India to Chair UN Consumer Protection Experts Meeting
β 9th Intergovernmental Group of Experts (IGE) session
β Held from 6β8 July 2026 in Geneva
β Organised by UNCTAD
β India represented by Nidhi Khare
π OBITUARY
π Pandvani Exponent Teejan Bai Passes Away
β Legendary Pandvani folk artist from Chhattisgarh
β Popularised Mahabharata storytelling tradition
β Known for Kapalik and Vedamati performance styles
#CurrentAffairs
π2β€1
πΊοΈ UPPSC & SPSC Prelims Accelerator Program
6 July to 4 December
β Daily 9 PM bot Quiz | 30 MCQs
β Sunday OFF
β State PSC PYQs + Current affairs + Statics
β Full syllabus schedule included
β MCQs available anytime for revision.
β’ Total 4000+ MCQ
βfee βΉ699rs
β UPSC prelims accelerator start 14 december
β PSC+ UPSC prelims accelerator ( 6 July to 15 may )
β PYQS ( UPSC, CDS, CAPF, NDA, UPPSC, RAS JKPSC, HCS PPSC, Kas, MPSC, OPSC, etc3)
Total que 8000+ MCQ
β one page shorts Notes
β Both fee 1499rs
Sample question https://t.me/+RMQ69mdaUI1iMmNl
π- @studytoday_bot
Note - imp topics mains shorts notes
6 July to 4 December
β Daily 9 PM bot Quiz | 30 MCQs
β Sunday OFF
β State PSC PYQs + Current affairs + Statics
β Full syllabus schedule included
β MCQs available anytime for revision.
β’ Total 4000+ MCQ
βfee βΉ699rs
β UPSC prelims accelerator start 14 december
β PSC+ UPSC prelims accelerator ( 6 July to 15 may )
β PYQS ( UPSC, CDS, CAPF, NDA, UPPSC, RAS JKPSC, HCS PPSC, Kas, MPSC, OPSC, etc3)
Total que 8000+ MCQ
β one page shorts Notes
β Both fee 1499rs
Sample question https://t.me/+RMQ69mdaUI1iMmNl
π- @studytoday_bot
Note - imp topics mains shorts notes
π Fascism/Nazism vs Communism
π Common Features
β One-party authoritarian rule.
β Rejection of liberal democracy.
β Extensive censorship, propaganda and secret police.
β Suppression of political opposition and civil liberties.
β Cult of personality and centralized control.
π Fascism/Nazism
β Based on ultra-nationalism; Nazism emphasized racial supremacy.
β State considered supreme over the individual.
β Private property retained but strictly controlled by the State (Corporatist model).
β Social support mainly from the middle class, industrialists and military.
β Examples: Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Francoist Spain.
π Communism (MarxismβLeninism)
β Based on class struggle and the goal of a classless society.
β Advocates state/collective ownership of the means of production.
β Economy based on central planning.
β Primarily supported by workers and peasants.
β Examples: USSR, Maoist China, Cuba, Vietnam.
π Key Difference
β Fascism/Nazism: Nation and race are supreme.
β Communism: Class equality and collective ownership are central.
π UPSC Value Addition
β Fascism: βEverything within the State, nothing outside the State, nothing against the State.β β Benito Mussolini
β Communism: βFrom each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.β β Karl Marx
#history #prelims #mains
Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM https://t.me/Upsc_4_history
π Common Features
β One-party authoritarian rule.
β Rejection of liberal democracy.
β Extensive censorship, propaganda and secret police.
β Suppression of political opposition and civil liberties.
β Cult of personality and centralized control.
π Fascism/Nazism
β Based on ultra-nationalism; Nazism emphasized racial supremacy.
β State considered supreme over the individual.
β Private property retained but strictly controlled by the State (Corporatist model).
β Social support mainly from the middle class, industrialists and military.
β Examples: Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Francoist Spain.
π Communism (MarxismβLeninism)
β Based on class struggle and the goal of a classless society.
β Advocates state/collective ownership of the means of production.
β Economy based on central planning.
β Primarily supported by workers and peasants.
β Examples: USSR, Maoist China, Cuba, Vietnam.
π Key Difference
β Fascism/Nazism: Nation and race are supreme.
β Communism: Class equality and collective ownership are central.
π UPSC Value Addition
β Fascism: βEverything within the State, nothing outside the State, nothing against the State.β β Benito Mussolini
β Communism: βFrom each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.β β Karl Marx
#history #prelims #mains
Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM https://t.me/Upsc_4_history
π2π1