Forwarded from CSE EXAM upsc prelims mains CAPF CDS NDA
🔺️ UPPSC & SPSC Prelims Accelerator Program
6 July to 4 December
✅ Daily 9 PM bot Quiz | 30 MCQs
✅Sunday OFF
✅ State PSC PYQs + Current affairs + Statics
✅Full syllabus schedule included
✅ MCQs available anytime for revision.
• Total 4000+ MCQ
☆fee ₹699rs
✅UPSC prelims accelerator start 14 december
✅PSC+ UPSC prelims accelerator ( 6 July to 15 may )
✅ PYQS ( UPSC, CDS, CAPF, NDA, UPPSC, RAS JKPSC, HCS PPSC, Kas, MPSC, OPSC, etc3)
Total que 8000+ MCQ
✅ one page shorts Notes
✅Both fee 1499rs
Sample question https://t.me/+RMQ69mdaUI1iMmNl
📞- @studytoday_bot
Note - imp topics mains shorts notes
6 July to 4 December
✅ Daily 9 PM bot Quiz | 30 MCQs
✅Sunday OFF
✅ State PSC PYQs + Current affairs + Statics
✅Full syllabus schedule included
✅ MCQs available anytime for revision.
• Total 4000+ MCQ
☆fee ₹699rs
✅UPSC prelims accelerator start 14 december
✅PSC+ UPSC prelims accelerator ( 6 July to 15 may )
✅ PYQS ( UPSC, CDS, CAPF, NDA, UPPSC, RAS JKPSC, HCS PPSC, Kas, MPSC, OPSC, etc3)
Total que 8000+ MCQ
✅ one page shorts Notes
✅Both fee 1499rs
Sample question https://t.me/+RMQ69mdaUI1iMmNl
📞- @studytoday_bot
Note - imp topics mains shorts notes
🔆 The Judiciary’s Role in Complete Justice
📍 Why in News?
✅ Supreme Court invoked its extraordinary powers to recognize safe travel on National Highways as a Fundamental Right under Article 21 after reviewing fatal road accidents.
📍 What is Complete Justice?
✅ Extraordinary power available only to the Supreme Court.
✅ Enables the Court to go beyond procedural and statutory limitations to ensure substantive justice.
✅ Invoked when existing legal frameworks are inadequate or silent.
📍 Key Constitutional Provisions
✅ Article 142
• Empowers SC to pass any order necessary for complete justice.
✅ Article 21
• Right to Life and Personal Liberty.
• Expanded to include safe travel on National Highways.
✅ Article 141
• Supreme Court judgments become binding law across India.
✅ Article 226
• High Courts can issue writs but do not possess Article 142-like powers.
📍 Role in Delivering Complete Justice
✅ Filling Legislative Gaps
• Provides remedies where laws are absent or inadequate.
✅ Overriding Procedural Barriers
• Ensures justice is not defeated by technicalities.
✅ Adapting to Social Change
• Protects rights in emerging issues like privacy, LGBTQ+ rights, and live-in relationships.
✅ Transforming Policy into Constitutional Duty
• Example: Road safety elevated as a Fundamental Right under Article 21.
📍 Challenges
✅ Concerns of Judicial Overreach and violation of Separation of Powers.
✅ No fixed framework governing Article 142 usage.
✅ High Courts lack similar powers.
✅ Implementation challenges for executive agencies.
📍 Way Forward
✅ Develop judicial self-restraint guidelines.
✅ Use expert committees in technical matters.
✅ Create a public registry of Article 142 orders.
✅ Ensure timely legislative response to judicial directives.
✅ Strengthen state-level compliance mechanisms.
📍 Prelims Facts
✅ Article 142 is often called the Supreme Court’s power to do “Complete Justice.”
✅ This power is exclusive to the Supreme Court and unavailable to High Courts.
#mains #polity #governance #mains #GS2
https://t.me/upsc_polity_Governance
https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
📍 Why in News?
✅ Supreme Court invoked its extraordinary powers to recognize safe travel on National Highways as a Fundamental Right under Article 21 after reviewing fatal road accidents.
📍 What is Complete Justice?
✅ Extraordinary power available only to the Supreme Court.
✅ Enables the Court to go beyond procedural and statutory limitations to ensure substantive justice.
✅ Invoked when existing legal frameworks are inadequate or silent.
📍 Key Constitutional Provisions
✅ Article 142
• Empowers SC to pass any order necessary for complete justice.
✅ Article 21
• Right to Life and Personal Liberty.
• Expanded to include safe travel on National Highways.
✅ Article 141
• Supreme Court judgments become binding law across India.
✅ Article 226
• High Courts can issue writs but do not possess Article 142-like powers.
📍 Role in Delivering Complete Justice
✅ Filling Legislative Gaps
• Provides remedies where laws are absent or inadequate.
✅ Overriding Procedural Barriers
• Ensures justice is not defeated by technicalities.
✅ Adapting to Social Change
• Protects rights in emerging issues like privacy, LGBTQ+ rights, and live-in relationships.
✅ Transforming Policy into Constitutional Duty
• Example: Road safety elevated as a Fundamental Right under Article 21.
📍 Challenges
✅ Concerns of Judicial Overreach and violation of Separation of Powers.
✅ No fixed framework governing Article 142 usage.
✅ High Courts lack similar powers.
✅ Implementation challenges for executive agencies.
📍 Way Forward
✅ Develop judicial self-restraint guidelines.
✅ Use expert committees in technical matters.
✅ Create a public registry of Article 142 orders.
✅ Ensure timely legislative response to judicial directives.
✅ Strengthen state-level compliance mechanisms.
📍 Prelims Facts
✅ Article 142 is often called the Supreme Court’s power to do “Complete Justice.”
✅ This power is exclusive to the Supreme Court and unavailable to High Courts.
#mains #polity #governance #mains #GS2
https://t.me/upsc_polity_Governance
https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
❤4
🔆 India Calls for Dialogue on Climate Finance
📍 Why in Focus?
✅ At the UN Climate Change negotiations (SB64) in Bonn, Germany, India called for addressing the shrinking pool of international climate finance and the widening adaptation finance gap, while reaffirming the principle of climate equity and common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR-RC).
📍 What is Climate Finance?
✅ Refers to local, national and international financial resources mobilised from public, private and alternative sources to support climate mitigation and adaptation initiatives.
📍 Key Global Concerns
✅ UN estimates that the adaptation finance gap for developing countries is 10–18 times current international public financial flows.
✅ Developing countries require $5–6 trillion by 2030 to implement their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).
✅ The proposed New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) seeks at least $300 billion annually by 2035, which developing nations consider inadequate.
📍 India’s Stand
✅ Emphasised implementation of Article 9.1 of the Paris Agreement, which obligates developed countries to provide financial resources to developing nations.
✅ Called for a dedicated negotiation agenda on climate finance obligations.
✅ Coordinated with G77 & China, LMDC and BASIC blocs to strengthen the voice of the Global South.
✅ Opposed unilateral climate-linked trade measures such as the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM).
📍 Why Strong Climate Finance is Essential?
✅ Upholds the principle of historical climate justice.
✅ Enables developing countries to pursue green transitions without falling into debt traps.
✅ Supports renewable energy expansion and climate adaptation.
✅ Protects agriculture, infrastructure and global supply chains from climate shocks.
📍 Major Challenges
✅ Resistance from developed countries to strengthen finance commitments.
✅ Growing use of protectionist green trade barriers.
✅ Attempts to impose additional emission obligations without corresponding financial support.
✅ Diversion of resources due to geopolitical conflicts.
✅ Slow and complex access to international climate funds.
📍 Way Forward
✅ Ensure dedicated implementation of Article 9.1 under the UNFCCC process.
✅ Finalise Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA) indicators for measurable funding.
✅ Simplify access to the Green Climate Fund (GCF).
✅ Move towards transparent, grant-based climate finance under the post-2025 NCQG framework.
✅ Strengthen collective bargaining by developing country groupings.
📍 UPSC Value Addition
✅ Article 9.1 of the Paris Agreement
Mandates that developed countries shall provide financial resources to assist developing countries in mitigation and adaptation efforts.
✅ NCQG (New Collective Quantified Goal)
The post-2025 global climate finance target intended to replace the earlier $100 billion annual commitment.
✅ CBDR-RC Principle
Recognises that while all nations share responsibility for climate action, developed countries bear greater obligations due to historical emissions and greater capabilities.
📍 UPSC Mains Practice Question
“Climate finance remains the cornerstone of climate justice and equitable global climate governance. Discuss India’s position on international climate finance and examine the challenges in mobilising adequate resources for adaptation and mitigation in developing countries.” (GS-III | 15 Marks | 250 Words)
#GS3 #Environment #mains
📍 Why in Focus?
✅ At the UN Climate Change negotiations (SB64) in Bonn, Germany, India called for addressing the shrinking pool of international climate finance and the widening adaptation finance gap, while reaffirming the principle of climate equity and common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR-RC).
📍 What is Climate Finance?
✅ Refers to local, national and international financial resources mobilised from public, private and alternative sources to support climate mitigation and adaptation initiatives.
📍 Key Global Concerns
✅ UN estimates that the adaptation finance gap for developing countries is 10–18 times current international public financial flows.
✅ Developing countries require $5–6 trillion by 2030 to implement their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).
✅ The proposed New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) seeks at least $300 billion annually by 2035, which developing nations consider inadequate.
📍 India’s Stand
✅ Emphasised implementation of Article 9.1 of the Paris Agreement, which obligates developed countries to provide financial resources to developing nations.
✅ Called for a dedicated negotiation agenda on climate finance obligations.
✅ Coordinated with G77 & China, LMDC and BASIC blocs to strengthen the voice of the Global South.
✅ Opposed unilateral climate-linked trade measures such as the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM).
📍 Why Strong Climate Finance is Essential?
✅ Upholds the principle of historical climate justice.
✅ Enables developing countries to pursue green transitions without falling into debt traps.
✅ Supports renewable energy expansion and climate adaptation.
✅ Protects agriculture, infrastructure and global supply chains from climate shocks.
📍 Major Challenges
✅ Resistance from developed countries to strengthen finance commitments.
✅ Growing use of protectionist green trade barriers.
✅ Attempts to impose additional emission obligations without corresponding financial support.
✅ Diversion of resources due to geopolitical conflicts.
✅ Slow and complex access to international climate funds.
📍 Way Forward
✅ Ensure dedicated implementation of Article 9.1 under the UNFCCC process.
✅ Finalise Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA) indicators for measurable funding.
✅ Simplify access to the Green Climate Fund (GCF).
✅ Move towards transparent, grant-based climate finance under the post-2025 NCQG framework.
✅ Strengthen collective bargaining by developing country groupings.
📍 UPSC Value Addition
✅ Article 9.1 of the Paris Agreement
Mandates that developed countries shall provide financial resources to assist developing countries in mitigation and adaptation efforts.
✅ NCQG (New Collective Quantified Goal)
The post-2025 global climate finance target intended to replace the earlier $100 billion annual commitment.
✅ CBDR-RC Principle
Recognises that while all nations share responsibility for climate action, developed countries bear greater obligations due to historical emissions and greater capabilities.
📍 UPSC Mains Practice Question
“Climate finance remains the cornerstone of climate justice and equitable global climate governance. Discuss India’s position on international climate finance and examine the challenges in mobilising adequate resources for adaptation and mitigation in developing countries.” (GS-III | 15 Marks | 250 Words)
#GS3 #Environment #mains
❤3👌2
🔆 PM Formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises (PMFME) Scheme
📍Why in News?
✅ The PMFME Scheme has surpassed 2 lakh credit-linked beneficiaries, leveraging over ₹20,300 crore in investments.
✅ Nearly 90% beneficiaries are first-generation entrepreneurs, 44% are women, and 75,000+ enterprises have been formalised.
📍About PMFME Scheme
✅ Launched: 2020 under Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan.
✅ Ministry: Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI).
✅ Type: Centrally Sponsored Scheme.
✅ Outlay: ₹10,000 crore.
✅ Objective: Formalise and improve the competitiveness of micro food processing enterprises.
📍Key Features
✅ Credit-Linked Subsidy: 35% of eligible project cost, up to ₹10 lakh per unit.
✅ One District One Product (ODOP): Promotes district-specific products through value addition, branding, and market linkages.
✅ Support to SHGs, FPOs & Cooperatives: Provides seed capital, credit support, and capacity building.
✅ Branding & Marketing: Supports common branding, packaging, quality certification, and market access.
📍Significance
✅ Promotes formalisation, entrepreneurship, and employment in the food-processing sector.
✅ Strengthens women-led enterprises and local value chains.
✅ Facilitates formal registration through Udyam, FSSAI, and GST.
#goverment_schemes
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_government_scheme
📍Why in News?
✅ The PMFME Scheme has surpassed 2 lakh credit-linked beneficiaries, leveraging over ₹20,300 crore in investments.
✅ Nearly 90% beneficiaries are first-generation entrepreneurs, 44% are women, and 75,000+ enterprises have been formalised.
📍About PMFME Scheme
✅ Launched: 2020 under Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan.
✅ Ministry: Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI).
✅ Type: Centrally Sponsored Scheme.
✅ Outlay: ₹10,000 crore.
✅ Objective: Formalise and improve the competitiveness of micro food processing enterprises.
📍Key Features
✅ Credit-Linked Subsidy: 35% of eligible project cost, up to ₹10 lakh per unit.
✅ One District One Product (ODOP): Promotes district-specific products through value addition, branding, and market linkages.
✅ Support to SHGs, FPOs & Cooperatives: Provides seed capital, credit support, and capacity building.
✅ Branding & Marketing: Supports common branding, packaging, quality certification, and market access.
📍Significance
✅ Promotes formalisation, entrepreneurship, and employment in the food-processing sector.
✅ Strengthens women-led enterprises and local value chains.
✅ Facilitates formal registration through Udyam, FSSAI, and GST.
#goverment_schemes
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_government_scheme
❤2👌1
#Goodmorning
⏳36 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳311 days left CSP27 [ 23-05-27]
⏳401 days left CSM27 [ 20-08-27]
⏳143 days left UPPSC/RAS prelims 6 December
⏳60 Day left CDS/NDA 2 13 Sept
⏳54 day left Mppsc mains26 7 September
⏳22 days left Afcat 8 august
⏳22 days left mppsc mains25 8 august
⏳10 days left 72nd BPSC PRELIMS 26 July
⏳2 days left CAPF AC 19 July
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
⏳36 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳311 days left CSP27 [ 23-05-27]
⏳401 days left CSM27 [ 20-08-27]
⏳143 days left UPPSC/RAS prelims 6 December
⏳60 Day left CDS/NDA 2 13 Sept
⏳54 day left Mppsc mains26 7 September
⏳22 days left Afcat 8 august
⏳22 days left mppsc mains25 8 august
⏳10 days left 72nd BPSC PRELIMS 26 July
⏳2 days left CAPF AC 19 July
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
❤6
🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS – 15 JULY 2026
🔆 POLITY & GOVERNANCE
📍 Karnataka to Establish India’s First Government-Driven AI University
✅ To be established in Bengaluru
✅ Aims to build world-class AI talent and promote advanced research
✅ Dedicated AI Hub to incubate startups, companies and researchers
✅ Karnataka contributes nearly 40% of India’s software exports
✅ Bengaluru hosts over 17,000 startups and Global Capability Centres
📍 ABHA Crosses Major Digital Health Milestone
✅ Over 104 crore health records linked with 93+ crore ABHA accounts
✅ Ayushman Bharat Health Account (ABHA) is a 14-digit unique health identifier
✅ Enables access to digital health records and healthcare services
✅ Part of Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM)
📍 Village-Level Telecom Survey 2026
✅ MoU signed between Department of Posts (DoP) and TRAI
✅ Assesses mobile network performance of major Telecom Service Providers
✅ Survey to be conducted by Gramin Dak Sevaks (GDSs)
✅ Uses a TRAI-developed mobile application
✅ Supports evidence-based policy and improved rural connectivity
📍 Central Vista Renamed ‘Kartavya Bhawan Area’
✅ Entire government office zone to be known as Kartavya Bhawan Area
✅ Kartavya Bhawan is the first of 10 planned Common Central Secretariat buildings
✅ Aims to consolidate ministries and improve administrative coordination
✅ Part of the Central Vista Redevelopment Project
🔆 SUMMITS & CONFERENCES
📍 15th BRICS Trade Union Forum Summit 2026
✅ Inaugurated in Hyderabad
✅ Theme: “Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability”
✅ Hosted by Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS)
✅ Focus on a worker-centric global order, social justice and responsible innovation
📍 Bharat Tex 2026
✅ Inaugurated by the Ministry of Textiles
✅ Venue: Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi
✅ Organised by Bharat Tex Trade Federation
✅ CITI Textile Sustainability Awards 2026 recognise excellence in resource efficiency, circular economy and sustainable practices
🔆 AGRICULTURE
📍 Unjha Cumin Receives GI Tag
✅ Famous agricultural produce from Gujarat
✅ Known for bold flavour and strong earthy aroma
✅ Contains 2–4% natural essential oils
✅ Seeds are naturally unpolished and traditionally processed
📍 Unjha Variyali (Fennel)
✅ Renowned produce of Unjha, Mehsana district, Gujarat
✅ Known for high essential oil content and rich aroma
✅ Characterised by a mild, sweet licorice-like flavour
🔆 ENVIRONMENT
📍 Deep-Sea Mining Threatens Hydrothermal Vent Molluscs
✅ IUCN assessment warns of growing extinction risks
✅ 64% of endemic hydrothermal vent molluscs assessed are threatened
✅ 125 out of 201 species face extinction risk
✅ Found around hydrothermal vents at depths reaching 5,000 metres
✅ Deep-sea mining for valuable minerals identified as a major threat
📍 Desert Rain Frog Listed as Vulnerable
✅ Scientific name: Breviceps macrops
✅ Native to Namibia and South Africa
✅ Adapted to arid environments without requiring open water
✅ Status worsened from Near Threatened to Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List
✅ Threatened by mining, energy infrastructure and climate change
🔆 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
📍 Astronomers Discover Faint Black Hole Activity
✅ Hidden population of weakly active supermassive black holes detected in nearby galaxies
✅ UK’s e-MERLIN radio array surveyed 280 galaxies
✅ Compact radio emissions detected in nearly one-fourth of surveyed galaxies
✅ Some black holes showed jet-like structures extending several parsecs
✅ Black hole jets and outflows influence star formation and galaxy evolution
🔆 RANKS & REPORTS
📍 UN’s First Scientific Report on Artificial Intelligence
✅ Drafted by Independent International Scientific Panel on AI
✅ Warns AI development is advancing faster than existing safety frameworks
✅ Flags risks from concentration of AI power and geopolitical instability
✅ Highlights widening global “compute divide”
✅ United States: ~75% of global AI computing capacity
✅ China: ~15% | Rest of world: ~10%
#CurrentAffairs
🔆 POLITY & GOVERNANCE
📍 Karnataka to Establish India’s First Government-Driven AI University
✅ To be established in Bengaluru
✅ Aims to build world-class AI talent and promote advanced research
✅ Dedicated AI Hub to incubate startups, companies and researchers
✅ Karnataka contributes nearly 40% of India’s software exports
✅ Bengaluru hosts over 17,000 startups and Global Capability Centres
📍 ABHA Crosses Major Digital Health Milestone
✅ Over 104 crore health records linked with 93+ crore ABHA accounts
✅ Ayushman Bharat Health Account (ABHA) is a 14-digit unique health identifier
✅ Enables access to digital health records and healthcare services
✅ Part of Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM)
📍 Village-Level Telecom Survey 2026
✅ MoU signed between Department of Posts (DoP) and TRAI
✅ Assesses mobile network performance of major Telecom Service Providers
✅ Survey to be conducted by Gramin Dak Sevaks (GDSs)
✅ Uses a TRAI-developed mobile application
✅ Supports evidence-based policy and improved rural connectivity
📍 Central Vista Renamed ‘Kartavya Bhawan Area’
✅ Entire government office zone to be known as Kartavya Bhawan Area
✅ Kartavya Bhawan is the first of 10 planned Common Central Secretariat buildings
✅ Aims to consolidate ministries and improve administrative coordination
✅ Part of the Central Vista Redevelopment Project
🔆 SUMMITS & CONFERENCES
📍 15th BRICS Trade Union Forum Summit 2026
✅ Inaugurated in Hyderabad
✅ Theme: “Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability”
✅ Hosted by Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS)
✅ Focus on a worker-centric global order, social justice and responsible innovation
📍 Bharat Tex 2026
✅ Inaugurated by the Ministry of Textiles
✅ Venue: Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi
✅ Organised by Bharat Tex Trade Federation
✅ CITI Textile Sustainability Awards 2026 recognise excellence in resource efficiency, circular economy and sustainable practices
🔆 AGRICULTURE
📍 Unjha Cumin Receives GI Tag
✅ Famous agricultural produce from Gujarat
✅ Known for bold flavour and strong earthy aroma
✅ Contains 2–4% natural essential oils
✅ Seeds are naturally unpolished and traditionally processed
📍 Unjha Variyali (Fennel)
✅ Renowned produce of Unjha, Mehsana district, Gujarat
✅ Known for high essential oil content and rich aroma
✅ Characterised by a mild, sweet licorice-like flavour
🔆 ENVIRONMENT
📍 Deep-Sea Mining Threatens Hydrothermal Vent Molluscs
✅ IUCN assessment warns of growing extinction risks
✅ 64% of endemic hydrothermal vent molluscs assessed are threatened
✅ 125 out of 201 species face extinction risk
✅ Found around hydrothermal vents at depths reaching 5,000 metres
✅ Deep-sea mining for valuable minerals identified as a major threat
📍 Desert Rain Frog Listed as Vulnerable
✅ Scientific name: Breviceps macrops
✅ Native to Namibia and South Africa
✅ Adapted to arid environments without requiring open water
✅ Status worsened from Near Threatened to Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List
✅ Threatened by mining, energy infrastructure and climate change
🔆 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
📍 Astronomers Discover Faint Black Hole Activity
✅ Hidden population of weakly active supermassive black holes detected in nearby galaxies
✅ UK’s e-MERLIN radio array surveyed 280 galaxies
✅ Compact radio emissions detected in nearly one-fourth of surveyed galaxies
✅ Some black holes showed jet-like structures extending several parsecs
✅ Black hole jets and outflows influence star formation and galaxy evolution
🔆 RANKS & REPORTS
📍 UN’s First Scientific Report on Artificial Intelligence
✅ Drafted by Independent International Scientific Panel on AI
✅ Warns AI development is advancing faster than existing safety frameworks
✅ Flags risks from concentration of AI power and geopolitical instability
✅ Highlights widening global “compute divide”
✅ United States: ~75% of global AI computing capacity
✅ China: ~15% | Rest of world: ~10%
#CurrentAffairs
❤9
🔆 Devaraya I of Sangama Dynasty
📍Why in News?
✅ Rare copper plates dated 1406 CE, documenting the coronation of Devaraya I, were unveiled in Bengaluru.
📍About Devaraya I (1406–1422 CE)
✅ A prominent ruler of the Sangama Dynasty of the Vijayanagara Empire.
✅ Ascended the throne following a succession struggle after Harihara II.
✅ Undertook military campaigns and faced conflicts with the Bahmani Sultanate.
✅ Promoted irrigation infrastructure, including canals and tanks, to support agriculture.
✅ Encouraged literature, trade and commercial relations with foreign merchants.
✅ The newly unveiled copper plate records his coronation and a land grant to Brahmins at Devarayapura Agrahara.
📍About Sangama Dynasty
✅ Period: 1336–1485 CE
✅ Founders: Harihara I and Bukka Raya I
✅ Capital: Vijayanagara (present-day Hampi)
✅ It was the first ruling dynasty of the Vijayanagara Empire.
📍Major Rulers
✅ Harihara I: Founder of the dynasty.
✅ Bukka Raya I: Expanded the empire and promoted religious patronage.
✅ Harihara II: Further expanded Vijayanagara territories.
✅ Devaraya I: Known for military and administrative consolidation.
✅ Devaraya II: Vijayanagara reached a high point of power and prosperity under his rule.
📍Key Contributions of Sangama Dynasty
✅ Developed a strong administrative and military system.
✅ Promoted Kannada and Telugu literature, art and temple architecture.
✅ Encouraged agriculture and overseas trade.
✅ Followed a broad policy of religious patronage and tolerance.
#history #prelims #mains
Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM https://t.me/Upsc_4_history
📍Why in News?
✅ Rare copper plates dated 1406 CE, documenting the coronation of Devaraya I, were unveiled in Bengaluru.
📍About Devaraya I (1406–1422 CE)
✅ A prominent ruler of the Sangama Dynasty of the Vijayanagara Empire.
✅ Ascended the throne following a succession struggle after Harihara II.
✅ Undertook military campaigns and faced conflicts with the Bahmani Sultanate.
✅ Promoted irrigation infrastructure, including canals and tanks, to support agriculture.
✅ Encouraged literature, trade and commercial relations with foreign merchants.
✅ The newly unveiled copper plate records his coronation and a land grant to Brahmins at Devarayapura Agrahara.
📍About Sangama Dynasty
✅ Period: 1336–1485 CE
✅ Founders: Harihara I and Bukka Raya I
✅ Capital: Vijayanagara (present-day Hampi)
✅ It was the first ruling dynasty of the Vijayanagara Empire.
📍Major Rulers
✅ Harihara I: Founder of the dynasty.
✅ Bukka Raya I: Expanded the empire and promoted religious patronage.
✅ Harihara II: Further expanded Vijayanagara territories.
✅ Devaraya I: Known for military and administrative consolidation.
✅ Devaraya II: Vijayanagara reached a high point of power and prosperity under his rule.
📍Key Contributions of Sangama Dynasty
✅ Developed a strong administrative and military system.
✅ Promoted Kannada and Telugu literature, art and temple architecture.
✅ Encouraged agriculture and overseas trade.
✅ Followed a broad policy of religious patronage and tolerance.
#history #prelims #mains
Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM https://t.me/Upsc_4_history