Blue straggler stara (BSS)

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🔆 LIGO-India (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory)

📍 Latest Update (Feb 2026)
✅ Larsen & Toubro (L&T) won the contract from Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) to construct LIGO-India at Aundha, Hingoli district, Maharashtra.

🔆 About LIGO

📍 Objective
✅ Detect Gravitational Waves — ripples in space-time caused by violent cosmic events like black hole mergers or neutron star collisions.
✅ Predicted by Albert Einstein in 1916 (General Theory of Relativity).
✅ First directly detected in 2015 at LIGO Laboratory, USA.

📍 What are Gravitational Waves?
✅ Travel at the speed of light.
✅ Carry information about their cosmic origins and the nature of gravity.
✅ Generated by extreme astrophysical events (e.g., binary black holes).

📍 Principle of Working (Laser Interferometry)
✅ Uses twin 4-km-long L-shaped vacuum tunnels.
✅ A laser beam is split → reflected by mirrors → recombined.
✅ Passing waves cause minute stretching/compression of space, creating an interference pattern.
✅ Detects changes smaller than a proton’s diameter.

🔆 LIGO-India

📍 Approval & Collaboration
✅ Approved by Government of India (2016).
✅ Jointly developed by DAE + DST.
✅ In collaboration with National Science Foundation, USA (MoU).

📍 Indian Partner Institutes
✅ Institute of Plasma Research
✅ Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics
✅ Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology

📍 Global Network Members
✅ LIGO Laboratory (USA)
✅ Virgo Collaboration (Italy)
✅ KAGRA (Japan)
➡ LIGO-India will strengthen global triangulation & source localization.

📍 Significance for India
✅ 🔬 Astrophysics Leadership – Entry into frontier gravitational research.
✅ ⚙ Technological Boost – Precision engineering, lasers, vacuum tech.
✅ 🏭 Industrial Collaboration – Role of Indian firms like L&T.
✅ 🌍 Scientific Diplomacy – Enhances global prestige.

📝 UPSC Mains Angle (GS3 – Science & Tech)
“Discuss the significance of LIGO-India in advancing India’s scientific capabilities and international scientific collaboration.”

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Land degradation and desertification pose an enormous risk not just to India’s ecology but to its macro-economic aspirations. Discuss the drivers of this crisis and evaluate the effectiveness of institutional measures taken by the government. Suggest a way forward. (15 Marks | 250 Words)

31st July editorial summary

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🥋 Judokas made history!
🥇 Asmita Dey (Women’s 48kg) became India’s first-ever Commonwealth Games judo champion.

🥇 Harsh Singh followed with another gold in the Men’s 60kg, making it a golden double for India.

🥈 Yamini Maurya added to the celebrations with silver in the Women’s 57kg.

🥈 Neeraj Chopra makes his Commonwealth return a memorable one with silver.

🥉 Yashvir Singh delivers his best on the big stage with a personal best bronze.

🥉Tejaswin Shankar overcame every challenge to finish on the podium, winning bronze and becoming India’s first-ever decathlon medallist at the CWG.

🥊 A 10/10 for the Indian boxers!
A perfect run sends all 10 Indian boxers into the gold-medal finals.

🥊 Preeti Pawar (Women’s 54kg)
🥊 Ankush Panghal (Men’s 80kg)
🥊 Jaismine Lamboria (Women’s 57kg)
🥊 Arundhati Choudhary (Women’s 70kg)
🥊 Jadumani Singh Mandengbam (Men’s 55kg)
🥊 Sakshi Chaudhary (Women’s 51kg)
🥊 Priya Ghanghas (Women’s 60kg)
🥊 Lovlina Borgohain (Women’s 75kg)
🥊 Sachin Siwach (Men’s 60kg)
🥊 Narender Berwal (Men’s +90kg)

🏃 The Mixed 4x400m Relay team of Vishal TK, Ansa Babu, Rajesh Ramesh and Rashdeep Kaur made it into the final.

🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS – 31 JULY 2026

🔆 HISTORY, ART & CULTURE

📍 Pithora Painting
✅ Sacred ritualistic tribal art of the Rathwa, Bhil and Bhilala communities of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh
✅ Created to fulfil vows and invoke good luck, rain and family well-being
✅ Depicts Lord Pithora, companion deities and ancestor horses (Khatri)
✅ Uses natural pigments in red, blue, orange and green mixed with milk and alcohol
✅ Features horizontal compositions and finger-pressed orange dots as the final ritual element

📍 India–Nepal Restore Lalitpur Heritage Sites
✅ Restoration strengthens India–Nepal cultural cooperation
✅ Focuses on Patan Durbar Square, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Nepal
✅ Includes restoration of Shree Gusthal Mahavihar and Prathamshree Mahavihar
✅ Renowned for Malla-era Newari architecture, stone monuments and wood carvings
✅ Major monuments include Mahabuddha Temple, Golden Temple and Krishna Mandir

🔆 POLITY & GOVERNANCE

📍 e-Zero FIR System
✅ Delhi recorded the highest number of e-Zero FIRs (6,115) since its launch in May 2025
✅ Nationwide registrations crossed 12,000, with Delhi and Chandigarh accounting for over 10,000
✅ Uttarakhand ranks 3rd with 552 cases
✅ Enabled under Section 173(1) of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023
✅ Allows reporting of cognisable offences electronically irrespective of the place of occurrence

📍 IASV Triveni Team Honoured
✅ Defence Minister Rajnath Singh felicitated 9 women officers from the Army, Navy and Air Force
✅ Successfully completed the 314-day Samudra Pradakshina global circumnavigation
✅ Covered 25,500 nautical miles across 4 oceans
✅ Crossed the Equator twice, the International Date Line, and rounded the Three Great Capes

🔆 INTERNATIONAL

📍 Nairobi Meetings 2026
✅ First global assessment of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) indicates the world is not on track to achieve the 2030 targets
✅ Meeting held in Nairobi, Kenya
✅ KMGBF (2022) contains 23 global biodiversity targets
✅ Target 8 on reducing climate change and ocean acidification impacts is the only target showing positive progress
✅ CBD COP17 will be held in Yerevan, Armenia

🔆 ECONOMY

📍 First International Export of Purabi Ice Cream
✅ Assam launched its first international dairy export by shipping Purabi Ice Cream to Bhutan
✅ Manufactured by West Assam Milk Producers’ Cooperative Union Ltd. (WAMUL)
✅ Marketed by North East Dairy and Foods Ltd. (NEDFL)
✅ Facilitated by APEDA under the Ministry of Commerce & Industry
✅ Supplies major Bhutanese cities including Thimphu, Paro, Phuentsholing and Wangdue

📍 Visakhapatnam Port Leads Marine Product Exports
✅ Handled 50.87% of India’s marine product exports in FY 2024–25
✅ Share increased from 29.67% in FY 2023–24
✅ Growth supported by improved logistics and Andhra Pradesh’s ODOP initiative
✅ Recognised as a major natural harbour on India’s east coast

🔆 AGRICULTURE

📍 Climate Change Threatens India’s Rice Production
✅ Rice yields may decline by 6.6% for every 1°C rise in global temperature
✅ India, Pakistan and Bangladesh face significantly higher projected losses
✅ Temperatures above 30°C severely affect crops during reproductive stages
✅ South and Southeast Asia remain the most vulnerable regions due to heavy dependence on rice cultivation

🔆 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

📍 Himalayan Chandra Telescope Completes 25 Years
✅ 2-metre optical-infrared telescope located at Hanle, Ladakh (4,500 m)
✅ Operated remotely from Karnataka
✅ Used to study stellar explosions, comets, asteroids and exoplanet atmospheres
✅ Marks 25 years of successful scientific observations

📍 India Targets 100 Crore 5G Users by 2030
✅ Around 50 crore people connected to 5G in just 2.5 years
✅ Target of 100 crore 5G users by 2030
✅ India’s first Telecom Manufacturing Zone (TMZ) to be established in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh
✅ Government advancing 6G, AI, quantum communications, satellite communications and semiconductors
✅ India Mobile Congress (IMC) 2026 to be held in New Delhi under the theme “Scale Without Boundaries”

#CurrentAffairs

31st July UPSC current affairs

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31st July pib summary
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📢 Indian Army Internship Programme (IAIP) 2026–27

The #IndianArmy has opened applications for the 2nd Edition of the Indian Army Internship Programme (IAIP) 2026–27.

🎓 Paid Internship Opportunities in emerging domains including:
• Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• Quantum Computing
• Cyber Security
• Strategic Communication
• FinTech
• Human Resource Management
• Operational Logistics
• Advanced Warfare Systems

📍 Location: New Delhi/NCR

Get mentored by the Indian Army and Subject Matter Experts, gain hands-on exposure to the defence ecosystem and work on cutting-edge technologies that contribute to national security.

🔗 Apply now through the National Internship Portal:
internship.aicte-india.org

Get an opportunity to Learn, Lead and Innovate with the Indian Army.

Him-CONNECT:

Organised by MoEFCC. Connects Indian Himalayan Region researchers with start-ups, investors, policymakers. Showcases NMHS technologies (not exclusively wildlife).

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India’s Tsunami Warning System:

✅INCOIS operates the Indian Tsunami Early Warning Centre (ITEWC).
✅Current system mainly detects seismic-triggered tsunamis; working to expand to non-seismic causes.
✅India setting up Regional Service Centre (RSC) in Andaman & Nicobar Islands.

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Technology initiatives in india criminal justice system