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72nd BPSC Prelims daily MCQ

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Facts from today's speech

1. 1 lakh crore innovation fund
2. 1 crore youth to recieve AI training
3. Making 6 crore lakhpati didi ( previously 3 crore target achieved)
4. From 25 crore social security to 100 crore social security

5. Nasha mukht Bharat abhiyan( 100 week programme)
6. 1.5 lakh ev vehicle in 2009 and kow 25 lakh ev registered in 2025-2026

7. Bio-conomy from 60 crore to now 30 lakh crore
8. Medical seats from independence till 2014 - 450 approx seats, now 850 and soon 1000

9. 2.5 lakh startup registered

10 . 1925 mein rail electrification started toh upto 2014 only 30 percent but now 100 percent

11. 2 GW to 160 W solar supply

🔆 August 14 & 15: Why India and Pakistan Celebrate Independence on Different Dates

📍 Why in News?
✅ India celebrates Independence Day on 15 August, while Pakistan observes its Independence Day on 14 August
✅ Under the Indian Independence Act, 1947, both India and Pakistan were legally established as independent Dominions on 15 August 1947

🔆 Why Was 15 August Chosen?

📍 Transfer of Power Advanced
✅ British PM Clement Attlee had initially set June 1948 as the deadline for transfer of power
✅ After arriving in India in March 1947, Lord Mountbatten concluded that political instability and communal tensions made an early transfer necessary
✅ The date was therefore advanced by around 10 months to August 1947

📍 Mountbatten’s Personal Connection
✅ Mountbatten selected 15 August because it marked the second anniversary of Japan’s surrender in Singapore on 15 August 1945
✅ He had served as the Supreme Allied Commander, South East Asia Command (SEAC) during World War II

📍 Legal Basis
✅ Indian Independence Bill introduced in the House of Commons – 4 July 1947
✅ Received Royal Assent – 18 July 1947
✅ The Act designated 15 August 1947 as the appointed day for the two Dominions

🔆 Why Does Pakistan Celebrate on 14 August?

📍 Mountbatten’s Schedule
✅ Mountbatten was still the Viceroy of undivided India until the midnight of 14–15 August 1947
✅ He travelled to Karachi on 14 August to address Pakistan’s Constituent Assembly and formally transfer power to Muhammad Ali Jinnah
✅ He then had to return to New Delhi, where he was sworn in as the first Governor-General of independent India on 15 August

📍 Religious Significance
✅ 14 August 1947 coincided with the 27th night of Ramadan, associated with Laylat al-Qadr
✅ This religious significance also contributed to Pakistan adopting 14 August as its national day from 1948

🔆 Prelims Quick Recall

✅ Indian Independence Act → 1947
✅ Legal appointed day for both Dominions → 15 August 1947
✅ India → 15 August
✅ Pakistan → 14 August
✅ Original British deadline → June 1948
✅ Mountbatten → Advanced transfer to August 1947
✅ Indian Independence Bill → 4 July 1947
✅ Royal Assent → 18 July 1947

#history #prelims #mains

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🔆 Mount Girnar

📍 Why in News?
✅ The Gujarat Forest Department will deploy 25 trackers in the Mount Girnar region following a fatal lion attack on a 12-year-old pilgrim
✅ The move aims to strengthen wildlife monitoring and human–wildlife conflict management

🔆 About Mount Girnar

📍 Location & Geography
✅ Located in Junagadh district, Gujarat, in the Saurashtra region
✅ Also known as Revatak Parvata
✅ Part of the Girnar Wildlife Sanctuary
✅ A major igneous plutonic complex, formed during the Deccan Trap period

🔆 Religious Significance

📍 Jainism
✅ Associated with Neminath, the 22nd Tirthankara, who is believed to have attained Moksha here
✅ The 12th-century Neminath Temple is among the oldest and largest Jain temples on Girnar

📍 Hinduism
✅ Amba Mata Temple – traditionally visited by newly-weds seeking blessings for a happy married life
✅ Other important shrines include Gorakhnath, Dattatraya and Kalika
✅ Gorakhnath Peak – 1,117 m, the highest point in Gujarat, is associated with the Gorakhnath Temple

📍 Historical Reference
✅ The Chinese traveller Xuanzang (Hsuan-tsang) mentioned Girnar in the 7th century, referring to it as a place associated with “supernatural monks”

🔆 Important Inscriptions at Girnar

📍 Ashoka’s Major Rock Edicts
✅ Date to around 250 BCE
✅ Written in Prakrit/Pali using the Brahmi script
✅ Emphasise non-violence, religious tolerance, animal welfare and public welfare

📍 Rudradaman I Inscription
✅ Date – around 150 CE
✅ Written in Sanskrit
✅ Records the repair and restoration of Sudarshana Lake
✅ An important example of early Sanskrit epigraphic tradition

📍 Skandagupta Inscription
✅ Date – around 450 CE
✅ Written in Sanskrit
✅ Records the renovation of Sudarshana Lake by Chakrapalita, son of Gupta governor Parnadatta
✅ Also mentions the construction of a Vishnu temple on Urjayat (Girnar) hill

🔆 Prelims Quick Recall

✅ Girnar → Junagadh, Gujarat → Saurashtra
✅ Ancient name → Revatak Parvata
✅ Highest peak → Gorakhnath Peak (1,117 m)
✅ Jain association → Neminath, 22nd Tirthankara
✅ Ashoka → Major Rock Edicts → Brahmi
✅ Rudradaman I → Sanskrit inscription → Sudarshana Lake
✅ Skandagupta → Sudarshana Lake renovation

#prelims
#art_and_culture

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✅ UGC NET June 2026 Answer Key OUT. Check Now

🔗 Answer Key Link 👇
https://examinationservices.nic.in/ExamSys26Part2/Root/CandidateLogin.aspx?enc=Ei4cajBkK1gZSfgr53ImFV/yIzhTZHBze3wooSg9Djgija2T1vzGc16BomrI4u26

Hindi medium Economy part 1

RBI
Schedule & non schedule bank
Non banking financial institutions NBFIs
Differentiated banks - SFBs &
payment Bank
BAD BANK
NPA

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🔆 SAMRIDH Programme

📍 Why in News?
✅ MeitY’s SAMRIDH Programme has supported 5 startups through accelerator-led innovation

🔆 About SAMRIDH

📍 Full Form
✅ Startup Accelerator of MeitY for Product Innovation, Development and Growth (SAMRIDH)

📍 Key Facts
✅ Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)
✅ Implementing Agency: MeitY Startup Hub (MSH) under Digital India Corporation (DIC)
✅ Objective: Support existing and upcoming startup accelerators in identifying and scaling promising product-based startups

🔆 Focus Areas

✅ Customer Connect – helping startups access potential customers
✅ Investor Connect – facilitating access to investors and funding
✅ Internationalisation Connect – supporting expansion into global markets

📍 Target Sectors
✅ Health-tech
✅ Ed-tech
✅ Agri-tech
✅ Consumer-tech
✅ Fin-tech
✅ SaaS (Software as a Service)
✅ Sustainability

🔆 Targets & Financial Support

✅ Designed to accelerate around 300 startups through existing and upcoming accelerators
✅ Provides ₹2 lakh per startup to selected accelerators
✅ Provides matching funding to startups up to ₹40 lakh, subject to programme guidelines

🔆 Monitoring & Evaluation

✅ MeitY Startup Hub (MSH) monitors and evaluates selected accelerators using quantitative and qualitative parameters
✅ Tracks the revenue and valuation growth of supported startups annually
✅ The programme therefore focuses not merely on startup selection but also on measurable growth and scale-up

🔆 Andhra Pradesh

✅ During the last five years, 7 accelerators from Andhra Pradesh submitted Expressions of Interest (EoI) under SAMRIDH

🔆 Prelims Quick Recall

✅ SAMRIDH → Startup Accelerator of MeitY for Product Innovation, Development & Growth
✅ Nodal Ministry → MeitY
✅ Implementation → MeitY Startup Hub + Digital India Corporation
✅ Target → ~300 startups
✅ Maximum matching funding → ₹40 lakh/startup
✅ Key support → Customer + Investor + Internationalisation Connect

#goverment_schemes

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🔆 Bani Thani Painting – Kishangarh School

📍 What is Bani Thani?
✅ A celebrated example of Rajasthani miniature painting, associated with the Kishangarh school of Rajasthan.
✅ Traditionally believed to depict Bani Thani, a singer and consort of Maharaja Sawant Singh.
✅ The style later became strongly associated with idealised portrayals of Radha, Krishna and the Gopis.

📍 Key Features

✅ Elongated Face: Long, delicate profile with a sharp pointed nose and chin.
✅ Expressive Eyes: Large, elongated, lotus/almond-shaped eyes with heavy lids and arched eyebrows.
✅ Serpentine Hair: Stylised flowing hair adds an ethereal quality.
✅ Serene Expression: Calm, composed and almost divine appearance.
✅ Rich Attire & Jewellery: Intricate necklaces, earrings, head ornaments and richly patterned garments reflect aristocratic elegance.
✅ Vibrant Colours: Prominent use of red, green, blue and gold creates a striking visual effect.
✅ Fine Detailing: Meticulous brushwork in facial features, ornaments, clothing and decorative patterns.

📍 Cultural Significance

✅ Flourished during the reign of Maharaja Sawant Singh in Kishangarh.
✅ Represents the fusion of aesthetic beauty, poetic imagination and devotional symbolism.
✅ Its distinctive feminine ideal became a visual model for Radha and other divine feminine figures in Kishangarh miniature art.

🎯 Prelims Hook:
Bani Thani → Kishangarh School → Rajasthan → Maharaja Sawant Singh → idealised feminine beauty → Radha-Krishna imagery.

#prelims
#art_and_culture

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🔆 Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG)

📍 Why in News?
✅ With enterprises increasingly adopting Artificial Intelligence (AI), Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a key framework for connecting AI models with an organisation’s proprietary knowledge

🔆 What is RAG?

✅ RAG is an AI technique that allows an AI model to retrieve relevant information from an organisation’s private knowledge base before generating an answer
✅ Unlike conventional AI systems that rely primarily on information learned during training, RAG grounds responses in retrieved documents
✅ It can also provide source references, improving transparency and reliability

🔆 How Does RAG Work?

📍 Phase 1: Building the Knowledge Base
✅ Company documents such as reports, policy manuals, legal documents, interview transcripts and support tickets are collected
✅ Documents are divided into smaller meaningful units called chunks
✅ Each chunk is converted into an embedding vector, a numerical representation capturing its semantic meaning
✅ Embeddings are stored in a vector database

📍 Phase 2: Answering User Queries
✅ User’s question is converted into an embedding vector
✅ The system searches the vector database for semantically similar information
✅ Relevant document chunks are retrieved and provided to the AI model
✅ The model generates an answer based on the retrieved information
✅ Sources can be cited, and some systems may also provide a confidence score

🔆 Why is RAG Important?

✅ Improves factual grounding by connecting AI responses to relevant documents
✅ Enables AI to work with private and organisation-specific knowledge
✅ Reduces dependence on the model’s static training data
✅ Allows organisations to update their knowledge base without necessarily retraining the entire AI model
✅ Improves traceability and auditability through source references

🔆 Applications

📍 Banking & Financial Services
✅ Compliance officers can retrieve relevant rules from internal policy libraries, reducing manual effort and compliance risks

📍 Healthcare
✅ Clinical teams can retrieve patient notes and treatment protocols while keeping sensitive information within controlled systems

📍 Legal Services
✅ Lawyers can search a firm’s case history and precedents using natural-language descriptions of legal situations

📍 Manufacturing
✅ Engineers can retrieve relevant information from equipment manuals to diagnose failures and identify repair procedures

🔆 Prelims Quick Recall

✅ RAG → Retrieval-Augmented Generation
✅ Core idea → Retrieve first, generate later
✅ Knowledge representation → Embedding vectors
✅ Storage → Vector database
✅ Retrieval → Semantic similarity rather than only keyword matching
✅ Key advantage → Grounds AI responses in organisation-specific information

#GS3
#prelims
#science_technology
#science_and_technology

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🔆 Europe Wildfires: Climate Whiplash, Fire Clouds (PyroCb) & Causes Explained

📍 Why in News?
✅ Severe wildfires swept across Greece, Spain, France, Portugal, and Italy, destroying vast forest areas and triggering record peacetime evacuations

🔆 About Europe’s Wildfires
✅ Modern European wildfires are becoming more intense, faster, and hotter due to climate change, extreme weather variability, and land-use changes
✅ Many now evolve into Sixth-Generation Wildfires, capable of creating their own weather systems
✅ They cause massive carbon emissions, biodiversity loss, and ecological damage

🔆 What is Climate Whiplash?
✅ Refers to rapid shifts between opposite weather extremes within a short period
✅ Usually involves heavy rainfall followed by prolonged heatwaves and drought
✅ Excess vegetation produced during wet periods dries rapidly, creating abundant combustible fuel

🔆 What are Fire Clouds (Pyrocumulonimbus or PyroCb)?
✅ PyroCb are fire-generated thunderstorms formed above extremely intense wildfires

📍 Formation
✅ Extreme heat generates powerful updrafts, carrying smoke, ash, and moisture high into the atmosphere
✅ Rising air cools and condenses around smoke particles, forming towering PyroCb clouds
✅ These clouds can produce lightning, strong winds, and localized rainfall
✅ Lightning from PyroCb can ignite new wildfires, while unpredictable winds make firefighting difficult

🔆 Major Causes
✅ Global warming increases weather extremes
✅ More frequent heatwaves and droughts
✅ Rapid vegetation growth during unusually wet periods
✅ Climate whiplash creates ideal wildfire conditions
✅ Decline in farming and grazing leads to fuel accumulation
✅ Long-term fire suppression allows combustible vegetation to build up

🔆 Consequences
✅ Annual economic losses of around €2.5 billion in the European Union
✅ Destruction of forests, wildlife habitats, and biodiversity
✅ Increased carbon dioxide emissions, accelerating climate change
✅ Smoke pollution affecting air quality across large regions
✅ Large-scale evacuations and threats to public health

🔆 Wildfires in India
✅ Most forest fires are human-induced
✅ Common causes include agricultural residue burning, collection of forest produce, and accidental fires
✅ Major hotspots include the Northeast, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, and Himachal Pradesh

🔆 Way Forward
✅ Promote controlled grazing and removal of dry undergrowth
✅ Develop effective early warning systems and evacuation plans
✅ Revive sustainable agriculture to reduce land abandonment
✅ Restore forests using native, fire-resilient species
✅ Shift from only fire suppression to integrated landscape management

🔆 MODEL MAINS Q/A

📍 Q. Examine the major physical and climatic factors behind the recent surge in global wildfires. Evaluate their implications for global food and water security.(10 Marks | 150 Words)

📍 Introduction
Global wildfires are increasing in frequency and intensity due to climate change, extreme weather events, and land-use changes. Phenomena such as climate whiplash and Pyrocumulonimbus (PyroCb) have further intensified wildfire risks.

📍 Major Physical & Climatic Factors
✅ Rising global temperatures causing prolonged heatwaves and droughts
✅ Climate whiplash, where heavy rainfall is followed by extreme dry conditions
✅ Accumulation of dry vegetation acting as combustible fuel
✅ Formation of PyroCb fire clouds, generating lightning and new fires
✅ Strong winds and low humidity accelerating fire spread
✅ Land abandonment and inadequate forest management

📍 Implications for Food & Water Security
✅ Destruction of agricultural land and crop losses
✅ Soil degradation reducing long-term agricultural productivity
✅ Damage to watersheds and declining freshwater availability
✅ Air pollution affecting human health and farm productivity
✅ Increased greenhouse gas emissions intensifying climate change

📍 Conclusion
Addressing wildfire risks requires climate adaptation, sustainable land management, ecosystem restoration, and early warning systems to safeguard food security, water resources, and ecological resilience.