🔆 GISAT-1A / EOS-05

📍 Why in News?
🟢 ISRO achieved its first successful launch of 2026 by placing GISAT-1A (EOS-05) into orbit aboard GSLV-F17 from Sriharikota.
🟢 The launch marks ISRO’s comeback after the PSLV-C62 failure in January 2026.

📍 About GISAT
🟢 GISAT = Geo Imaging Satellite and is an Earth observation satellite.
🟢 Operates from a geosynchronous orbit at an altitude of approximately 36,000 km.
🟢 It enables continuous and repeated observation of India and adjacent regions.
🟢 It is India’s first dedicated imaging satellite operating from geosynchronous orbit.

📍 Why is it Significant?
🟢 LEO satellites provide high spatial resolution but only periodic coverage.
🟢 GISAT-1A enables continuous, wide-area observation, providing a major advantage in monitoring dynamic events.

📍 Applications
🟢 Disaster Management: Cyclone and flood monitoring, forest-fire and smoke detection, cloud observation, and emergency response.
🟢 Agriculture & Environment: Monitoring crop health, drought, snow cover, glaciers, water bodies and environmental changes.
🟢 Strategic & Security: Wide-area monitoring of western and northern borders, maritime and coastal surveillance, and enhanced situational awareness.

📍 Prelims
🟢 GISAT: Geo Imaging Satellite
🟢 EOS: Earth Observation Satellite
🟢 LEO: Low Earth Orbit
🟢 GSLV-F17: Launch vehicle used for GISAT-1A/EOS-05
🟢 Orbit: Geosynchronous orbit at ~36,000 km

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🔆 Gurudwara Reform Movement (Akali Movement)

📍 Background
🟢 Rationalist and progressive ideas of the 19th century influenced the Sikh community.
🟢 The Singh Sabha Movement, founded at Amritsar in 1873, promoted Western education and countered revivalist influences.
🟢 The Gurudwara Reform Movement, also known as the Akali Movement, emerged as an offshoot of the Singh Sabha Movement.

📍 Objective
🟢 To liberate Sikh Gurudwaras from the control of corrupt mahants, who enjoyed government support.

📍 The Movement
🟢 In 1921, the Akalis launched a mass non-violent, non-cooperation satyagraha against the mahants.
🟢 Groups of agitators compelled mahants and managers to hand over control of Gurudwaras to local devotees.
🟢 Initially, the government supported the reformers but changed its approach as the movement increasingly became linked with the national movement.

📍 Government Response
🟢 The British passed the Sikh Gurdwara Act, 1922, which was amended in 1925.
🟢 The legislation transferred control of Gurudwaras to the Akalis to appease the Moderate Akalis, while the government used repression against the Extremist Akalis.

📍 Significance
🟢 The Akalis participated in the freedom struggle whenever called upon.
🟢 Though the movement was sectarian in character, it was not communal.
🟢 It represented the assertion of Sikh religious autonomy against corrupt control and colonial interference.

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🔆 Gollala Gudi Temple — Monument of National Importance

📍 Why in News?
🟢 The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has notified the Gollala Gudi Temple as a Monument of National Importance for its exquisite carvings.

📍 Location
🟢 Palampet, Mulugu district, Telangana
🟢 Located near the UNESCO-listed Ramappa Temple.

📍 Historical Background
🟢 Built during the Kakatiya Dynasty (12th–14th centuries).
🟢 It represents the distinctive architectural and sculptural traditions of the Kakatiya period.

📍 Architectural Features
🟢 Trikutalaya — a three-sanctum shrine with an east-facing mandapa (pillared hall).
🟢 Contains three garbhagrihas; the central sanctum houses a Shiva lingam.
🟢 Parapets are decorated with sculptures.
🟢 The entablature and doorways feature rows of carved hamsas along with jali (latticework).

📍 Sculptural & Artistic Features
🟢 Sculptures include dvarapalas, musicians, dancers, madanikas (celestial maidens) and lions.
🟢 Wall niches depict Vishnu, Lakshmi, Ganesha and Mahishasuramardini Durga.

📍 Legal Protection
🟢 The notification comes under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958 (AMASR Act).

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🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS – 04 SEPTEMBER 2026

🔆 HISTORY, ART & CULTURE

📍 Gollala Gudi Temple – Telangana
🟢 ASI has notified Gollala Gudi Temple as a Monument of National Importance for its exquisite carvings.
🟢 Location: Palampet, Mulugu district, Telangana, near the UNESCO-listed Ramappa Temple.
🟢 Period: Built during the Kakatiya Dynasty (12th–14th centuries).
🟢 Architecture: Trikutalaya with three sanctums and an east-facing mandapa.
🟢 Sculptures include dvarapalas, musicians, dancers, madanikas, lions, Vishnu, Lakshmi, Ganesha and Mahishasuramardini Durga.
🟢 Protected under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958.

🔆 POLITY & GOVERNANCE

📍 Retirement Age for District Judges
🟢 In All India Judges Association v. Union of India (2026), the Supreme Court directed several States to raise the retirement age of district judicial officers from 60 to 62 years.
🟢 Supreme Court judges: Retirement age – 65 years.
🟢 High Court judges: Retirement age – 62 years.
🟢 District & lower judiciary: Existing age – 60 years, with the Court pushing for enhancement to 62 years.
🟢 Background: Over 5.18 crore cases are pending in district courts.
🟢 Significance: Retaining experienced judicial officers could help address vacancies and reduce judicial delays.

🔆 ECONOMy

📍 Global Bond Sell-Off
🟢 A global bond sell-off occurs when investors simultaneously sell government and corporate bonds.
🟢 Major triggers: High inflation and massive US debt issuance.
🟢 Impact on Governments: Higher bond yields can increase future borrowing costs and strain public finances, including in India.
🟢 Impact on Private Sector: Higher borrowing costs may reduce private investment and increase financing expenses for businesses.

📍 Chipflation
🟢 Chipflation refers to rising prices of memory and semiconductor chips driven by massive demand from AI data centres.
🟢 The resulting chip shortage can increase prices of everyday consumer electronics.
🟢 Significance: Highlights how the global AI investment boom can create supply pressures across the wider electronics industry.

🔆 ENVIRONMENT

📍 National Wildlife Day 2026
🟢 Observed twice annually on 4 September and 22 February.
🟢 First celebrated: September 2005.
🟢 Established by: Animal behaviourist and philanthropist Colleen Paige.
🟢 Objective: Raise awareness about wildlife species and promote their conservation.
🟢 Do not confuse with: World Wildlife Day, observed annually on 3 March.

📍 International Vulture Awareness Day 2026
🟢 Observed on the first Saturday of September; falls on 5 September 2026.
🟢 Objective: Highlight the ecological importance and conservation needs of vultures.
🟢 Ecological role: Vultures rapidly consume animal carcasses, acting as nature’s clean-up crew and helping reduce risks from decaying carcasses.

📍 India–Germany Joint Declaration on Wetland Conservation
🟢 India and Germany signed a Joint Declaration of Intent on conservation and wise use of wetlands of international importance.
🟢 Signed during the 4th Indo-German Environment Forum (IGEF).
🟢 IGEF: Highest-level bilateral India–Germany forum on environmental policy; held since 2008.
🟢 Theme: “Together For More Resilience.”
🟢 Objective: Strengthen scientific cooperation and exchange best practices in wetland management.

🔆 SECURITY

📍 Khagantak-243
🟢 IAF successfully conducted a trial of the indigenous Khagantak-243 from a Su-30MKI at Pokhran Field Firing Range, Rajasthan.
🟢 Type: 300-kg-class airborne long-range stand-off precision-guided glide bomb.
🟢 Developer: Jointly designed by Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) and JSR Dynamics under the Development-cum-Production Partner model.
🟢 Range: 144–180 km when released from around 12 km altitude at Mach 0.8.
🟢 Glide bomb: Uses wings and flight-control surfaces to glide towards a target after being released from a distance.
🟢 Design: Cylindrical body, swivel-type mid-body glide wings and five aft control surfaces.

🔆 SPORTS

📍 6th World Nomad Games
🟢 Held in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, from 31 August to 6 September 2026.
🟢 Nature: Biennial event celebrating the sporting traditions, culture and heritage of nomadic civilisations.
🟢 Origin: Linked to the Bishkek Declaration (2012) involving Kyrgyzstan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Türkiye.
🟢 Participation: Athletes from 100+ countries.
🟢 2026 edition: Features 43 disciplines, including traditional wrestling, Kok Boru, equestrian events, Toguz Korgool, Mangala and tug of war.
🟢 Cultural programme: UNESCO-recognised activities including Echo of Nomads, Nomad Fest, Heritage of Nomads, Art Lab and Ethno-Bazaar.
🟢 Indian contingent:87 members – 73 athletes, 10 cultural representatives and 4 participants in the scientific programme.

🔆 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS & ISSUES

📍 UN Votes to Adopt New World Map
🟢 UN General Assembly voted for the “Correct the Map” resolution to promote a world map that more accurately represents the relative size of continents, particularly Africa.
🟢 Sponsored by:Togo, backed by African Union members.
🟢 Voting: Supported by 164 countries, including France and the UK; the US voted against and six countries abstained.
🟢 Mercator Projection: Developed by Gerardus Mercator in 1569 and widely used for navigation.
🟢 Problem: Mercator projection exaggerates the size of regions near the poles; Africa appears comparable to Greenland despite being about 14 times larger.
🟢 Alternative:Equal Earth projection, developed in 2018, represents relative continental areas more accurately.
🟢 Significance: Highlights the importance of map projections in shaping perceptions of geographical size.

#CurrentAffairs

5th September UPSC current affairs

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