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🔆 Access and Benefit-Sharing (ABS) — Biodiversity Conservation

📍 Why in News?
🟢 The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) crossed ₹200 crore in cumulative ABS disbursements.
🟢 A fresh ₹8.23 crore was sanctioned to 27 State Biodiversity Boards + 5 UT Biodiversity Councils.
🟢 The amount arose from commercial use of Bitter Gourd, Okra, Chilli and Onion germplasm.

📍 What is ABS?
🟢 Under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, entities using India’s biological resources for research/commercial purposes are required to share resulting benefits with associated communities/States.
🟢 Latest payments came from Nunhems India, East West Seeds India and Bayer Science and Innovation.

📍 How is the Money Allocated?
🟢 Since the crops were sourced through open markets/traders, individual farmers or communities could not be traced.
🟢 Therefore, on an Expert Committee’s recommendation, funds are distributed to State/UT biodiversity institutions based on the area under cultivation.

📍 Permitted Uses
🟢 People’s Biodiversity Registers (PBRs)
🟢 In-situ & ex-situ conservation
🟢 Ecosystem restoration & Biodiversity Heritage Sites
🟢 Capacity-building of Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs)
🟢 Community livelihoods

📍 Key Challenges
🟢 Traceability gap: Actual custodians may remain unidentified when resources pass through open markets.
🟢 Equity concern: Benefits may reach State institutions rather than original knowledge-holders.
🟢 Absorption capacity: BMCs have varying institutional capacity to utilise funds effectively.
🟢 Scale: ₹200+ crore remains modest compared with India’s broader biodiversity conservation requirements.

📍 International Linkage
🟢 Supports India’s commitments under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Nagoya Protocol on ABS and Target 13 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF).

📌 Key Terms:
NBA → National level | SBB → State level | BMC → Local level | PBR → Local biodiversity & traditional knowledge record

#Environment #pib

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🔆 ECONOMY OF THE VEDIC AGE

📍 Early Vedic Period
🟢 Agriculture: Barley continued to be an important crop.
🟢 Animal Husbandry: Various animals were domesticated. Lion, elephant and boar were known.
🟢 Trade & Exchange: Money and markets were known but not extensively used. Cows and gold ornaments of fixed value served as mediums of exchange.
🟢 Medical Knowledge: Healing wounds, curing diseases and knowledge of surgery existed.

📍 Later Vedic Period
🟢 Agriculture: Rice and wheat became major crops. Agriculture emerged as the primary source of livelihood, leading to a settled and sedentary life.
🟢 Wealth: Cows remained a measure of wealth, while land became more valuable than cattle.
🟢 Bali: Voluntary donations or contributions were prevalent.
🟢 Trade & Urbanisation: Growth of urbanisation, craft production and trade encouraged the emergence of guilds (Shrenis).
🟢 Guilds (Shrenis): Regulated members’ conduct through guild courts. Shreni-dharma governed their customary practices. Guilds could also function as bankers, financiers and trustees.
🟢 Shreshthins: Merchant-financiers who often performed banking and financial functions. They are associated with the later traditions of Seths, Chettis and Chettiyars.

📍 UPSC PRELIMS QUICK REVISION
🟢 Early Vedic: Barley, cattle-based wealth and limited use of money.
🟢 Later Vedic: Rice and wheat, settled agriculture, growing trade and guilds.

#history #prelims #mains

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🔆 ONE-LINERS | 18-09-2026
📚 UPSC Current Affairs | AnmolVachan1

🔆 GEOGRAPHY

📍 Ramjak Mountain
🟢 A four-member team from Munnar, Kerala, recently scaled Ramjak Mountain.
🟢 Height: 6,318 m (20,728 ft), located in Lahaul-Spiti, Himachal Pradesh, near Shingo La Pass, connecting Himachal Pradesh with Zanskar.
🟢 Extreme conditions: Temperatures at higher camps can fall to –35°C to –40°C.
🟢 Challenges: Glaciers, steep ice sheets, crevasses, seracs, cornices and rock bands.
🟢 Safety: Fixed ropes, rope discipline, staged load ferries and acclimatization rotations.

🔆 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS & ISSUES

📍 Canada and the European Union
🟢 The EU is considering making Canada its first “associate member”, a status not provided for in EU treaties.
🟢 Both sides are seeking to diversify ties amid trade tensions with the United States under Donald Trump.
🟢 Ursula von der Leyen proposed a European Security Council involving partners such as Canada, Norway, the UK and Ukraine.
🟢 She also proposed a European security protocol similar to NATO Article 4, which provides for consultations when a member feels threatened.

📍 Artemis Accords: Djibouti Signs
🟢 Djibouti became the 72nd country and 8th African nation to sign the Artemis Accords.
🟢 Signed at NASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C., by Djibouti’s Ambassador Mohamed Siad Douale.
🟢 Established in 2020 by the US and seven founding countries.
🟢 Key principles: Peaceful and transparent exploration, international cooperation, scientific data sharing, emergency assistance and protection of historically significant space sites.
🟢 Promotes responsible exploration of the Moon, Mars and beyond.

🔆 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

📍 India’s First Fully Automated Factory Lab
🟢 TCS launched India’s first lights-out factory lab in Pune, Maharashtra.
🟢 Demonstrates manufacturing with minimal human intervention.
🟢 Integrates digital twins, robotics and industrial AI to simulate autonomous manufacturing.
🟢 Helps industries assess Industry 4.0 technologies and reduce deployment risks.

📍 SEMICON India 2026
🟢 Held from 17–19 September 2026.
🟢 Theme: “Silicon to Systems: Building the Ecosystem.”
🟢 Semiconductors are vital for technological resilience, economic security and national self-reliance.
🟢 Government support includes policy measures, infrastructure development and global partnerships.
🟢 Aims to strengthen India’s semiconductor ecosystem across the entire value chain.

📍 Doppler Weather Radar (DWR)
🟢 India’s 51st Doppler Weather Radar was inaugurated at Jamadarpali, Sambalpur, Odisha.
🟢 Uses the Doppler effect to detect the location, intensity, velocity and direction of atmospheric targets.
🟢 Working: Microwave signals are transmitted; echoes return after scattering from raindrops or ice particles. Frequency shifts reveal motion, while pulse timing determines distance.
🟢 Radar bands used by IMD:

• 🟢 S-Band (2–4 GHz): Long-range detection, up to about 500 km; useful for severe cyclones.
• 🟢 C-Band (4–8 GHz): Medium-range coverage, about 250 km; regional storms and cyclones.
• 🟢 X-Band (8–12 GHz): Short-range monitoring; thunderstorms, lightning and mountain cloudbursts.
🟢 Applications: Cyclone tracking, severe-weather warnings, rainfall estimation and real-time flood forecasting.

🔆 INDEX

📍 Global Financial Centres Index (GFCI 40)
🟢 GIFT City rose 9 places to 37th globally.
🟢 Published by Z/Yen Partners and the China Development Institute.
🟢 Assesses financial centres using five factors: business environment, human capital, infrastructure, financial-sector development and reputation.
🟢 GFCI 40 assessed 139 financial centres, using 144 quantitative measures and 39,531 professional assessments.
🟢 GIFT City was the only Indian financial centre among the top 15 in Asia-Pacific.
🟢 Mumbai improved 3 places to 49th globally.
🟢 GIFT City’s FinTech ranking improved 3 places to 26th globally.
🟢 Financial services in GIFT City are regulated by IFSCA.

🔆 MISCELLANEOUS

📍 ‘Er.’ Prefix for Engineers
🟢 Karnataka made Engineers’ Day an official State event.
🟢 Observed on 15 September, the birth anniversary of Sir M. Visvesvaraya, former Dewan of Mysore.
🟢 Karnataka officially permitted engineers to use the prefix “Er.”, following permission for teachers to use “Tr.”
🟢 A similar demand exists for lecturers to use “Lr.”
🟢 More than one lakh engineers graduate annually in Karnataka, according to the supplied information.

📍 Southern Railway: 100% Electrification
🟢 Southern Railway completed electrification of its entire 5,068 km broad-gauge network.
🟢 11 May 1931: Madras became India’s second metropolitan city, after Bombay, to introduce electric traction.
🟢 1925: India’s first electric train ran between Bombay Victoria Terminus and Kurla Harbour, using a 1,500-volt DC system.
🟢 Full electrification enables electric traction across the network without traction changes at relevant points.
🟢 Expected benefits: streamlined operations, improved locomotive utilisation, operational flexibility and more reliable train services.

📍 FSSAI Orders Recall of Two Food Products
🟢 FSSAI ordered immediate market recalls after laboratory tests found two products unsafe.
🟢 Shalimar’s Chef Coriander Powder — manufactured by M/s Nilgiri Oil & Allied Industries; failed safety tests due to excessive pesticide residues.
🟢 Carrageenan food additive — manufactured by M/s Aquagri Processing Pvt. Ltd.; failed standards due to high cadmium levels.
🟢 Manufacturers appealed the initial results; referral food laboratories retested samples and confirmed non-compliance and unsafe status.
🟢 Legal basis: Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, and Food Safety and Standards (Food Recall Procedure) Regulations, 2017.

#CurrentAffairs

18th September UPSC current affairs

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𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐚 𝐭𝐨 𝐇𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟖 𝐀𝐬𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐨𝐫 𝐖𝐮𝐬𝐡𝐮 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐡𝐢𝐩𝐬

India will host the Asian Senior Wushu Championships for the first time in 2028, with around 500 athletes from 42 countries across Asia expected to participate in the prestigious continental competition.

The decision was officially approved at the Wushu Federation of Asia (WFA) Congress held in Aichi-Nagoya, Japan.

In another significant development, Bhupender Singh Bajwa of the Wushu Association of India was nominated as a member of the Executive Committee of the Wushu Federation of Asia during the Congress.

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17th September editorial summary

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18th September editorial summary

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