🔆 DILUTION REFRIGERATOR | QUANTUM TECHNOLOGY

📍 In News
🟢 DRDO has signed its first high-value deep-tech TDF agreement with Zero mK India Pvt. Ltd., Alwar, Rajasthan, to develop an indigenous 20 mK dilution refrigerator.

🔆 WHAT IS A DILUTION REFRIGERATOR?
🟢 A specialised cryogenic system capable of achieving extremely low temperatures in the millikelvin (mK) range, from just above absolute zero to 1 K.

📍 Working Mechanism
🟢 Uses a mixture of Helium-3 (³He) and Helium-4 (⁴He).
🟢 Below 0.87 K, the helium mixture separates into a concentrated phase and a dilute phase.
🟢 Helium-3 movement: When ³He moves from the concentrated phase into the dilute phase, more ³He moves across to replace it.
🟢 Cooling: This movement of ³He removes heat from the system, producing extremely low temperatures.

🔆 APPLICATIONS

📍 Quantum Technology
🟢 Enables the operation and testing of quantum computing platforms and associated quantum technologies.

📍 Strategic & Industrial Importance
🟢 Indigenous development can reduce dependence on imported cryogenic infrastructure.
🟢 Strengthens India’s domestic quantum technology ecosystem.

🔆 DRDO–ZERO mK INDIA PROJECT
🟢 Technology → Indigenous dilution refrigerator
🟢 Target temperature → 20 mK
🟢 Company → Zero mK India Pvt. Ltd.
🟢 Location → Alwar, Rajasthan
🟢 Scheme → Technology Development Fund (TDF)
🟢 Deep-tech corpus → ₹500 crore
🟢 Strategic alignment → National Quantum Mission

🔆 QUICK RECALL
Dilution Refrigerator → ³He + ⁴He → <0.87 K phase separation → Heat removal → Millikelvin temperatures → Quantum computing

📍 UPSC Mains Question
🟢 How can indigenous development of advanced cryogenic systems strengthen India’s capabilities in quantum technology and strategic technologies?

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UN security council UNSC

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25 September editorial summary

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The 9th India International Water Week 2026 Held from September 22–25 under the theme “ Climate Resilient Water Management”.

International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons - September 26

Established by the UN General Assembly in 2013, this day raises awareness about the dangers of nuclear weapons and calls for their complete elimination.

33X growth in mobile phone production.

₹18,900 crore in 2014 → ₹6.27 lakh crore in 2026.
#mains

✅India, the world’s seventh-largest coffee producer and fifth-largest exporter, exported coffee worth more than $2 billion in 2025-26, with nearly 39% comprising value-added products.

✅Brazil is the world’s largest coffee producer, contributing about 40% of global production, followed by Vietnam.
✅India primarily produces two main varieties of coffee: Arabica and Robusta.
✅Karnataka leads coffee production in India, followed by Kerala and Tamil Nadu

✅Coffee plants require a hot and humid climate, with temperatures ranging between 15°C and 28°C and annual rainfall of 150–250 cm.

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🔆 ONE-LINERS | 25 SEPTEMBER 2026

📚 UPSC Current Affairs | AnmolVachan1

🔆 GEOGRAPHY

📍 Cyclone Arnab 2026
🟢 The system over the Bay of Bengal was classified by IMD as a Deep Depression, not an official cyclonic storm.
🟢 “Arnab” is the next unused name in the North Indian Ocean cyclone naming list, contributed by Bangladesh.
🟢 Sustained winds remained around 52–65 km/h, below the threshold for cyclone classification.
🟢 Brought heavy to very heavy rainfall to coastal and interior parts of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha.
🟢 Authorities issued warnings, closed schools, restricted fishermen and deployed emergency response teams.

🔆 SOCIAL ISSUES

📍 WHO/UNICEF JMP – WASH in Schools 2015–2025
🟢 Report tracks global progress in drinking water, sanitation & hygiene (WASH) in schools.
🟢 Prepared by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP).
🟢 The world is not on track to achieve universal WASH coverage in schools by 2030.
🟢 Current improvement rate must increase by 4× for drinking water, 5× for sanitation and 4× for hygiene.
🟢 Projected 2030 basic coverage:
🟢 Drinking water – 84%
🟢 Sanitation – 81%
🟢 Hygiene – 79%
🟢 Schools projected to have no service in 2030: Water – 10% | Sanitation – 7% | Hygiene – 12%.

🔆 POLITY & GOVERNANCE

📍 Next Phase of UDAN Scheme
🟢 Ministry of Civil Aviation signed 21 agreements with States/UTs for the next phase of UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik).
🟢 Launched on 21 October 2016 to make air travel affordable and improve regional connectivity.
🟢 Focus: regional connectivity and aviation infrastructure in underserved areas.
🟢 Modified UDAN emphasises affordability, sustainability and indigenous manufacturing.
🟢 So far, 687 routes have been operationalised and 1.71 crore passengers served.
🟢 New Challenge Mode portal allows States to nominate airstrips and helipads for development.

🔆 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

📍 UK’s First Dedicated Space Defence Squadron
🟢 The UK established No. III Space Effects Squadron, the Royal Air Force’s first dedicated active space-defence unit.
🟢 Role: disrupt, degrade and deny hostile threats targeting British space assets.
🟢 Uses electronic warfare and counter-measures against adversarial satellite signals and tracking.
🟢 Protects military systems including navigation, communications and missile-warning architectures.
🟢 Also safeguards satellite-dependent civilian services such as mobile communications, weather forecasting and financial networks.
🟢 Works alongside No. I Space Operations Squadron and No. II Space Warning Squadron.

🔆 SPORTS

📍 India’s First Mixed Skeet Team Medal
🟢 India won its first-ever international medal in Mixed Skeet Team.
🟢 Skeet is a shooting discipline involving clay targets launched from two different stations.
🟢 Mixed Team format consists of one male + one female shooter.
🟢 The achievement highlights India’s growing participation in mixed-team shooting events.

🔆 SECURITY

📍 Exercise Tarang Shakti 2026
🟢 2nd edition of the Indian Air Force’s premier multinational air exercise.
🟢 Scheduled from 26 September–12 October 2026 at Jodhpur and adjoining Rajasthan air bases.
🟢 8 participating nations: Australia, Bangladesh, France, Germany, Greece, Sri Lanka, UAE & USA.
🟢 32 countries participating as observers.
🟢 Key aircraft include US F-35A, French Rafale, UAE F-16, alongside Indian Rafale, Su-30MKI, Tejas & MiG-29.
🟢 Focus: interoperability, air defence, counter-air, reconnaissance, airlift & air-to-air refuelling.

📍 Exercise Varuna 2026
🟢 24th edition of the India–France bilateral maritime exercise.
🟢 Commenced with INS Trishul arriving at Toulon Naval Base, France.
🟢 Conducted between the Indian Navy and French Navy.
🟢 Activities include professional interactions, cross-deck visits, sporting events and tactical operations.
🟢 Aim: improve operational coordination, interoperability and maritime cooperation.

🔆 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

📍 ISRO Advanced Radar Research Centre – Chandrapur
🟢 ISTRAC Advanced Radar Research Facility (IARRF) is being developed at Chandrapur, Assam, near Guwahati.
🟢 Part of Project NETRA – Network for Space Object Tracking and Analysis.
🟢 Main objective: strengthen India’s Space Situational Awareness (SSA).
🟢 Will track operational/defunct satellites, rocket bodies and space debris.
🟢 NETRA architecture includes:
🟢 Chandrapur Radar → Hanle Optical Telescope → MOTR at Sriharikota → Data Analysis & Conjunction Assessment
🟢 Aim: protect Indian space assets from collision and space-debris risks.

🔆 AWARDS

📍 FAO 100 Women Heroes Award
🟢 Z T Lalrithangi (Pi Mari-i) of Mizoram selected among FAO’s 100 Women Heroes in Agrifood Systems and Rural Development.
🟢 Recognition associated with the International Year of Women Farmers 2026.
🟢 100 women selected from 600+ nominations across 131 countries.
🟢 Lalrithangi is one of two Indian awardees.
🟢 Started strawberry cultivation in 2024 and expanded to 10,000+ plants across 2 hectares.
🟢 Also produces strawberry wine and other value-added products.
🟢 Venture earned around ₹1.5 lakh in 2024 and ₹10 lakh+ in 2025.
🟢 Highlights women-led agripreneurship, value addition and rural livelihoods.

🔆 MISCELLANEOUS

📍 World Pharmacists Day 2026
🟢 Observed annually on 25 September by the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP).
🟢 Theme:“Empowering pharmacists for healthier futures.”
🟢 Marks the founding of FIP in 1912.
🟢 Highlights pharmacists’ role in disease prevention, patient counselling and medication safety.
🟢 Also focuses on strengthening health systems amid challenges such as non-communicable diseases and climate change.
🟢 In India, awareness is promoted by bodies including the Pharmacy Council of India, including initiatives related to antimicrobial resistance.

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25th September UPSC current affairs

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🔆 INDIGENOUS GAS TURBINE ENGINES — CSIR-NAL

📍 News
🟢 CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories (CSIR-NAL) unveiled three indigenous micro & small gas turbine engines.

📍 Key Engines
🟢 NJ-05 → 5 kg thrust
🟢 NJ-50 → 50 kg thrust
🟢 NJ-100 → 100 kg thrust

📍 Applications
🟢 Tactical UAVs
🟢 Drone interceptors
🟢 Compact missile systems

📍 Significance
🟢 Developed indigenously to address critical requirements of defence technology.
🟢 Provides compact propulsion solutions for unmanned and missile platforms.

🔆 MUST REMEMBER
CSIR-NAL → NJ-05 | NJ-50 | NJ-100
Thrust → 5 kg | 50 kg | 100 kg
Use → UAVs | Drone Interceptors | Compact Missiles

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Election commission of India

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23 September pib summary
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The Govt just introduced Telecom Consumer Protection (Thirteenth Amendment) Regulations, 2026, consumers will now have:

• 30-day recharge plans, reducing the need for 13 monthly recharges to 12 in a year
• Voice and SMS-only plans for those who do not need data
• More suitable options for low-budget consumers who primarily need basic voice calls