🔆 SLAVE DYNASTY (1206–1290 AD)

📍 1. Qutbuddin Aibak (1206–1210 AD)
🟢 Laid the foundation of Qutub Minar in honour of the Sufi saint Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki.
🟢 Built Adhai Din ka Jhonpra Mosque at Ajmer.

📍 2. Iltutmish (1211–1236 AD)
🟢 Established the Turkan-i-Chahalgani (Group of Forty), comprising his close Turkish associates.
🟢 Developed the Iqta System: assignment of revenue-yielding territories in lieu of cash salaries.
🟢 Promoted Bandagan (special slaves trained for military and administrative services) to important positions.
🟢 Introduced silver Tanka and copper Jital coins.
🟢 Inscribed the name of the Caliph of Baghdad on his coins.
🟢 Completed the construction of Qutub Minar.
🟢 During his reign, Chengiz Khan invaded the Khwarazmian Empire but did not attack India.

📍 3. Razia Sultan (1236–1240 AD)
🟢 Attempted to appoint non-Turks to important administrative positions, angering the Turkish nobility.
🟢 Appointed an African Siddi slave, Jamaluddin Yaqut, as Amir-i-Akhur (Master of the Horse).
🟢 Was eventually dethroned by the Turkish nobility.

📍 4. Ghiyasuddin Balban (1266–1287 AD)
🟢 Destroyed the power of the Chahalgani.
🟢 Introduced royal ceremonies:

• Sijda: Prostration before the Sultan.
• Paibos: Kissing the Sultan’s feet.
• Nauroz: Persian New Year celebration.
🟢 Established a strong spy and intelligence network under Diwan-i-Barid.
🟢 Reorganised Diwan-i-Arz, the military department.

#history #prelims #mains

Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM https://t.me/Upsc_4_history

Ice Memory Sanctuary: World's first mountain ice-core repository built at Concordia Station (Antarctica) at -52^C by France, Italy, and Switzerland.

#currentaffairs

EPFO quick revision Shorts Notes Review

Diwali 70% offer end Today

5 subject 300rs

Enroll 👉https://t.me/EPFO_Notes_bot

🔆 Major Bodhisattvas in Mahayana Buddhism

📍 Avalokitesvara (Padmapani) – Compassion & Mercy
✅ Carries a lotus; depicted with multiple arms/eyes symbolizing aid to all beings.
✅ Dalai Lama regarded as his incarnation.

📍 Manjusri – Wisdom & Intelligence
✅ Holds a sword (cuts ignorance) and a book (Prajnaparamita Sutra); seen in Ajanta Caves.

📍 Vajrapani – Power & Protection
✅ Wields a vajra (thunderbolt); represents strength and protection of the Buddhas.

📍 Maitreya – Future Buddha, Loving-Kindness (Maitri)
✅ Prophesied to reappear on Earth; Laughing Buddha seen as his incarnation.

📍 Ksitigarbha – Protector of beings in hell realms
✅ Depicted as a monk with a staff and wish-fulfilling jewel; vows to save all beings in hell.

📍 Samantabhadra – Meditation & Practice
✅ Patron of vows, virtue, and discipline; assists in enlightenment.

📍 Akasagarbha – Infinite Space & Wisdom
✅ Grants blessings for purification and dispelling ignorance.

📍 Tara – Female Bodhisattva of Compassion
✅ Swiftly protects devotees and relieves suffering; key in Vajrayana Buddhism.

📍 Vasudhara – Wealth & Prosperity
✅ Worshipped in Nepal for both material and spiritual abundance.

📍 Skanda – Protector of Dharma
✅ Guardian deity safeguarding monasteries and Buddhist teachings.

📍 Sitapatra – Protection
✅ Shields devotees from supernatural harm; revered in Mahayana & Vajrayana.

📍 Sarvanivarana-Vishkambhin – Removes Obstacles
✅ Purifies the mind and removes barriers to enlightenment.

📍 Amitabha – Infinite Light & Life
✅ Central to Pure Land Buddhism; promises salvation to devotees.

#history

Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_history

With the UPSC Mains results out, it’s time to gear up for the Personality Test

Designed and guided by officers who know exactly what the Interview Board expects.

Strategy Session by Dr. C. Sylendra Babu IPS (Retd. DGP, TN)

📅Date: Tomorrow, 11th November, 2026
🕰️Time: 05.00 PM
📍Venue: Officers IAS Academy, Chennai

Register Now: https://forms.gle/6Aa5XrvexAaR4moz6

For More Info: +917397767226

Master the UPSC Personality Test with a time-tested roadmap designed by those who’ve been there and succeeded.

🔆 ARIEL AND UMBRIEL: MOONS OF URANUS

📍 Why in News?
🟢 24 October marks the discovery anniversary of Ariel and Umbriel, two major moons of Uranus, discovered in 1851.

📍 Discovery & Naming
🟢 Discovered by British astronomer William Lassell on 24 October 1851.
🟢 Ariel: Named after a character in Shakespeare’s The Tempest and Alexander Pope’s The Rape of the Lock.
🟢 Umbriel: Named after a malevolent spirit in Alexander Pope’s The Rape of the Lock.
🟢 Uranus had 29 officially recognised moons as of August 2026, according to the source.

📍 Ariel – Key Features
🟢 Fourth-largest moon of Uranus.
🟢 Composed mainly of roughly equal proportions of water ice and silicate rock.
🟢 Carbon dioxide has also been detected.
🟢 Has the brightest and youngest-looking surface among Uranus’s five largest moons.
🟢 Tidally locked: keeps the same face towards Uranus while orbiting it.

📍 Umbriel – Key Features
🟢 Third-largest moon of Uranus.
🟢 Darkest among Uranus’s five major moons.
🟢 Surface contains numerous old, large impact craters.
🟢 Reflects only 16% of incoming sunlight.
🟢 Features a mysterious bright ring-like marking approximately 140 km in diameter.

📍 Prelims Quick Revision
🟢 Planet: Uranus – seventh planet from the Sun.
🟢 Discovery of Ariel and Umbriel: 1851.
🟢 Discoverer: William Lassell.
🟢 Ariel: Fourth-largest, brightest major moon.
🟢 Umbriel: Third-largest, darkest major moon.

📍 UPSC Mains Practice Question
Discuss how the study of planetary satellites helps scientists understand the formation and evolution of planetary systems.

#GS3
#prelims
#science_technology
#science_and_technology

Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_science_and_technology

Exercise Rahat Mitra

Exercise naseem AI BAhr