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🔆 Major Bodhisattvas in Mahayana Buddhism

📍 Avalokitesvara (Padmapani) – Compassion & Mercy
✅ Carries a lotus; depicted with multiple arms/eyes symbolizing aid to all beings.
✅ Dalai Lama regarded as his incarnation.

📍 Manjusri – Wisdom & Intelligence
✅ Holds a sword (cuts ignorance) and a book (Prajnaparamita Sutra); seen in Ajanta Caves.

📍 Vajrapani – Power & Protection
✅ Wields a vajra (thunderbolt); represents strength and protection of the Buddhas.

📍 Maitreya – Future Buddha, Loving-Kindness (Maitri)
✅ Prophesied to reappear on Earth; Laughing Buddha seen as his incarnation.

📍 Ksitigarbha – Protector of beings in hell realms
✅ Depicted as a monk with a staff and wish-fulfilling jewel; vows to save all beings in hell.

📍 Samantabhadra – Meditation & Practice
✅ Patron of vows, virtue, and discipline; assists in enlightenment.

📍 Akasagarbha – Infinite Space & Wisdom
✅ Grants blessings for purification and dispelling ignorance.

📍 Tara – Female Bodhisattva of Compassion
✅ Swiftly protects devotees and relieves suffering; key in Vajrayana Buddhism.

📍 Vasudhara – Wealth & Prosperity
✅ Worshipped in Nepal for both material and spiritual abundance.

📍 Skanda – Protector of Dharma
✅ Guardian deity safeguarding monasteries and Buddhist teachings.

📍 Sitapatra – Protection
✅ Shields devotees from supernatural harm; revered in Mahayana & Vajrayana.

📍 Sarvanivarana-Vishkambhin – Removes Obstacles
✅ Purifies the mind and removes barriers to enlightenment.

📍 Amitabha – Infinite Light & Life
✅ Central to Pure Land Buddhism; promises salvation to devotees.

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🔆 ARIEL AND UMBRIEL: MOONS OF URANUS

📍 Why in News?
🟢 24 October marks the discovery anniversary of Ariel and Umbriel, two major moons of Uranus, discovered in 1851.

📍 Discovery & Naming
🟢 Discovered by British astronomer William Lassell on 24 October 1851.
🟢 Ariel: Named after a character in Shakespeare’s The Tempest and Alexander Pope’s The Rape of the Lock.
🟢 Umbriel: Named after a malevolent spirit in Alexander Pope’s The Rape of the Lock.
🟢 Uranus had 29 officially recognised moons as of August 2026, according to the source.

📍 Ariel – Key Features
🟢 Fourth-largest moon of Uranus.
🟢 Composed mainly of roughly equal proportions of water ice and silicate rock.
🟢 Carbon dioxide has also been detected.
🟢 Has the brightest and youngest-looking surface among Uranus’s five largest moons.
🟢 Tidally locked: keeps the same face towards Uranus while orbiting it.

📍 Umbriel – Key Features
🟢 Third-largest moon of Uranus.
🟢 Darkest among Uranus’s five major moons.
🟢 Surface contains numerous old, large impact craters.
🟢 Reflects only 16% of incoming sunlight.
🟢 Features a mysterious bright ring-like marking approximately 140 km in diameter.

📍 Prelims Quick Revision
🟢 Planet: Uranus – seventh planet from the Sun.
🟢 Discovery of Ariel and Umbriel: 1851.
🟢 Discoverer: William Lassell.
🟢 Ariel: Fourth-largest, brightest major moon.
🟢 Umbriel: Third-largest, darkest major moon.

📍 UPSC Mains Practice Question
Discuss how the study of planetary satellites helps scientists understand the formation and evolution of planetary systems.

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