🔆GURJARA-PRATIHARA EMPIRE (WESTERN INDIA): 730-1036
✅Known as Gurjara - Pratihara, as they originated from Gurjaras, who were primarily pastoralists and fighters.
✅Dynasty was founded by Harichandra, in and around jodhpur, south western Rajasthan.
✅Pratihara were instrumental in containing Arab armies moving east of the Indus River.
✅Gurjara-Pratihara are known for their sculptures, carved panels and open pavilion style temples. The greatest development of their style of temple building was at Khajuraho, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
✅ Sanskrit Poet & Dramatist Rajasekhara lived in the court of Mahendrapala I – son of Mihir bhoja.
✅ Mahipala is Pala king. It has to be replaced by Mahendrapala-I (885–910) was a ruler of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty.
✅ Foreign traveller Al-Masudi had visited Pratihara empire.
🔸
▪️Nagabhatta I (730-760)
✅ Most famous Pratiharas kings, known for containing Arab armies
✅Defeated by Rashtrakuta king Dhruva.
▪️Vatsaraja (780-800)
✅Made Kannauj in western U.P as his capital.
✅ Expansionist policy brought him into conflict with Dharmapala, the Pala king and Rashtrakuta king Dhruv, thus began “tripartite struggle” and continued for about another 350 years.
✅Vatsraja defeated the Pala ruler Dharmapala and Dantidurga, the Rashtrakuta king, for control of Kannauj.
▪️Nagabhata II (805–833)
✅He conquered Kannauj and the Indo-Gangetic Plain as far as Bihar from the Palas, and again checked the Muslims in the west.
✅He rebuilt the Shiva temple at Somnath in Gujarat, which had been demolished in an Arab raid from Sindh.
▪️Bhoja I/ Mihir Bhoja (836-885)
✅ Greatest ruler of Pratiharas, got victories over Palas and Rashtrakutas.
✅Capital at Kannauj, which also known as Mahodaya.
✅Devotee of Vishnu, adopted title ‘Adivaraha’.
Pratiharas were wiped out from political scenario by Ghaznavids and their rule was succeeded Chauhan in Rajputana, Chalukyas or Solanki in Gujarat and Paramara in Malwa.
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#medieval_history
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✅Known as Gurjara - Pratihara, as they originated from Gurjaras, who were primarily pastoralists and fighters.
✅Dynasty was founded by Harichandra, in and around jodhpur, south western Rajasthan.
✅Pratihara were instrumental in containing Arab armies moving east of the Indus River.
✅Gurjara-Pratihara are known for their sculptures, carved panels and open pavilion style temples. The greatest development of their style of temple building was at Khajuraho, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
✅ Sanskrit Poet & Dramatist Rajasekhara lived in the court of Mahendrapala I – son of Mihir bhoja.
✅ Mahipala is Pala king. It has to be replaced by Mahendrapala-I (885–910) was a ruler of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty.
✅ Foreign traveller Al-Masudi had visited Pratihara empire.
🔸
IMPORTANT RULERS:▪️Nagabhatta I (730-760)
✅ Most famous Pratiharas kings, known for containing Arab armies
✅Defeated by Rashtrakuta king Dhruva.
▪️Vatsaraja (780-800)
✅Made Kannauj in western U.P as his capital.
✅ Expansionist policy brought him into conflict with Dharmapala, the Pala king and Rashtrakuta king Dhruv, thus began “tripartite struggle” and continued for about another 350 years.
✅Vatsraja defeated the Pala ruler Dharmapala and Dantidurga, the Rashtrakuta king, for control of Kannauj.
▪️Nagabhata II (805–833)
✅He conquered Kannauj and the Indo-Gangetic Plain as far as Bihar from the Palas, and again checked the Muslims in the west.
✅He rebuilt the Shiva temple at Somnath in Gujarat, which had been demolished in an Arab raid from Sindh.
▪️Bhoja I/ Mihir Bhoja (836-885)
✅ Greatest ruler of Pratiharas, got victories over Palas and Rashtrakutas.
✅Capital at Kannauj, which also known as Mahodaya.
✅Devotee of Vishnu, adopted title ‘Adivaraha’.
Pratiharas were wiped out from political scenario by Ghaznavids and their rule was succeeded Chauhan in Rajputana, Chalukyas or Solanki in Gujarat and Paramara in Malwa.
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🔆THE DELHI SULTANATE (1206-1526AD)
✅The period between 1206 A.D. and 1526 A.D. in India's history is known as the Delhi Sultanate period.
✅During this period of over three hundred years, five dynasties ruled in Delhi:
1. Slave (1206-1290 CE)
2. Khaliji (1290-1320 CE)
3. Tughlaq (1320-1413 CE)
4. Saiyyad (1414-1451 CE)
5. Lodhis (1451-1526 CE)
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✅The period between 1206 A.D. and 1526 A.D. in India's history is known as the Delhi Sultanate period.
✅During this period of over three hundred years, five dynasties ruled in Delhi:
1. Slave (1206-1290 CE)
2. Khaliji (1290-1320 CE)
3. Tughlaq (1320-1413 CE)
4. Saiyyad (1414-1451 CE)
5. Lodhis (1451-1526 CE)
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🔆SLAVE DYNASTY (1206-1290 AD)
✅Qutub-ud-din Aibak Founded Slave dynasty. It is also known as Mamluk Dynasty.
✅Aibak is considered as real founder of Muslim rule in India.
▪️Qutub-ud-din Aibak (1206-1210):
✅Founded First independent Turkish Kingdom in Indian & assumed the title ‘Sultan’.
✅He was a slave of M. Ghori.
✅He became independent after Ghuri’s death and began his rule in 1206 A.D.
✅He Made Lahore capital.
✅He is Known as ‘lakh Baksh’ or giver of lakhs as he gave a lot of liberal donations.
✅ Aibak issued coins in gold, silver, billon and copper. He discarded carving the name of Abbasid caliph on it.
▪️ART & ARCHITECTURE
✅Aibak constructed 2 Mosques:
1. Quwwat-ul-Islam (Delhi).
2. Arhai din ka Jhonpara (Ajmer)
✅He Started construction of the Qutub Minar dedicated to Sufi Saint, Khwaja Qutubuddin Bakthiyar Kaki - later completed by Iltutmish.
✅He patronized Fakhar-ud-Din author of Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi & Hasan Nizami who wrote Tajul-Ma'asir, the first official history of the Delhi Sultanate.
▪️Aram Shah (1210):
✅Considered most incapable ruler. Thus Iltutmish (son-in-law of Aibak) was invited to Delhi à He then
disposed of Aram Shah and became Sultan.
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✅Qutub-ud-din Aibak Founded Slave dynasty. It is also known as Mamluk Dynasty.
✅Aibak is considered as real founder of Muslim rule in India.
▪️Qutub-ud-din Aibak (1206-1210):
✅Founded First independent Turkish Kingdom in Indian & assumed the title ‘Sultan’.
✅He was a slave of M. Ghori.
✅He became independent after Ghuri’s death and began his rule in 1206 A.D.
✅He Made Lahore capital.
✅He is Known as ‘lakh Baksh’ or giver of lakhs as he gave a lot of liberal donations.
✅ Aibak issued coins in gold, silver, billon and copper. He discarded carving the name of Abbasid caliph on it.
▪️ART & ARCHITECTURE
✅Aibak constructed 2 Mosques:
1. Quwwat-ul-Islam (Delhi).
2. Arhai din ka Jhonpara (Ajmer)
✅He Started construction of the Qutub Minar dedicated to Sufi Saint, Khwaja Qutubuddin Bakthiyar Kaki - later completed by Iltutmish.
✅He patronized Fakhar-ud-Din author of Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi & Hasan Nizami who wrote Tajul-Ma'asir, the first official history of the Delhi Sultanate.
▪️Aram Shah (1210):
✅Considered most incapable ruler. Thus Iltutmish (son-in-law of Aibak) was invited to Delhi à He then
disposed of Aram Shah and became Sultan.
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▪️Shamsuddin Iltutmish (1210-1236):
✅Belonged to Ilbari tribe hence named Ilbari dynasty.
✅Aibak had appointed him as iqtadar of Gwalior.
✅Real consolidator of Turkish rule in India and also Delhi.
✅He Shifted capital from Lahore to Delhi.
✅ Iltmush defeated Quabacha, who had declared himself independent ruler of Multan & seized Lahore & parts of Punjab.
✅ Introduced Arabic coinage into India. Silver tanka became a standard coin in medieval India and also issued Copper jital.
✅He Started Iqkta system.
✅Completed the construction of Qutub Minar which was started by Aibak.
✅Patronized Minas-us Siraj (writer) author of Minaj-us- siraj.
✅ Created a new class of ruling elite of forty powerful military leaders, “The Forty” (Turkan-i-chahalgani).
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✅Belonged to Ilbari tribe hence named Ilbari dynasty.
✅Aibak had appointed him as iqtadar of Gwalior.
✅Real consolidator of Turkish rule in India and also Delhi.
✅He Shifted capital from Lahore to Delhi.
✅ Iltmush defeated Quabacha, who had declared himself independent ruler of Multan & seized Lahore & parts of Punjab.
✅ Introduced Arabic coinage into India. Silver tanka became a standard coin in medieval India and also issued Copper jital.
✅He Started Iqkta system.
✅Completed the construction of Qutub Minar which was started by Aibak.
✅Patronized Minas-us Siraj (writer) author of Minaj-us- siraj.
✅ Created a new class of ruling elite of forty powerful military leaders, “The Forty” (Turkan-i-chahalgani).
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🔆Razia Sultan (1236-40):
✅1st and only female Muslim ruler of medieval India.
✅Discarded female apparel and purdah, adopted male attire, went for hunting and let army thud aroused
resentment among Turkish nobles.
✅She was not acceptable to Muslim theologians and nobles.
✅ 1240 – serious rebellion broke out in Sirhind under Altuniya (governor). Raziya with Yaqut marched to
suppress, but Yaqut was murdered and Razia imprisoned. In meantime, Bahram (another son of Iltutmish) was pit to throne by Turkish nobles.
✅Later Raziya while returning back to Delhi was killed on the way.
✅ In 1246, Bulban succeeded in putting Nasiruddin Mahmud, a younger son of Iltutmish as Sultan & served as his Naib (next powerful post to Sultan).
✅In 1266 Nasiruddin Mahmud died & Balban become Sultan.
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✅1st and only female Muslim ruler of medieval India.
✅Discarded female apparel and purdah, adopted male attire, went for hunting and let army thud aroused
resentment among Turkish nobles.
✅She was not acceptable to Muslim theologians and nobles.
✅ 1240 – serious rebellion broke out in Sirhind under Altuniya (governor). Raziya with Yaqut marched to
suppress, but Yaqut was murdered and Razia imprisoned. In meantime, Bahram (another son of Iltutmish) was pit to throne by Turkish nobles.
✅Later Raziya while returning back to Delhi was killed on the way.
✅ In 1246, Bulban succeeded in putting Nasiruddin Mahmud, a younger son of Iltutmish as Sultan & served as his Naib (next powerful post to Sultan).
✅In 1266 Nasiruddin Mahmud died & Balban become Sultan.
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🔆Balban (1266-1287):
✅ Also known as Ulugh khan. He was one of the main architects of the Delhi Sultanate.
✅ According to him, the Sultan was God’s shadow on earth (Zil-i-Ilahi) and recipient of divine grace (Nibyabat-
i-Khudai).
✅He broke the power of the Forty.
✅Introduced Persian festival Nawrouz.
✅Called himself Nasir-amir-ul-momin (Caliph’s right-hand man).
Administration
✅ Separated Diwan-i-wizarat (Finance Department) from the Diwan-i-Arz (Military
Department).
▪️Administered justice with extreme impartiality.
✅He followed policy of blood& iron.
✅Excluded non-Turks from administration.
✅ Indian Muslimsà not given important posts.
✅Appointed spies to monitor the activities of the nobles.
✅Introduced sijada (prostration) and paibos (kissing the Sultan’s feet) to prove his superiority over the nobles.
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✅ Also known as Ulugh khan. He was one of the main architects of the Delhi Sultanate.
✅ According to him, the Sultan was God’s shadow on earth (Zil-i-Ilahi) and recipient of divine grace (Nibyabat-
i-Khudai).
✅He broke the power of the Forty.
✅Introduced Persian festival Nawrouz.
✅Called himself Nasir-amir-ul-momin (Caliph’s right-hand man).
Administration
✅ Separated Diwan-i-wizarat (Finance Department) from the Diwan-i-Arz (Military
Department).
▪️Administered justice with extreme impartiality.
✅He followed policy of blood& iron.
✅Excluded non-Turks from administration.
✅ Indian Muslimsà not given important posts.
✅Appointed spies to monitor the activities of the nobles.
✅Introduced sijada (prostration) and paibos (kissing the Sultan’s feet) to prove his superiority over the nobles.
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🔆KHALJI DYNASTY (1290-1320AD)
✅ Khalji nobles headed by Jalaldduin, overthrew the incompetent successors of Balban in 1290 & Est. Khalji
dynasty.
✅This event is called ‘Dynastic Revolution’ of 1290.
▪️Jalauddin Khalji (1290-1296 CE):
✅1st sultan of Delhi Sultanate to have a benevolent attitude towards Hindus.
✅He stated State should be based on the willing support of the governed and as majority of population was Hindu, state cannot become a truly Islamic.
✅Adopted the policy of tolerance and tried to win goodwill of the nobility.
✅Was murdered by his son-in-law Alauddin Khalji in 1296 and usurped throne.
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✅ Khalji nobles headed by Jalaldduin, overthrew the incompetent successors of Balban in 1290 & Est. Khalji
dynasty.
✅This event is called ‘Dynastic Revolution’ of 1290.
▪️Jalauddin Khalji (1290-1296 CE):
✅1st sultan of Delhi Sultanate to have a benevolent attitude towards Hindus.
✅He stated State should be based on the willing support of the governed and as majority of population was Hindu, state cannot become a truly Islamic.
✅Adopted the policy of tolerance and tried to win goodwill of the nobility.
✅Was murdered by his son-in-law Alauddin Khalji in 1296 and usurped throne.
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🔆Alauddin Khalji (1296-1316 CE):
✅ Was appointed as Amir-i-Tuzuk (Master of Ceremonies) and Ariz-i-Mumalik (Minister of Law) by Jalauddin Khalji.
✅ Jalauddin’s policy of tolerance was reversed by Alauddin Khalji; awarded harsh punishment who opposed him.
✅To keep hold on nobles –He prohibited to hold festivals, marriage without permission of him, banned wines & intoxicants to avoid social gathering, reorganized spy services (Barids).
✅ He was first sultan who separated religion from politics. He proclaimed “Kingship knows no kinship”.
✅Barani wrote book ‘Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi.
✅ Patronized poets like-Amir Khusrau and Mir Hasan Dehlv.
✅ Though Aladuddin was illiterate, he adopted the title of Sikander-i-Azam and gave Amir Khusrau the title of Tuti-i-Hind (Parrot of India).
✅He defeated Mongols in the battles of Jalandhar (1298), Kili (1299), Amroha (1305) and Ravi (1306).
✅Malik Kafur was his slave – general. he led a series of expeditions in the southern part of India, against the Yadavas (1308), Kakatiyas (1310), Hoysalas (1311) etc.
✅Amir Khusrau’s Khazain-ul-Futuh speaks about Alauddin’s conquests.
✅In 1303, Allauddin defeated Raja Ratan Singh of Chittor, including Rani Padmini other Rajput women performed Jauhar (self-immolation) which is written in the book 'Padmavath' by Jayasi.
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✅ Was appointed as Amir-i-Tuzuk (Master of Ceremonies) and Ariz-i-Mumalik (Minister of Law) by Jalauddin Khalji.
✅ Jalauddin’s policy of tolerance was reversed by Alauddin Khalji; awarded harsh punishment who opposed him.
✅To keep hold on nobles –He prohibited to hold festivals, marriage without permission of him, banned wines & intoxicants to avoid social gathering, reorganized spy services (Barids).
✅ He was first sultan who separated religion from politics. He proclaimed “Kingship knows no kinship”.
✅Barani wrote book ‘Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi.
✅ Patronized poets like-Amir Khusrau and Mir Hasan Dehlv.
✅ Though Aladuddin was illiterate, he adopted the title of Sikander-i-Azam and gave Amir Khusrau the title of Tuti-i-Hind (Parrot of India).
✅He defeated Mongols in the battles of Jalandhar (1298), Kili (1299), Amroha (1305) and Ravi (1306).
✅Malik Kafur was his slave – general. he led a series of expeditions in the southern part of India, against the Yadavas (1308), Kakatiyas (1310), Hoysalas (1311) etc.
✅Amir Khusrau’s Khazain-ul-Futuh speaks about Alauddin’s conquests.
✅In 1303, Allauddin defeated Raja Ratan Singh of Chittor, including Rani Padmini other Rajput women performed Jauhar (self-immolation) which is written in the book 'Padmavath' by Jayasi.
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🔆Tughlaq dynasty (1320-1414 ad)
▪️Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (1320-1325):
✅Founder of Tughlaq dynasty.
✅ Took title: Ghazi
✅ 1st Sultan to start Irrigation.
✅ Built a strong fort called Tughlaqabad near Delhi.
✅Amir Khusrau famous work “Tughlaq Nama” deals with the rise of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq.
▪️Mohammad Bin Tughlaq (1325-1351):
✅ His reign marks the zenith of the Delhi Sultanate but also saw the beginning of disintegration.
✅He defeated Mongols.
✅Appointed official on the basis of merit.
✅Advanced secular policies. Applied justice to Ulema.
✅ Ibn-Batuta (native of Morocco) was his contemporary of Muhammad Tughlaq and was his envoy to China.
✅ He was the only Delhi Sultan who had received a comprehensive literacy, religious and philosophical
education.
✅His ideas/decisions were ahead of his time hence he was not successful of a ruler.
✅ He Built fort of Adilabad and the city of Jahanpanah.
✅ During reign 3 major kingdoms of South India emerged: Vijayanagar, Bahamani, and Madurai.
▪️Muhammad Tughlaq’s
Experiments:
✅Transferred capital from Delhi to Devagiri (Daulatadab). Shifted back after 2 years because of lack of water supply.
✅ Token Currency- Issued bronze coins at par with the value of the silver tanka
coins. He had also introduced the copper currency system. Later withdrew both.
✅He launched Khorasan project to counter the threat of Chinses incursions –Failed.
✅Quarachi expedition – launched in Kumaon hills to counter the threat of Chinses incursions – failed.
✅He set up Diwan -i- amir- kohi a separated department to extend cultivation by giving loans to cultivators (takkavi loans) – Failed due to corrupt officials.
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▪️Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (1320-1325):
✅Founder of Tughlaq dynasty.
✅ Took title: Ghazi
✅ 1st Sultan to start Irrigation.
✅ Built a strong fort called Tughlaqabad near Delhi.
✅Amir Khusrau famous work “Tughlaq Nama” deals with the rise of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq.
▪️Mohammad Bin Tughlaq (1325-1351):
✅ His reign marks the zenith of the Delhi Sultanate but also saw the beginning of disintegration.
✅He defeated Mongols.
✅Appointed official on the basis of merit.
✅Advanced secular policies. Applied justice to Ulema.
✅ Ibn-Batuta (native of Morocco) was his contemporary of Muhammad Tughlaq and was his envoy to China.
✅ He was the only Delhi Sultan who had received a comprehensive literacy, religious and philosophical
education.
✅His ideas/decisions were ahead of his time hence he was not successful of a ruler.
✅ He Built fort of Adilabad and the city of Jahanpanah.
✅ During reign 3 major kingdoms of South India emerged: Vijayanagar, Bahamani, and Madurai.
▪️Muhammad Tughlaq’s
Experiments:
✅Transferred capital from Delhi to Devagiri (Daulatadab). Shifted back after 2 years because of lack of water supply.
✅ Token Currency- Issued bronze coins at par with the value of the silver tanka
coins. He had also introduced the copper currency system. Later withdrew both.
✅He launched Khorasan project to counter the threat of Chinses incursions –Failed.
✅Quarachi expedition – launched in Kumaon hills to counter the threat of Chinses incursions – failed.
✅He set up Diwan -i- amir- kohi a separated department to extend cultivation by giving loans to cultivators (takkavi loans) – Failed due to corrupt officials.
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🔆Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351-1388):
✅Adopted policy of trying to appease the nobles, army, theologians and of asserting his authority over only such areas which could be easily administered from the center.
✅Appointed Khan-i-Jahan Maqbal, a Telugu Brahmin as Wazir or prime minister.
✅He extended the principle of heredity to the army & nobility.
✅Thus, the iqta system was not only revived, but also it was made hereditary.
✅Malik Sarwar was prominent noble and had been wazir for some time. He asserted independence and
assumed title of Malik-us-Sharq (lord of the east).
✅ Malik ruled from Jaunpur, it was called Shiraz of the east. Malik Muhammad Jaisi author of “Padmavat” lived in Jaunpur.
✅To appease theologians, Firoz took following decisions:
🔸Prohibited practice of Muslim women going out to worship.
🔸Gave concessions to theologians
🔸Made jizya a separate tax. Earlier it was part of land revenue. Only children, women, disabled exempted.
🔸Erased wall paintings in his palace
✅He constructed and improved several canals.
✅ He set up hospitals for poor called – Dar-ul-shifa.
✅Established town of Hissar and Firozabad.
✅Set up new departments:
🔸Diwan -i-Khairat - to make provisions for marriages of poor girls.
🔸Department for public work.
🔸Diwan i-Bandagan – Department for slaves
✅ Introduced 2 new coins: Adha (50% Jital) and Bitch (23% Jital).
✅He led two unsuccessful expeditions to Bengal. Bengal became free from the control of Delhi Sultanate.
✅He developed royal factories called karkhanas in which thousands of slaves were employed.
✅Imposed four taxes sanctioned by Islamic kharaj (land tax), khams (1/5 of the looted property during wars),
Jizya (religious tax on the Hindus), and Zakat (2½per cent of the income of the Muslims which was spent for
the welfare of Muslim subjects and their religion).
✅He was first Sultan to impose Sharb (irrigation tax).
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✅Adopted policy of trying to appease the nobles, army, theologians and of asserting his authority over only such areas which could be easily administered from the center.
✅Appointed Khan-i-Jahan Maqbal, a Telugu Brahmin as Wazir or prime minister.
✅He extended the principle of heredity to the army & nobility.
✅Thus, the iqta system was not only revived, but also it was made hereditary.
✅Malik Sarwar was prominent noble and had been wazir for some time. He asserted independence and
assumed title of Malik-us-Sharq (lord of the east).
✅ Malik ruled from Jaunpur, it was called Shiraz of the east. Malik Muhammad Jaisi author of “Padmavat” lived in Jaunpur.
✅To appease theologians, Firoz took following decisions:
🔸Prohibited practice of Muslim women going out to worship.
🔸Gave concessions to theologians
🔸Made jizya a separate tax. Earlier it was part of land revenue. Only children, women, disabled exempted.
🔸Erased wall paintings in his palace
✅He constructed and improved several canals.
✅ He set up hospitals for poor called – Dar-ul-shifa.
✅Established town of Hissar and Firozabad.
✅Set up new departments:
🔸Diwan -i-Khairat - to make provisions for marriages of poor girls.
🔸Department for public work.
🔸Diwan i-Bandagan – Department for slaves
✅ Introduced 2 new coins: Adha (50% Jital) and Bitch (23% Jital).
✅He led two unsuccessful expeditions to Bengal. Bengal became free from the control of Delhi Sultanate.
✅He developed royal factories called karkhanas in which thousands of slaves were employed.
✅Imposed four taxes sanctioned by Islamic kharaj (land tax), khams (1/5 of the looted property during wars),
Jizya (religious tax on the Hindus), and Zakat (2½per cent of the income of the Muslims which was spent for
the welfare of Muslim subjects and their religion).
✅He was first Sultan to impose Sharb (irrigation tax).
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▪️Nasiruddin Muhammad (1390-1398):
✅He was the last ruler of Tughlaq dynasty.
✅Taimur’s invasion (1398) during his reign weakened the sultanate.
✅When Timur entered Delhi there was no opposition. He withdrew from India in 1399.
✅Delhi sultanate disintegrated towards the beginning of 15th century and no of independent states set up. E.g. Malwa and Gujarat etc.
✅Tughlaq empire came to end in 1412.
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✅He was the last ruler of Tughlaq dynasty.
✅Taimur’s invasion (1398) during his reign weakened the sultanate.
✅When Timur entered Delhi there was no opposition. He withdrew from India in 1399.
✅Delhi sultanate disintegrated towards the beginning of 15th century and no of independent states set up. E.g. Malwa and Gujarat etc.
✅Tughlaq empire came to end in 1412.
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🔆Saiyyad dynasty (1414-1450 Ad)
▪️Khizr Khan (1414-1421):
✅Before his departure from India, Timur appointed Khizr Khan as Governor of Multan.
✅He captured Delhi and founded the Sayyid dynasty in 1414.
✅He died in 1421 and was succeeded by, Mubarak Shah (1421-1433 CE). Muhammad Shah (1434-1443 CE).
✅Next ruler Alauddin Alam Shah (1445-1451) was the weakest of the Sayyid princes. He handed over the
throne to Buhlul Lodi and retired to Badaun.
✅Saiyyad’s ruled Delhi for the shortest period (only 37 years) among the Delhi Sultans.
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▪️Khizr Khan (1414-1421):
✅Before his departure from India, Timur appointed Khizr Khan as Governor of Multan.
✅He captured Delhi and founded the Sayyid dynasty in 1414.
✅He died in 1421 and was succeeded by, Mubarak Shah (1421-1433 CE). Muhammad Shah (1434-1443 CE).
✅Next ruler Alauddin Alam Shah (1445-1451) was the weakest of the Sayyid princes. He handed over the
throne to Buhlul Lodi and retired to Badaun.
✅Saiyyad’s ruled Delhi for the shortest period (only 37 years) among the Delhi Sultans.
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🔆LODHI DYNASTY (1451-1526 AD)
✅The Lodi dynasty was an Afghan dynasty
✅ It was the fifth and final dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, and was founded by Bahlul Khan Lodi. Sikandar
Lodi succeeded him.
▪️Sikandar Lodi (1489-1517):
✅ He was contemporary of Mahmud Begarha of Gujrat and Rana Sanga of Mewar.
✅ He founded city Agra and transferred capital from Delhi to Agra.
✅He abolished the octroi duty on grains and established a new measurement of the yard called the Gaz-i-Sikandari.
✅ Sikandar was orthodox and a bigot king. he reimposed the Jizya on Hindus.
✅ He was a poet of repute, composed under the pen-name of Gulruk.
✅Sikandar Lodi was succeeded by his son Ibrahim Lodi.
▪️Ibrahim Lodi (1517-1526):
✅He was the last Lodi Sultan of Delhi.
✅Ibrahim was defeated in 1526 at the Battle of Panipat.
✅He was arrogant. Humiliated his nobles in open courts, this made Daulat Khan Lodi (the governor of the Punjab) invite Babar to invade India/Delhi.
✅This marked the end of the Lodi Dynasty and the rise of the Mughal Empire in India India Under Delhi Sultanate.
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✅The Lodi dynasty was an Afghan dynasty
✅ It was the fifth and final dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, and was founded by Bahlul Khan Lodi. Sikandar
Lodi succeeded him.
▪️Sikandar Lodi (1489-1517):
✅ He was contemporary of Mahmud Begarha of Gujrat and Rana Sanga of Mewar.
✅ He founded city Agra and transferred capital from Delhi to Agra.
✅He abolished the octroi duty on grains and established a new measurement of the yard called the Gaz-i-Sikandari.
✅ Sikandar was orthodox and a bigot king. he reimposed the Jizya on Hindus.
✅ He was a poet of repute, composed under the pen-name of Gulruk.
✅Sikandar Lodi was succeeded by his son Ibrahim Lodi.
▪️Ibrahim Lodi (1517-1526):
✅He was the last Lodi Sultan of Delhi.
✅Ibrahim was defeated in 1526 at the Battle of Panipat.
✅He was arrogant. Humiliated his nobles in open courts, this made Daulat Khan Lodi (the governor of the Punjab) invite Babar to invade India/Delhi.
✅This marked the end of the Lodi Dynasty and the rise of the Mughal Empire in India India Under Delhi Sultanate.
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▪️Important terms & Meaning
✅ Zimmi – Protected people under Muslim Rule.
✅Zawabit – Sultan’s own regulations to supplement Muslim law.
✅Jahandari- Secular consideration
▪️BOOKS
✅Tughlaq Nama, Tarik-i-Alai, Ashiqa - Amir Khusro
✅Git Govinda - Jaydeva
✅Hammir Raso - Sarangdhara
✅Fatwa-i-Jahandari - Barani
✅Padmavat - Malik Muhammad Jaisi.
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✅ Zimmi – Protected people under Muslim Rule.
✅Zawabit – Sultan’s own regulations to supplement Muslim law.
✅Jahandari- Secular consideration
▪️BOOKS
✅Tughlaq Nama, Tarik-i-Alai, Ashiqa - Amir Khusro
✅Git Govinda - Jaydeva
✅Hammir Raso - Sarangdhara
✅Fatwa-i-Jahandari - Barani
✅Padmavat - Malik Muhammad Jaisi.
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🔆KHALJI DYNASTY (1290-1320AD)
✅ Khalji nobles headed by Jalaldduin, overthrew the incompetent successors of Balban in 1290 & Est. Khalji
dynasty.
✅This event is called ‘Dynastic Revolution’ of 1290.
▪️Jalauddin Khalji (1290-1296 CE):
✅1st sultan of Delhi Sultanate to have a benevolent attitude towards Hindus.
✅He stated State should be based on the willing support of the governed and as majority of population was Hindu, state cannot become a truly Islamic.
✅Adopted the policy of tolerance and tried to win goodwill of the nobility.
✅Was murdered by his son-in-law Alauddin Khalji in 1296 and usurped throne.
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✅ Khalji nobles headed by Jalaldduin, overthrew the incompetent successors of Balban in 1290 & Est. Khalji
dynasty.
✅This event is called ‘Dynastic Revolution’ of 1290.
▪️Jalauddin Khalji (1290-1296 CE):
✅1st sultan of Delhi Sultanate to have a benevolent attitude towards Hindus.
✅He stated State should be based on the willing support of the governed and as majority of population was Hindu, state cannot become a truly Islamic.
✅Adopted the policy of tolerance and tried to win goodwill of the nobility.
✅Was murdered by his son-in-law Alauddin Khalji in 1296 and usurped throne.
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🔆Alauddin Khalji (1296-1316 CE):
✅ Was appointed as Amir-i-Tuzuk (Master of Ceremonies) and Ariz-i-Mumalik (Minister of Law) by Jalauddin Khalji.
✅ Jalauddin’s policy of tolerance was reversed by Alauddin Khalji; awarded harsh punishment who opposed him.
✅To keep hold on nobles –He prohibited to hold festivals, marriage without permission of him, banned wines & intoxicants to avoid social gathering, reorganized spy services (Barids).
✅ He was first sultan who separated religion from politics. He proclaimed “Kingship knows no kinship”.
✅Barani wrote book ‘Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi.
✅ Patronized poets like-Amir Khusrau and Mir Hasan Dehlv.
✅ Though Aladuddin was illiterate, he adopted the title of Sikander-i-Azam and gave Amir Khusrau the title of Tuti-i-Hind (Parrot of India).
✅He defeated Mongols in the battles of Jalandhar (1298), Kili (1299), Amroha (1305) and Ravi (1306).
✅Malik Kafur was his slave – general. he led a series of expeditions in the southern part of India, against the Yadavas (1308), Kakatiyas (1310), Hoysalas (1311) etc.
✅Amir Khusrau’s Khazain-ul-Futuh speaks about Alauddin’s conquests.
✅In 1303, Allauddin defeated Raja Ratan Singh of Chittor, including Rani Padmini other Rajput women performed Jauhar (self-immolation) which is written in the book 'Padmavath' by Jayasi.
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✅ Was appointed as Amir-i-Tuzuk (Master of Ceremonies) and Ariz-i-Mumalik (Minister of Law) by Jalauddin Khalji.
✅ Jalauddin’s policy of tolerance was reversed by Alauddin Khalji; awarded harsh punishment who opposed him.
✅To keep hold on nobles –He prohibited to hold festivals, marriage without permission of him, banned wines & intoxicants to avoid social gathering, reorganized spy services (Barids).
✅ He was first sultan who separated religion from politics. He proclaimed “Kingship knows no kinship”.
✅Barani wrote book ‘Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi.
✅ Patronized poets like-Amir Khusrau and Mir Hasan Dehlv.
✅ Though Aladuddin was illiterate, he adopted the title of Sikander-i-Azam and gave Amir Khusrau the title of Tuti-i-Hind (Parrot of India).
✅He defeated Mongols in the battles of Jalandhar (1298), Kili (1299), Amroha (1305) and Ravi (1306).
✅Malik Kafur was his slave – general. he led a series of expeditions in the southern part of India, against the Yadavas (1308), Kakatiyas (1310), Hoysalas (1311) etc.
✅Amir Khusrau’s Khazain-ul-Futuh speaks about Alauddin’s conquests.
✅In 1303, Allauddin defeated Raja Ratan Singh of Chittor, including Rani Padmini other Rajput women performed Jauhar (self-immolation) which is written in the book 'Padmavath' by Jayasi.
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