🔆Lala Lajpat
✅Birth: He was born on 28th January, 1865 in a small village named Dhudike in Punjab’s Ferozepur district.
✅Lala Lajpat Rai was one of the greatest freedom fighters of India.
✅He was also called ‘Punjab Kesari’ and 'Lion of Punjab'.
✅He studied law at the Government College, Lahore.
✅Was influenced by Swami Dayananda Saraswati and joined the Arya Samaj in Lahore.
✅He believed that the ideals in Hinduism combined with nationalism will lead to the establishment of a secular state.
✅Along with Bipin Chandra Pal and Bal Gangadhar Tilak, he formed the Lal-Bal-Pal trio of extremist leaders.
✅He was also involved with the Hindu Mahasabha.
✅He fought against untouchability.
Contributions:
▪️Political:
✅He joined the Indian National Congress (INC) and participated in many political agitations in Punjab.
✅For his political agitation, he was deported to Burma without trial in 1907 but returned after a few months because of lack of evidence.
✅He was opposed to the partition of Bengal.
✅He founded the Home Rule League of America in 1917 in New York. In the US, he worked to get moral support for the Indian independence movement from the international community.
✅He was also elected President of the All India Trade Union Congress.
✅He supported the non-cooperation movement of Gandhi at the Nagpur session of the Congress in 1920.
✅He protested against the Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre that followed.
✅He was elected deputy leader of the Central Legislative Assembly in 1926.
✅In 1928, he moved a resolution in the assembly refusing cooperation with the Simon Commission since the Commission had no Indian members.
▪️Social:
✅He founded Hindu Relief movement in 1897 to provide help to the famine -stricken people and thus prevent them falling into the clutches of the missionaries.
✅He founded the Servants of People Society in 1921.
✅Literary : His important literary works include Young India, England’s Debt to India, Evolution of Japan, India’s Will to Freedom, Message of the Bhagavad Gita, Political Future of India, Problem of National Education in India, The Depressed Glasses, and the travelogue ‘United States of America’.
▪️Institutional:
✅He founded several institutions and organizations such as Hisar Bar Council, Hisar Arya Samaj, Hisar Congress, National DAV Managing Committee.
✅He was the editor of the Arya Gazette, which he had founded.
He co-founded the Punjab National Bank in 1894.
✅Death: In 1928, he was leading a silent protest against the Simon Commission in Lahore when he was brutally lathi-charged by Superintendent of Police, James Scott. He died of injuries sustained a few weeks later.
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✅Birth: He was born on 28th January, 1865 in a small village named Dhudike in Punjab’s Ferozepur district.
✅Lala Lajpat Rai was one of the greatest freedom fighters of India.
✅He was also called ‘Punjab Kesari’ and 'Lion of Punjab'.
✅He studied law at the Government College, Lahore.
✅Was influenced by Swami Dayananda Saraswati and joined the Arya Samaj in Lahore.
✅He believed that the ideals in Hinduism combined with nationalism will lead to the establishment of a secular state.
✅Along with Bipin Chandra Pal and Bal Gangadhar Tilak, he formed the Lal-Bal-Pal trio of extremist leaders.
✅He was also involved with the Hindu Mahasabha.
✅He fought against untouchability.
Contributions:
▪️Political:
✅He joined the Indian National Congress (INC) and participated in many political agitations in Punjab.
✅For his political agitation, he was deported to Burma without trial in 1907 but returned after a few months because of lack of evidence.
✅He was opposed to the partition of Bengal.
✅He founded the Home Rule League of America in 1917 in New York. In the US, he worked to get moral support for the Indian independence movement from the international community.
✅He was also elected President of the All India Trade Union Congress.
✅He supported the non-cooperation movement of Gandhi at the Nagpur session of the Congress in 1920.
✅He protested against the Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre that followed.
✅He was elected deputy leader of the Central Legislative Assembly in 1926.
✅In 1928, he moved a resolution in the assembly refusing cooperation with the Simon Commission since the Commission had no Indian members.
▪️Social:
✅He founded Hindu Relief movement in 1897 to provide help to the famine -stricken people and thus prevent them falling into the clutches of the missionaries.
✅He founded the Servants of People Society in 1921.
✅Literary : His important literary works include Young India, England’s Debt to India, Evolution of Japan, India’s Will to Freedom, Message of the Bhagavad Gita, Political Future of India, Problem of National Education in India, The Depressed Glasses, and the travelogue ‘United States of America’.
▪️Institutional:
✅He founded several institutions and organizations such as Hisar Bar Council, Hisar Arya Samaj, Hisar Congress, National DAV Managing Committee.
✅He was the editor of the Arya Gazette, which he had founded.
He co-founded the Punjab National Bank in 1894.
✅Death: In 1928, he was leading a silent protest against the Simon Commission in Lahore when he was brutally lathi-charged by Superintendent of Police, James Scott. He died of injuries sustained a few weeks later.
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👍18❤6👌3😁1
🔆Intergovernmental panel on climate change. (IPCC)
✅ This is an intergovernmental body under the UN
✅ It is a scientific body
✅Formed in 1988 by WMO (World Meteorological Organisation) and UNEP
✅ It produces report based on scientific developments across the world.
✅The IPCC does not carry out its own original research, nor does it do the work of monitoring climate or related phenomena itself. The IPCC bases its assessment on the
published literature
✅ IPCC has so far produced five assessment reports and some parts of 6th report is
published.
✅It was awarded the Nobel peace prize in 2007
✅ IPCC functions under UNFCC.
The aims of the IPCC are to assess scientific information relevant to :
1. Human-induced climate change,
2. The impacts of human-induced climate change,
3. Options for adaptation and mitigation.
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✅ This is an intergovernmental body under the UN
✅ It is a scientific body
✅Formed in 1988 by WMO (World Meteorological Organisation) and UNEP
✅ It produces report based on scientific developments across the world.
✅The IPCC does not carry out its own original research, nor does it do the work of monitoring climate or related phenomena itself. The IPCC bases its assessment on the
published literature
✅ IPCC has so far produced five assessment reports and some parts of 6th report is
published.
✅It was awarded the Nobel peace prize in 2007
✅ IPCC functions under UNFCC.
The aims of the IPCC are to assess scientific information relevant to :
1. Human-induced climate change,
2. The impacts of human-induced climate change,
3. Options for adaptation and mitigation.
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👍10❤3
🔆Akbar
✅ Akbar was Son of Humayun.
✅ Akbar’s position was in dangerous when he succeeded his father Humayun as Delhi was seized by the Afghans.
✅ In 1556, in the second battle of Panipat, Akabar defeated Hemu and the army of Heme fled which made the victory of Mughal decisive.
✅ During the first 5 years of Akbar’s reign, Bairam Khan acted as his regent.
▪️Akbar relations with Rajpoot
✅ Akbar married the Rajput Princess Jodhabai, the daughter of Raja Bharmal.
✅For four generation, the Rajputs served the Mughals and many served in the positions of military generals as well.
✅ Akbar appointed Raja Man Singh and Raja Bhagawan Das in the senior position of the Mughal Administration.
✅ Though majority of the Rajput states surrendered to Akbar, the Ranas of Mewar continued to confront even though they were defeated several times.
✅ In 1576, the Mughals Army defeated Rana Pratap Singh in the battle of Haldighati, following the defeat of Mewar, other leading Rajput leaders surrendered to Akbar and accepted his Akbar’s policy towards Rajput was combined with a broad religious toleration.
✅ He abolished the pilgrim tax and later the jiziya.
▪️Akbar’s Religious Policy:
✅ He allowed his Hindu wives to worship their own gods.
✅ In 1575, Akbar built Ibadat Khana (House of worship) at his new capital Fatepur Sikri and invited scholars from all religions like Christianity, Hinduism, Jainism, and Zoroastrianism.
✅ He did not like the intrusion of the Muslim Ulemas in political matters.
✅ In 1579, he delivered the “Infallibility Decree” and proclaimed his religious powers.
✅ In 1582, he propagated a new religion called Din Ilahi or Divine Faith.
▪️About Din Ilahi of Akbar:
✅ The new religion believed in one God.
✅ It had all the good points of every religion.
✅ It didn’t endorse any philosophy.
✅ It aimed at bridging the gap that separated different religions.
✅ The new religion had only 15 followers including Birbal.
✅ Akbar did not compel anyone to join his new religion.
✅However, the new religion proved to be a failure, after Akbar’s death.
▪️Land Revenue Administration of Akbar:
✅ With the help of Raja Todar Mal, Akbar experimented on the land revenue administration, which was completed in 1580.
✅The land revenue system was called Zabti or Bandobast system or Dahsala System.
✅ The revenue was fixed on the average yield of land measured on the basis of previous ten years.
✅The land was divided into four categories
🔸Polaj (cultivated every year)
🔸 Parauti (once in two years)
🔸 Chachar (once in three or four years)
🔸Banjar (once in five or more years)
▪️Mansabdari System of Akbar
✅ Akbar introduced the Mansabdari system in his administration
✅ Under this system every officer was assigned a rank (Mansab)
✅ Lowest rank was 10 and the highest was 5000 for the nobles.
✅ Princes of royal blood received even higher ranks.
✅ The ranks were divided into two – Zat and Sawar.
🔸Zat means personal and it fixed the personal status of a person.
🔸 Sawar rank indicated the number of cavalrymen of a person who was required to maintain.
🔸 Every sawar had to maintain at least two horses.
✅ All appointments, promotions and dismissals were directly made by the emperor.
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✅ Akbar was Son of Humayun.
✅ Akbar’s position was in dangerous when he succeeded his father Humayun as Delhi was seized by the Afghans.
✅ In 1556, in the second battle of Panipat, Akabar defeated Hemu and the army of Heme fled which made the victory of Mughal decisive.
✅ During the first 5 years of Akbar’s reign, Bairam Khan acted as his regent.
▪️Akbar relations with Rajpoot
✅ Akbar married the Rajput Princess Jodhabai, the daughter of Raja Bharmal.
✅For four generation, the Rajputs served the Mughals and many served in the positions of military generals as well.
✅ Akbar appointed Raja Man Singh and Raja Bhagawan Das in the senior position of the Mughal Administration.
✅ Though majority of the Rajput states surrendered to Akbar, the Ranas of Mewar continued to confront even though they were defeated several times.
✅ In 1576, the Mughals Army defeated Rana Pratap Singh in the battle of Haldighati, following the defeat of Mewar, other leading Rajput leaders surrendered to Akbar and accepted his Akbar’s policy towards Rajput was combined with a broad religious toleration.
✅ He abolished the pilgrim tax and later the jiziya.
▪️Akbar’s Religious Policy:
✅ He allowed his Hindu wives to worship their own gods.
✅ In 1575, Akbar built Ibadat Khana (House of worship) at his new capital Fatepur Sikri and invited scholars from all religions like Christianity, Hinduism, Jainism, and Zoroastrianism.
✅ He did not like the intrusion of the Muslim Ulemas in political matters.
✅ In 1579, he delivered the “Infallibility Decree” and proclaimed his religious powers.
✅ In 1582, he propagated a new religion called Din Ilahi or Divine Faith.
▪️About Din Ilahi of Akbar:
✅ The new religion believed in one God.
✅ It had all the good points of every religion.
✅ It didn’t endorse any philosophy.
✅ It aimed at bridging the gap that separated different religions.
✅ The new religion had only 15 followers including Birbal.
✅ Akbar did not compel anyone to join his new religion.
✅However, the new religion proved to be a failure, after Akbar’s death.
▪️Land Revenue Administration of Akbar:
✅ With the help of Raja Todar Mal, Akbar experimented on the land revenue administration, which was completed in 1580.
✅The land revenue system was called Zabti or Bandobast system or Dahsala System.
✅ The revenue was fixed on the average yield of land measured on the basis of previous ten years.
✅The land was divided into four categories
🔸Polaj (cultivated every year)
🔸 Parauti (once in two years)
🔸 Chachar (once in three or four years)
🔸Banjar (once in five or more years)
▪️Mansabdari System of Akbar
✅ Akbar introduced the Mansabdari system in his administration
✅ Under this system every officer was assigned a rank (Mansab)
✅ Lowest rank was 10 and the highest was 5000 for the nobles.
✅ Princes of royal blood received even higher ranks.
✅ The ranks were divided into two – Zat and Sawar.
🔸Zat means personal and it fixed the personal status of a person.
🔸 Sawar rank indicated the number of cavalrymen of a person who was required to maintain.
🔸 Every sawar had to maintain at least two horses.
✅ All appointments, promotions and dismissals were directly made by the emperor.
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👍20❤2
🔆Bio Diversity And Conservation repeated themes
✅ Mushrooms and its uses (2023)
✅ Indian Squirrels (2023)
✅ Bio-diversity Management Committees (2023)
✅ Characteristic Features – Lion Tailed Macaque, Malabar Civet, Samabr Deer (2023)
✅ Adaptation – Waggle Dance (2023)
✅ Lichens and Ecological succession (2014)
✅ Various food chains in Eco-system (2013)
✅ Musk Deer’s natural Habitat (2020)
✅ Natural habitat of Asiatic lion, One horned Rhinoceros (2019)
✅ Unique fauna like Ceylon frogmouth, Gray chinned Civet etc (2020, 2023)
✅ Indian Elephants and their characteristic features (2020)
✅ Certain species are well known for (2022, 2023) –Fishing cat, Orangutan, Otter, Sloth Bear.
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❤9👌3👏2👍1
🔆Information Technology repeated themes
✅Public Key Infrastructure (2020)
✅ Cybersecurity (2017)
✅ Smart India Hackathon –2017 (2017)
✅ Block chain Technology. (2018)
✅ Digital signature and its applications (2017)
✅Wannacry, Petya, Ransomware, EternalBlue – Cyberattacks (2018)
✅ Internet of Things (2018)
✅ Artificial Intelligence and its applications (2020)
✅ Software as a Service(SaaS)(2022)
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👍15❤2👌1
🔆UN-HABITAT:
✅It is a UN agency responsible for sustainable urban development and human settlements
✅It is an intergovernmental body established in 1978
✅It is headquartered at UN Office at Nairobi, Kenya
✅It promotes socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities with the goal of providing adequate shelter for all + It is also a member of UNDP
✅It focuses on seven areas:
🔸Urban Legislation,
🔸Land and Governance;
🔸Urban Planning and Design;
🔸Urban Economy;
🔸Urban Basic Services;
🔸Housing and Slum Upgrading;
🔸Risk Reduction and Rehabilitation;
🔸Urban Research and
🔸Capacity Development
✅World cities report is published by UN-HABITAT.
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✅It is a UN agency responsible for sustainable urban development and human settlements
✅It is an intergovernmental body established in 1978
✅It is headquartered at UN Office at Nairobi, Kenya
✅It promotes socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities with the goal of providing adequate shelter for all + It is also a member of UNDP
✅It focuses on seven areas:
🔸Urban Legislation,
🔸Land and Governance;
🔸Urban Planning and Design;
🔸Urban Economy;
🔸Urban Basic Services;
🔸Housing and Slum Upgrading;
🔸Risk Reduction and Rehabilitation;
🔸Urban Research and
🔸Capacity Development
✅World cities report is published by UN-HABITAT.
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👍6
🔆Akbar
✅ Akbar was Son of Humayun.
✅ Akbar’s position was in dangerous when he succeeded his father Humayun as Delhi was seized by the Afghans.
✅ In 1556, in the second battle of Panipat, Akabar defeated Hemu and the army of Heme fled which made the victory of Mughal decisive.
✅ During the first 5 years of Akbar’s reign, Bairam Khan acted as his regent.
▪️Akbar relations with Rajpoot
✅ Akbar married the Rajput Princess Jodhabai, the daughter of Raja Bharmal.
✅For four generation, the Rajputs served the Mughals and many served in the positions of military generals as well.
✅ Akbar appointed Raja Man Singh and Raja Bhagawan Das in the senior position of the Mughal Administration.
✅ Though majority of the Rajput states surrendered to Akbar, the Ranas of Mewar continued to confront even though they were defeated several times.
✅ In 1576, the Mughals Army defeated Rana Pratap Singh in the battle of Haldighati, following the defeat of Mewar, other leading Rajput leaders surrendered to Akbar and accepted his Akbar’s policy towards Rajput was combined with a broad religious toleration.
✅ He abolished the pilgrim tax and later the jiziya.
▪️Akbar’s Religious Policy:
✅ He allowed his Hindu wives to worship their own gods.
✅ In 1575, Akbar built Ibadat Khana (House of worship) at his new capital Fatepur Sikri and invited scholars from all religions like Christianity, Hinduism, Jainism, and Zoroastrianism.
✅ He did not like the intrusion of the Muslim Ulemas in political matters.
✅ In 1579, he delivered the “Infallibility Decree” and proclaimed his religious powers.
✅ In 1582, he propagated a new religion called Din Ilahi or Divine Faith.
▪️About Din Ilahi of Akbar:
✅ The new religion believed in one God.
✅ It had all the good points of every religion.
✅ It didn’t endorse any philosophy.
✅ It aimed at bridging the gap that separated different religions.
✅ The new religion had only 15 followers including Birbal.
✅ Akbar did not compel anyone to join his new religion.
✅However, the new religion proved to be a failure, after Akbar’s death.
▪️Land Revenue Administration of Akbar:
✅ With the help of Raja Todar Mal, Akbar experimented on the land revenue administration, which was completed in 1580.
✅The land revenue system was called Zabti or Bandobast system or Dahsala System.
✅ The revenue was fixed on the average yield of land measured on the basis of previous ten years.
✅The land was divided into four categories
🔸Polaj (cultivated every year)
🔸 Parauti (once in two years)
🔸 Chachar (once in three or four years)
🔸Banjar (once in five or more years)
▪️Mansabdari System of Akbar
✅ Akbar introduced the Mansabdari system in his administration
✅ Under this system every officer was assigned a rank (Mansab)
✅ Lowest rank was 10 and the highest was 5000 for the nobles.
✅ Princes of royal blood received even higher ranks.
✅ The ranks were divided into two – Zat and Sawar.
🔸Zat means personal and it fixed the personal status of a person.
🔸 Sawar rank indicated the number of cavalrymen of a person who was required to maintain.
🔸 Every sawar had to maintain at least two horses.
✅ All appointments, promotions and dismissals were directly made by the emperor.
#PYQanalysis
Join @CSE_EXAM
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✅ Akbar was Son of Humayun.
✅ Akbar’s position was in dangerous when he succeeded his father Humayun as Delhi was seized by the Afghans.
✅ In 1556, in the second battle of Panipat, Akabar defeated Hemu and the army of Heme fled which made the victory of Mughal decisive.
✅ During the first 5 years of Akbar’s reign, Bairam Khan acted as his regent.
▪️Akbar relations with Rajpoot
✅ Akbar married the Rajput Princess Jodhabai, the daughter of Raja Bharmal.
✅For four generation, the Rajputs served the Mughals and many served in the positions of military generals as well.
✅ Akbar appointed Raja Man Singh and Raja Bhagawan Das in the senior position of the Mughal Administration.
✅ Though majority of the Rajput states surrendered to Akbar, the Ranas of Mewar continued to confront even though they were defeated several times.
✅ In 1576, the Mughals Army defeated Rana Pratap Singh in the battle of Haldighati, following the defeat of Mewar, other leading Rajput leaders surrendered to Akbar and accepted his Akbar’s policy towards Rajput was combined with a broad religious toleration.
✅ He abolished the pilgrim tax and later the jiziya.
▪️Akbar’s Religious Policy:
✅ He allowed his Hindu wives to worship their own gods.
✅ In 1575, Akbar built Ibadat Khana (House of worship) at his new capital Fatepur Sikri and invited scholars from all religions like Christianity, Hinduism, Jainism, and Zoroastrianism.
✅ He did not like the intrusion of the Muslim Ulemas in political matters.
✅ In 1579, he delivered the “Infallibility Decree” and proclaimed his religious powers.
✅ In 1582, he propagated a new religion called Din Ilahi or Divine Faith.
▪️About Din Ilahi of Akbar:
✅ The new religion believed in one God.
✅ It had all the good points of every religion.
✅ It didn’t endorse any philosophy.
✅ It aimed at bridging the gap that separated different religions.
✅ The new religion had only 15 followers including Birbal.
✅ Akbar did not compel anyone to join his new religion.
✅However, the new religion proved to be a failure, after Akbar’s death.
▪️Land Revenue Administration of Akbar:
✅ With the help of Raja Todar Mal, Akbar experimented on the land revenue administration, which was completed in 1580.
✅The land revenue system was called Zabti or Bandobast system or Dahsala System.
✅ The revenue was fixed on the average yield of land measured on the basis of previous ten years.
✅The land was divided into four categories
🔸Polaj (cultivated every year)
🔸 Parauti (once in two years)
🔸 Chachar (once in three or four years)
🔸Banjar (once in five or more years)
▪️Mansabdari System of Akbar
✅ Akbar introduced the Mansabdari system in his administration
✅ Under this system every officer was assigned a rank (Mansab)
✅ Lowest rank was 10 and the highest was 5000 for the nobles.
✅ Princes of royal blood received even higher ranks.
✅ The ranks were divided into two – Zat and Sawar.
🔸Zat means personal and it fixed the personal status of a person.
🔸 Sawar rank indicated the number of cavalrymen of a person who was required to maintain.
🔸 Every sawar had to maintain at least two horses.
✅ All appointments, promotions and dismissals were directly made by the emperor.
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👍26❤10😁2
🔆LINGYAATs:
✅ founded by Basava in the 12th century.
✅Lingayat, also called Virashaiva, member of a Hindu sect with a wide following in southern India that worships Shiva as the only deity.
✅The followers take their name (“lingam-wearers”) from the small representations of a lingam, a votary object symbolizing Shiva.
✅ both the men and the women always wear hanging by a cord around their necks, in place of the sacred thread worn by most upper-caste Hindu men.
▪️Its Doctrine and Philosophy:
✅ Philosophically, their qualified monism and their conception of bhakti (devotion) as an intuitive and loving knowledge of God show the influence of the 11th–12th-century thinker Ramanuja.
✅Strongly opposed Brahmanical Hinduism.
✅ strongly anti-Brahmanical and opposed to worship of any image other than the lingam.
🔸 Against Caste System.
🔸 Rejected Authority of Vedas.
🔸 Rejected Transmigration of soul.
🔸 It was also kind of social reform movement and supported widow remarriage and opposed child marriage.
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✅ founded by Basava in the 12th century.
✅Lingayat, also called Virashaiva, member of a Hindu sect with a wide following in southern India that worships Shiva as the only deity.
✅The followers take their name (“lingam-wearers”) from the small representations of a lingam, a votary object symbolizing Shiva.
✅ both the men and the women always wear hanging by a cord around their necks, in place of the sacred thread worn by most upper-caste Hindu men.
▪️Its Doctrine and Philosophy:
✅ Philosophically, their qualified monism and their conception of bhakti (devotion) as an intuitive and loving knowledge of God show the influence of the 11th–12th-century thinker Ramanuja.
✅Strongly opposed Brahmanical Hinduism.
✅ strongly anti-Brahmanical and opposed to worship of any image other than the lingam.
🔸 Against Caste System.
🔸 Rejected Authority of Vedas.
🔸 Rejected Transmigration of soul.
🔸 It was also kind of social reform movement and supported widow remarriage and opposed child marriage.
#PYQanalysis
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❤10🔥6👍5👌2
Kosi river:
✅ The Kosi River is a trans-boundary river, running across important cities in Bihar and Nepal.
✅Its origin is in Tibet.
✅Joins Ganga in Bihar.
✅The Koshi River System includes some rivers that have their sources in the self-governing territory of Tibet in China.
✅These rivers include the Sun, Kosi, the Arun, and the Bhote Kosi.
✅ The Kosi River is famous for being one of the biggest tributaries of the Ganga (or the
Ganges).
✅ It is also known as the “Sorrow of Bihar” as the annual floods.
✅ Its unstable nature has been attributed to the heavy silt it carries during the monsoon season, and flooding in India has extreme effects
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✅ The Kosi River is a trans-boundary river, running across important cities in Bihar and Nepal.
✅Its origin is in Tibet.
✅Joins Ganga in Bihar.
✅The Koshi River System includes some rivers that have their sources in the self-governing territory of Tibet in China.
✅These rivers include the Sun, Kosi, the Arun, and the Bhote Kosi.
✅ The Kosi River is famous for being one of the biggest tributaries of the Ganga (or the
Ganges).
✅ It is also known as the “Sorrow of Bihar” as the annual floods.
✅ Its unstable nature has been attributed to the heavy silt it carries during the monsoon season, and flooding in India has extreme effects
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👍15
Amir Khusro:
✅ Amir Khusrow was a Sufi mystic and a spiritual disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya.
✅ He was patronized by Khalji rulers of Delhi Sultnate.
✅His primary language to write poems was Persian but he composed almost half a million verses in Persian, Turkish, Arabic, Braj Bhasha, Hindavi as well as the Khadi Boli.
✅Considered as father of Quawalli.
✅ He is also credited with enriching Indian classical music by introducing Persian and Arabic elements in it.
✅ was the originator of the khayal and tarana styles of music.
✅ Father of Urdu Language.
✅ Considered as Parrot of India (Tut-e-Hind)
✅ Introduced Ghazal Gayaki in India.
✅Invented Sitar instrument.
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✅ Amir Khusrow was a Sufi mystic and a spiritual disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya.
✅ He was patronized by Khalji rulers of Delhi Sultnate.
✅His primary language to write poems was Persian but he composed almost half a million verses in Persian, Turkish, Arabic, Braj Bhasha, Hindavi as well as the Khadi Boli.
✅Considered as father of Quawalli.
✅ He is also credited with enriching Indian classical music by introducing Persian and Arabic elements in it.
✅ was the originator of the khayal and tarana styles of music.
✅ Father of Urdu Language.
✅ Considered as Parrot of India (Tut-e-Hind)
✅ Introduced Ghazal Gayaki in India.
✅Invented Sitar instrument.
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👍12👏2👌1
🔆ORGANIC FARMING:
✅agricultural process that uses biological fertilizers and pest control acquired from animal or plant waste.
✅Organic farming avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators and livestock feed additives.
✅The components of organic farming are:
i) Organic manures.
ii) Non- chemical weed control.
iii) Biological pest and disease management.
▪️ORGANIC FARMING IMPACT:
✅Improves water-holding capacity of soil.
✅ Improves soil texture, adds organic nitrogen, and stimulates beneficial bacterial and fungi.
✅support living organisms (earthworms, beneficial bacterial, and fungi, etc.)
✅ Helps to prevent erosion.
▪️Advantages:
✅ Environment-Friendly.
✅ Nutritional.
✅ Lower input cost of production.
✅ Use of local resources.
✅ Sustainable agriculture.
▪️Disadvantages:
✅ Initial yield is low.
✅ Lack of availability for Organic manures.
✅ Shorter shelf-life.
✅ Lack of awareness.
✅ Indian market is price sensitive and common Indian can’t afford pricier Organic food.
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✅agricultural process that uses biological fertilizers and pest control acquired from animal or plant waste.
✅Organic farming avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators and livestock feed additives.
✅The components of organic farming are:
i) Organic manures.
ii) Non- chemical weed control.
iii) Biological pest and disease management.
▪️ORGANIC FARMING IMPACT:
✅Improves water-holding capacity of soil.
✅ Improves soil texture, adds organic nitrogen, and stimulates beneficial bacterial and fungi.
✅support living organisms (earthworms, beneficial bacterial, and fungi, etc.)
✅ Helps to prevent erosion.
▪️Advantages:
✅ Environment-Friendly.
✅ Nutritional.
✅ Lower input cost of production.
✅ Use of local resources.
✅ Sustainable agriculture.
▪️Disadvantages:
✅ Initial yield is low.
✅ Lack of availability for Organic manures.
✅ Shorter shelf-life.
✅ Lack of awareness.
✅ Indian market is price sensitive and common Indian can’t afford pricier Organic food.
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❤10👍3👏1
UPSC PYQ Repeated Species
✅Orangutan:-Tool with a stick to scrape insects from a hole in a tree
✅Otter- Refer the image.
✅Seahorses- Slow Swimmers where male gives birth to child as the female uses an ovipositor
✅ Earthworms, Millipedes, Woodlice- Detritivores
✅ Ceylon frogmouth, Coppersmith barbet- Birds
✅Asiatic lion- Naturally found in India only
✅ Blue Finned Mahseer- Naturally found in Cauvery River
✅ Rusty Spotted Cat- Naturally found in Eastern Ghats
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✅Orangutan:-Tool with a stick to scrape insects from a hole in a tree
✅Otter- Refer the image.
✅Seahorses- Slow Swimmers where male gives birth to child as the female uses an ovipositor
✅ Earthworms, Millipedes, Woodlice- Detritivores
✅ Ceylon frogmouth, Coppersmith barbet- Birds
✅Asiatic lion- Naturally found in India only
✅ Blue Finned Mahseer- Naturally found in Cauvery River
✅ Rusty Spotted Cat- Naturally found in Eastern Ghats
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👍9🔥1
🔆Information Technology repeated themes
✅Public Key Infrastructure (2020)
✅ Cybersecurity (2017)
✅ Smart India Hackathon –2017 (2017)
✅ Block chain Technology. (2018)
✅ Digital signature and its applications (2017)
✅Wannacry, Petya, Ransomware, EternalBlue – Cyberattacks (2018)
✅ Internet of Things (2018)
✅ Artificial Intelligence and its applications (2020)
✅ Software as a Service(SaaS)(2022)
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👍6👌3❤2
IMG_20250109_073045.jpg
964.9 KB
Around 56,000 sq. meters of Dense Forests created in Prayagraj in last two years using Miyawaki Technique
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Q.The "Miyawaki method" is well known for the: (2022)
(a) Promotion of commercial farming in arid and semi-arid areas
(b) Development of gardens using genetically modified flora
(c) Creation of mini forests in urban areas
(d) Harvesting wind energy on coastal areas and on sea surfaces
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👏4❤2👍2
🔆Intergovernmental panel on climate change. (IPCC)
✅ This is an intergovernmental body under the UN
✅ It is a scientific body
✅Formed in 1988 by WMO (World Meteorological Organisation) and UNEP
✅ It produces report based on scientific developments across the world.
✅The IPCC does not carry out its own original research, nor does it do the work of monitoring climate or related phenomena itself. The IPCC bases its assessment on the
published literature
✅ IPCC has so far produced five assessment reports and some parts of 6th report is
published.
✅It was awarded the Nobel peace prize in 2007
✅ IPCC functions under UNFCC.
The aims of the IPCC are to assess scientific information relevant to :
1. Human-induced climate change,
2. The impacts of human-induced climate change,
3. Options for adaptation and mitigation.
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✅ This is an intergovernmental body under the UN
✅ It is a scientific body
✅Formed in 1988 by WMO (World Meteorological Organisation) and UNEP
✅ It produces report based on scientific developments across the world.
✅The IPCC does not carry out its own original research, nor does it do the work of monitoring climate or related phenomena itself. The IPCC bases its assessment on the
published literature
✅ IPCC has so far produced five assessment reports and some parts of 6th report is
published.
✅It was awarded the Nobel peace prize in 2007
✅ IPCC functions under UNFCC.
The aims of the IPCC are to assess scientific information relevant to :
1. Human-induced climate change,
2. The impacts of human-induced climate change,
3. Options for adaptation and mitigation.
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👍7
🔆Preamble:
✅ Adopted from US constitution.
✅ Introduction or Preface to Constitution.
✅ Identity card of Constitution.
✅ Based upon ‘Objective resolution’ of Nehru.
✅ Source is People.
✅ Non justiciable.
✅ Neither source of power nor any restriction over legislature.
✅ Preamble can be amended but it should not alter basic feature of Constitution.
✅ preamble can be amended under Article 368 of the Constitution, but the basic structure of the preamble can not be amended.
▪️Sovereign meaning:
✅ the word ‘sovereign’ is taken from constitution of Ireland.
✅ India as independent nation.
✅ Free to take own decisions.
✅ Freedom to conduct its foreign relations.
✅ India can acquire foreign territory or cede its territory to other country.
▪️Socialist meaning:
✅ was not originally mentioned in Constitution.
✅ DPSP implicitly made India a socialist state.
✅ INC in Avadi session declared socialist pattern of society.
✅ India is democratic/Gandhian socialism not communist Socialism.
✅ Indian socialism is mixed of Gandhian and Marxist Socialism.
✅ wealth should be shared equally by society through distributive justice.
✅ Not concentrated in the hands of few.
▪️Republic meaning:
✅ Head of state is always elected.
✅ India is republic since head of state i.e. President is elected not hereditary.
✅ Absence of any privileged class.
✅ Political sovereignty into people.
✅Voice of people is paramount.
▪️Justice meaning:
✅ adopted from Russian revolution.
✅ Social justice: equal treatment for all (no privileges) with preferential treatment towards weaker section of society.
✅ Economic justice: elimination of economic inequality.
✅ Political justice: equal political right, voice, choice.
▪️Liberty Meaning:
✅ From French revolution.
✅ Absence of restraints.
✅ Opportunity to individual to enjoy freedom and strive for development.
✅ Thought, expression, belief, faith and worship.
✅ Liberty is qualified and subjected to reasonable restriction.
▪️Preamble signify:
✅ Basic philosophy.
✅ Ideology.
✅ Values of constitution.
✅ Dream of our forefathers.
✅ Horoscope of Nation.
✅ Key note to Constitution
✅ Declaration of Independence.
✅ Preamble is part of Constitution.
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✅ Adopted from US constitution.
✅ Introduction or Preface to Constitution.
✅ Identity card of Constitution.
✅ Based upon ‘Objective resolution’ of Nehru.
✅ Source is People.
✅ Non justiciable.
✅ Neither source of power nor any restriction over legislature.
✅ Preamble can be amended but it should not alter basic feature of Constitution.
✅ preamble can be amended under Article 368 of the Constitution, but the basic structure of the preamble can not be amended.
▪️Sovereign meaning:
✅ the word ‘sovereign’ is taken from constitution of Ireland.
✅ India as independent nation.
✅ Free to take own decisions.
✅ Freedom to conduct its foreign relations.
✅ India can acquire foreign territory or cede its territory to other country.
▪️Socialist meaning:
✅ was not originally mentioned in Constitution.
✅ DPSP implicitly made India a socialist state.
✅ INC in Avadi session declared socialist pattern of society.
✅ India is democratic/Gandhian socialism not communist Socialism.
✅ Indian socialism is mixed of Gandhian and Marxist Socialism.
✅ wealth should be shared equally by society through distributive justice.
✅ Not concentrated in the hands of few.
▪️Republic meaning:
✅ Head of state is always elected.
✅ India is republic since head of state i.e. President is elected not hereditary.
✅ Absence of any privileged class.
✅ Political sovereignty into people.
✅Voice of people is paramount.
▪️Justice meaning:
✅ adopted from Russian revolution.
✅ Social justice: equal treatment for all (no privileges) with preferential treatment towards weaker section of society.
✅ Economic justice: elimination of economic inequality.
✅ Political justice: equal political right, voice, choice.
▪️Liberty Meaning:
✅ From French revolution.
✅ Absence of restraints.
✅ Opportunity to individual to enjoy freedom and strive for development.
✅ Thought, expression, belief, faith and worship.
✅ Liberty is qualified and subjected to reasonable restriction.
▪️Preamble signify:
✅ Basic philosophy.
✅ Ideology.
✅ Values of constitution.
✅ Dream of our forefathers.
✅ Horoscope of Nation.
✅ Key note to Constitution
✅ Declaration of Independence.
✅ Preamble is part of Constitution.
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👍14🙏3
🔆Indian Home Rule Movement
Factors that Contributed to the establishment of Home Rule League:
✅This was the high-time of the First World War.
✅Unification of extremists and moderates
✅Unification of INC and Muslim League.
✅ Tilak’s movement was confined to Maharashtra and Karnataka. And Annie Besant
movement spread to other parts of India.
✅The Home Rule league was ‘self-government’ based on the Irish model.
✅Initiate political reforms by pressurizing Government and mobilizing people’s opinion.
Note: demand was not Total Independence
✅Annie Besant tried to mobilize participation through the publication of her two newspapers:
a) New India
b) Commonweal However,
Tilak continued writing in ‘Kesari’, ‘Mahratta’, and Young India to spread the message of the Home Rule League.
The decline of Home Rule League:
✅In 1918, the Home Rule League declined due to many factors.
✅In 1917: Montford reforms was presented before the British Parliament. The Montford reforms promised responsible Government in India.
✅It was the Montford reforms that turned Annie Besant ‘pro-British’.
✅Bal Gangadhar Tilak went to England to file a legal suit against Valentine Chirol. Valentine Chirol had published, a book, “Father of Indian Unrest”
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Factors that Contributed to the establishment of Home Rule League:
✅This was the high-time of the First World War.
✅Unification of extremists and moderates
✅Unification of INC and Muslim League.
✅ Tilak’s movement was confined to Maharashtra and Karnataka. And Annie Besant
movement spread to other parts of India.
✅The Home Rule league was ‘self-government’ based on the Irish model.
✅Initiate political reforms by pressurizing Government and mobilizing people’s opinion.
Note: demand was not Total Independence
✅Annie Besant tried to mobilize participation through the publication of her two newspapers:
a) New India
b) Commonweal However,
Tilak continued writing in ‘Kesari’, ‘Mahratta’, and Young India to spread the message of the Home Rule League.
The decline of Home Rule League:
✅In 1918, the Home Rule League declined due to many factors.
✅In 1917: Montford reforms was presented before the British Parliament. The Montford reforms promised responsible Government in India.
✅It was the Montford reforms that turned Annie Besant ‘pro-British’.
✅Bal Gangadhar Tilak went to England to file a legal suit against Valentine Chirol. Valentine Chirol had published, a book, “Father of Indian Unrest”
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👍2
Sugarcane:
✅It has the largest value of production among all the commercial crops in India
✅It is indigenous to India and belongs to bamboo family
✅ Two-third of the total sugarcane produced in India used for preparing jaggery and khandsari
✅Molasses, bagasse and pressmud are the byproducts of sugar industry
✅It requires hot (21°-27°C) and humid (75- 150 cm) climate
✅Short cool dry winter season during ripening and harvesting is ideal; frost is detrimental to sugarcane
✅Cheap abundant labor is required for successful cultivation of sugarcane
✅Area-wise India has largest area under sugarcane cultivation in the world; whereas in production-wise India lags behind Brazil which is the world’s largest producer of sugarcane
✅To produce 1 kg of sugarcane, it takes about 210 litres of water.
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✅It has the largest value of production among all the commercial crops in India
✅It is indigenous to India and belongs to bamboo family
✅ Two-third of the total sugarcane produced in India used for preparing jaggery and khandsari
✅Molasses, bagasse and pressmud are the byproducts of sugar industry
✅It requires hot (21°-27°C) and humid (75- 150 cm) climate
✅Short cool dry winter season during ripening and harvesting is ideal; frost is detrimental to sugarcane
✅Cheap abundant labor is required for successful cultivation of sugarcane
✅Area-wise India has largest area under sugarcane cultivation in the world; whereas in production-wise India lags behind Brazil which is the world’s largest producer of sugarcane
✅To produce 1 kg of sugarcane, it takes about 210 litres of water.
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👍9👌3👏1🙏1
🔆Akbar
✅ Akbar was Son of Humayun.
✅ Akbar’s position was in dangerous when he succeeded his father Humayun as Delhi was seized by the Afghans.
✅ In 1556, in the second battle of Panipat, Akabar defeated Hemu and the army of Heme fled which made the victory of Mughal decisive.
✅ During the first 5 years of Akbar’s reign, Bairam Khan acted as his regent.
▪️Akbar relations with Rajpoot
✅ Akbar married the Rajput Princess Jodhabai, the daughter of Raja Bharmal.
✅For four generation, the Rajputs served the Mughals and many served in the positions of military generals as well.
✅ Akbar appointed Raja Man Singh and Raja Bhagawan Das in the senior position of the Mughal Administration.
✅ Though majority of the Rajput states surrendered to Akbar, the Ranas of Mewar continued to confront even though they were defeated several times.
✅ In 1576, the Mughals Army defeated Rana Pratap Singh in the battle of Haldighati, following the defeat of Mewar, other leading Rajput leaders surrendered to Akbar and accepted his Akbar’s policy towards Rajput was combined with a broad religious toleration.
✅ He abolished the pilgrim tax and later the jiziya.
▪️Akbar’s Religious Policy:
✅ He allowed his Hindu wives to worship their own gods.
✅ In 1575, Akbar built Ibadat Khana (House of worship) at his new capital Fatepur Sikri and invited scholars from all religions like Christianity, Hinduism, Jainism, and Zoroastrianism.
✅ He did not like the intrusion of the Muslim Ulemas in political matters.
✅ In 1579, he delivered the “Infallibility Decree” and proclaimed his religious powers.
✅ In 1582, he propagated a new religion called Din Ilahi or Divine Faith.
▪️About Din Ilahi of Akbar:
✅ The new religion believed in one God.
✅ It had all the good points of every religion.
✅ It didn’t endorse any philosophy.
✅ It aimed at bridging the gap that separated different religions.
✅ The new religion had only 15 followers including Birbal.
✅ Akbar did not compel anyone to join his new religion.
✅However, the new religion proved to be a failure, after Akbar’s death.
▪️Land Revenue Administration of Akbar:
✅ With the help of Raja Todar Mal, Akbar experimented on the land revenue administration, which was completed in 1580.
✅The land revenue system was called Zabti or Bandobast system or Dahsala System.
✅ The revenue was fixed on the average yield of land measured on the basis of previous ten years.
✅The land was divided into four categories
🔸Polaj (cultivated every year)
🔸 Parauti (once in two years)
🔸 Chachar (once in three or four years)
🔸Banjar (once in five or more years)
▪️Mansabdari System of Akbar
✅ Akbar introduced the Mansabdari system in his administration
✅ Under this system every officer was assigned a rank (Mansab)
✅ Lowest rank was 10 and the highest was 5000 for the nobles.
✅ Princes of royal blood received even higher ranks.
✅ The ranks were divided into two – Zat and Sawar.
🔸Zat means personal and it fixed the personal status of a person.
🔸 Sawar rank indicated the number of cavalrymen of a person who was required to maintain.
🔸 Every sawar had to maintain at least two horses.
✅ All appointments, promotions and dismissals were directly made by the emperor.
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✅ Akbar was Son of Humayun.
✅ Akbar’s position was in dangerous when he succeeded his father Humayun as Delhi was seized by the Afghans.
✅ In 1556, in the second battle of Panipat, Akabar defeated Hemu and the army of Heme fled which made the victory of Mughal decisive.
✅ During the first 5 years of Akbar’s reign, Bairam Khan acted as his regent.
▪️Akbar relations with Rajpoot
✅ Akbar married the Rajput Princess Jodhabai, the daughter of Raja Bharmal.
✅For four generation, the Rajputs served the Mughals and many served in the positions of military generals as well.
✅ Akbar appointed Raja Man Singh and Raja Bhagawan Das in the senior position of the Mughal Administration.
✅ Though majority of the Rajput states surrendered to Akbar, the Ranas of Mewar continued to confront even though they were defeated several times.
✅ In 1576, the Mughals Army defeated Rana Pratap Singh in the battle of Haldighati, following the defeat of Mewar, other leading Rajput leaders surrendered to Akbar and accepted his Akbar’s policy towards Rajput was combined with a broad religious toleration.
✅ He abolished the pilgrim tax and later the jiziya.
▪️Akbar’s Religious Policy:
✅ He allowed his Hindu wives to worship their own gods.
✅ In 1575, Akbar built Ibadat Khana (House of worship) at his new capital Fatepur Sikri and invited scholars from all religions like Christianity, Hinduism, Jainism, and Zoroastrianism.
✅ He did not like the intrusion of the Muslim Ulemas in political matters.
✅ In 1579, he delivered the “Infallibility Decree” and proclaimed his religious powers.
✅ In 1582, he propagated a new religion called Din Ilahi or Divine Faith.
▪️About Din Ilahi of Akbar:
✅ The new religion believed in one God.
✅ It had all the good points of every religion.
✅ It didn’t endorse any philosophy.
✅ It aimed at bridging the gap that separated different religions.
✅ The new religion had only 15 followers including Birbal.
✅ Akbar did not compel anyone to join his new religion.
✅However, the new religion proved to be a failure, after Akbar’s death.
▪️Land Revenue Administration of Akbar:
✅ With the help of Raja Todar Mal, Akbar experimented on the land revenue administration, which was completed in 1580.
✅The land revenue system was called Zabti or Bandobast system or Dahsala System.
✅ The revenue was fixed on the average yield of land measured on the basis of previous ten years.
✅The land was divided into four categories
🔸Polaj (cultivated every year)
🔸 Parauti (once in two years)
🔸 Chachar (once in three or four years)
🔸Banjar (once in five or more years)
▪️Mansabdari System of Akbar
✅ Akbar introduced the Mansabdari system in his administration
✅ Under this system every officer was assigned a rank (Mansab)
✅ Lowest rank was 10 and the highest was 5000 for the nobles.
✅ Princes of royal blood received even higher ranks.
✅ The ranks were divided into two – Zat and Sawar.
🔸Zat means personal and it fixed the personal status of a person.
🔸 Sawar rank indicated the number of cavalrymen of a person who was required to maintain.
🔸 Every sawar had to maintain at least two horses.
✅ All appointments, promotions and dismissals were directly made by the emperor.
#PYQanalysis
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👍9🙏2❤1
🔆Preamble:
✅ Adopted from US constitution.
✅ Introduction or Preface to Constitution.
✅ Identity card of Constitution.
✅ Based upon ‘Objective resolution’ of Nehru.
✅ Source is People.
✅ Non justiciable.
✅ Neither source of power nor any restriction over legislature.
✅ Preamble can be amended but it should not alter basic feature of Constitution.
✅ preamble can be amended under Article 368 of the Constitution, but the basic structure of the preamble can not be amended.
▪️Sovereign meaning:
✅ the word ‘sovereign’ is taken from constitution of Ireland.
✅ India as independent nation.
✅ Free to take own decisions.
✅ Freedom to conduct its foreign relations.
✅ India can acquire foreign territory or cede its territory to other country.
▪️Socialist meaning:
✅ was not originally mentioned in Constitution.
✅ DPSP implicitly made India a socialist state.
✅ INC in Avadi session declared socialist pattern of society.
✅ India is democratic/Gandhian socialism not communist Socialism.
✅ Indian socialism is mixed of Gandhian and Marxist Socialism.
✅ wealth should be shared equally by society through distributive justice.
✅ Not concentrated in the hands of few.
▪️Republic meaning:
✅ Head of state is always elected.
✅ India is republic since head of state i.e. President is elected not hereditary.
✅ Absence of any privileged class.
✅ Political sovereignty into people.
✅Voice of people is paramount.
▪️Justice meaning:
✅ adopted from Russian revolution.
✅ Social justice: equal treatment for all (no privileges) with preferential treatment towards weaker section of society.
✅ Economic justice: elimination of economic inequality.
✅ Political justice: equal political right, voice, choice.
▪️Liberty Meaning:
✅ From French revolution.
✅ Absence of restraints.
✅ Opportunity to individual to enjoy freedom and strive for development.
✅ Thought, expression, belief, faith and worship.
✅ Liberty is qualified and subjected to reasonable restriction.
▪️Preamble signify:
✅ Basic philosophy.
✅ Ideology.
✅ Values of constitution.
✅ Dream of our forefathers.
✅ Horoscope of Nation.
✅ Key note to Constitution
✅ Declaration of Independence.
✅ Preamble is part of Constitution.
#PYQanalysis
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✅ Adopted from US constitution.
✅ Introduction or Preface to Constitution.
✅ Identity card of Constitution.
✅ Based upon ‘Objective resolution’ of Nehru.
✅ Source is People.
✅ Non justiciable.
✅ Neither source of power nor any restriction over legislature.
✅ Preamble can be amended but it should not alter basic feature of Constitution.
✅ preamble can be amended under Article 368 of the Constitution, but the basic structure of the preamble can not be amended.
▪️Sovereign meaning:
✅ the word ‘sovereign’ is taken from constitution of Ireland.
✅ India as independent nation.
✅ Free to take own decisions.
✅ Freedom to conduct its foreign relations.
✅ India can acquire foreign territory or cede its territory to other country.
▪️Socialist meaning:
✅ was not originally mentioned in Constitution.
✅ DPSP implicitly made India a socialist state.
✅ INC in Avadi session declared socialist pattern of society.
✅ India is democratic/Gandhian socialism not communist Socialism.
✅ Indian socialism is mixed of Gandhian and Marxist Socialism.
✅ wealth should be shared equally by society through distributive justice.
✅ Not concentrated in the hands of few.
▪️Republic meaning:
✅ Head of state is always elected.
✅ India is republic since head of state i.e. President is elected not hereditary.
✅ Absence of any privileged class.
✅ Political sovereignty into people.
✅Voice of people is paramount.
▪️Justice meaning:
✅ adopted from Russian revolution.
✅ Social justice: equal treatment for all (no privileges) with preferential treatment towards weaker section of society.
✅ Economic justice: elimination of economic inequality.
✅ Political justice: equal political right, voice, choice.
▪️Liberty Meaning:
✅ From French revolution.
✅ Absence of restraints.
✅ Opportunity to individual to enjoy freedom and strive for development.
✅ Thought, expression, belief, faith and worship.
✅ Liberty is qualified and subjected to reasonable restriction.
▪️Preamble signify:
✅ Basic philosophy.
✅ Ideology.
✅ Values of constitution.
✅ Dream of our forefathers.
✅ Horoscope of Nation.
✅ Key note to Constitution
✅ Declaration of Independence.
✅ Preamble is part of Constitution.
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