🔆REASONS FOR REFORM MOVEMENTS
✅ Impact of British Rule
✅ Social Conditions for reforms
✅Opposition to Western Culture
✅Awareness among Enlightened Indians
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✅ Impact of British Rule
✅ Social Conditions for reforms
✅Opposition to Western Culture
✅Awareness among Enlightened Indians
#revision_notes
#history
#Modern_History
#REFORM_MOVEMENTS
#prelims
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
🔆Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1833):
✅Father of Indian Renaissance.
✅Maker of Modern India.
✅Believed in scientific temper, human dignity, monotheism, and Upanishads.
✅Opposed idolatry and meaningless rituals.
✅Books: Gift to Monotheism (1809) + Percepts of Jesus (1820).
✅ Translated Vedas and Upanishads into Bengali.
✅Atmiya Sabha (Society of Friends) in Calcutta in 1814.
✅ Started Brahmo Samaj (1828) [ formerly called as Brahmo Sabha]
✅ Established Vedanta College (1825).
✅Supported the revolutions of Naples and Spanish America.
✅Supported David Hare in establishing Hindu College (1817).
✅Crusader against Sati.
✅Efforts resulted in Government Regulation against Sati in 1829.
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✅Father of Indian Renaissance.
✅Maker of Modern India.
✅Believed in scientific temper, human dignity, monotheism, and Upanishads.
✅Opposed idolatry and meaningless rituals.
✅Books: Gift to Monotheism (1809) + Percepts of Jesus (1820).
✅ Translated Vedas and Upanishads into Bengali.
✅Atmiya Sabha (Society of Friends) in Calcutta in 1814.
✅ Started Brahmo Samaj (1828) [ formerly called as Brahmo Sabha]
✅ Established Vedanta College (1825).
✅Supported the revolutions of Naples and Spanish America.
✅Supported David Hare in establishing Hindu College (1817).
✅Crusader against Sati.
✅Efforts resulted in Government Regulation against Sati in 1829.
#revision_notes
#history
#Modern_History
#REFORM_MOVEMENTS
#prelims
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
🔆Debendranath Tagore (1817-1905)
✅Headed Tattavabodhini Sabha, formed in 1839, and its organ Tattavabodhini Patrika.
✅Joined Brahmo Samaj in 1842.
✅Favored Widow remarriage, Women education, abolition of Polygamy.
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✅Headed Tattavabodhini Sabha, formed in 1839, and its organ Tattavabodhini Patrika.
✅Joined Brahmo Samaj in 1842.
✅Favored Widow remarriage, Women education, abolition of Polygamy.
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🔆Keshab Chandra Sen (1838-1884)
✅ Appointed as Acharya of the Brahmo Samaj in 1858.
✅ Spread the ideas of the Samaj outside Bengal (in United Provinces, Bombay, Punjab, etc.).
✅ Showed radical views against caste system, favored inter-caste marriage.
✅Expelled from Acharya’s position in 1865.
✅ Founded Brahmo Samaj of India (1866).
✅Sadharan Brahmo Samaj (Ananda Mohan Bose, Shibchandra Deb and Umesh Chandra Datta) founded in opposition to his views.
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✅ Appointed as Acharya of the Brahmo Samaj in 1858.
✅ Spread the ideas of the Samaj outside Bengal (in United Provinces, Bombay, Punjab, etc.).
✅ Showed radical views against caste system, favored inter-caste marriage.
✅Expelled from Acharya’s position in 1865.
✅ Founded Brahmo Samaj of India (1866).
✅Sadharan Brahmo Samaj (Ananda Mohan Bose, Shibchandra Deb and Umesh Chandra Datta) founded in opposition to his views.
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🔆Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar (1820-1891)
✅Man of high moral standards, humanist, and proponent of modern education.
✅Appointed Principal of Sanskrit college in 1850 in Bengal.
✅Opened Sanskrit College to non-Brahmins.
✅ Ardent supporter of Widow remarriage. Helped legalized it.
✅One of the pioneers of higher education for women.
✅Appointed as the secretary of Bethune College (est. 1849).
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✅Man of high moral standards, humanist, and proponent of modern education.
✅Appointed Principal of Sanskrit college in 1850 in Bengal.
✅Opened Sanskrit College to non-Brahmins.
✅ Ardent supporter of Widow remarriage. Helped legalized it.
✅One of the pioneers of higher education for women.
✅Appointed as the secretary of Bethune College (est. 1849).
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🔆Balshastri Jambedkar (1812-1846)
✅Pioneer of social reform through Journalism in Bombay.
✅Against Brahminical domination.
✅Father of Marathi Journalism.
✅Newspaper: Darpan (1832), Digdarshan (1840).
✅Founded Bombay Native General Library.
✅ Started the Native Improvement Society.
✅First professor of Hindi at the Elphinston College.
✅Director of the Colaba Observatory.
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✅Pioneer of social reform through Journalism in Bombay.
✅Against Brahminical domination.
✅Father of Marathi Journalism.
✅Newspaper: Darpan (1832), Digdarshan (1840).
✅Founded Bombay Native General Library.
✅ Started the Native Improvement Society.
✅First professor of Hindi at the Elphinston College.
✅Director of the Colaba Observatory.
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#Modern_History
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🔆Gopalhari Deshmukh ‘Lokahitwadi’ (1823-1892):
✅ Belonged to Maharashtra.
✅ Against Hindu orthodoxy and caste system.
✅Believed in rational, modern, and secular principles.
✅Wrote for weekly Prabhakar under the pen name ‘Lokahitwadi’.
✅ Started weekly Hitechu.
✅Helped in founding periodicals like Gyan Prakash, Indu Prakash, Lokahitwadi.
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✅ Belonged to Maharashtra.
✅ Against Hindu orthodoxy and caste system.
✅Believed in rational, modern, and secular principles.
✅Wrote for weekly Prabhakar under the pen name ‘Lokahitwadi’.
✅ Started weekly Hitechu.
✅Helped in founding periodicals like Gyan Prakash, Indu Prakash, Lokahitwadi.
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🔆Gopal Krishna Gokhale (1866-1915)
✅ A liberal leader of the Indian National Congress.
✅Formed Servants of India society (1905) with the help of M. G. Ranade.
✅Aimed at mobilizing a cadre of selfless workers for the service of the country in a religious spirit.
✅Published Hitavadi (1911).
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✅ A liberal leader of the Indian National Congress.
✅Formed Servants of India society (1905) with the help of M. G. Ranade.
✅Aimed at mobilizing a cadre of selfless workers for the service of the country in a religious spirit.
✅Published Hitavadi (1911).
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🔆Jyotiba Phule (1827-1890):
✅Born to Mali(gardener) community in Maharashtra.
✅Fought against upper caste and Brahmanical domination, caste system, and socio-economic inequalities.
✅Founded the Satyasodhak Samaj in 1873 to promote social service and education among the lower caste and women.
✅ Books: Sarvajanik Satyadharma
✅Gulamgiri
✅Fought for the cause of widow remarriage and opened a home for widows in 1854.
✅Given the title of Mahatma for his social service work.
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✅Born to Mali(gardener) community in Maharashtra.
✅Fought against upper caste and Brahmanical domination, caste system, and socio-economic inequalities.
✅Founded the Satyasodhak Samaj in 1873 to promote social service and education among the lower caste and women.
✅ Books: Sarvajanik Satyadharma
✅Gulamgiri
✅Fought for the cause of widow remarriage and opened a home for widows in 1854.
✅Given the title of Mahatma for his social service work.
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🔆Gopal Ganesh Agarkar (1856-1895)
✅Belonged to Maharashtra.
✅Favored human reason and discarded the false glorification of the past.
✅Co-founder of the New English School, the Deccan Education Society, and the Fergusson College.
✅ First editor of Kesari (Marathi newspaper started by Lokmanya Tilak).
✅ Periodical: Sudharak.
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✅Belonged to Maharashtra.
✅Favored human reason and discarded the false glorification of the past.
✅Co-founder of the New English School, the Deccan Education Society, and the Fergusson College.
✅ First editor of Kesari (Marathi newspaper started by Lokmanya Tilak).
✅ Periodical: Sudharak.
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🔆Swami Vivekananda (1862-1902)
✅Also known by the name Narendra Dutta.
✅Preached Neo-Hinduism and believed in Vedanta, considering it to be the most rational system of knowledge.
✅ Inspired by the lives of Ramkrishna, Buddha, Jesus and the teachings of the Gita and Upanishads.
✅He was against the religious domination by the Hindus.
✅ Participated at the Parliament of Religions held at Chicago in 1893 where he emphasized on the balance between materialism and spiritualism.
✅Founded the Ramakrishna Mission in 1897 for promoting social service and humanitarian relief works.
✅He advocated the doctrine of service to all living beings. According to him, the service to mankind is the service to God.
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✅Also known by the name Narendra Dutta.
✅Preached Neo-Hinduism and believed in Vedanta, considering it to be the most rational system of knowledge.
✅ Inspired by the lives of Ramkrishna, Buddha, Jesus and the teachings of the Gita and Upanishads.
✅He was against the religious domination by the Hindus.
✅ Participated at the Parliament of Religions held at Chicago in 1893 where he emphasized on the balance between materialism and spiritualism.
✅Founded the Ramakrishna Mission in 1897 for promoting social service and humanitarian relief works.
✅He advocated the doctrine of service to all living beings. According to him, the service to mankind is the service to God.
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Forwarded from Imp
🔆Dayananda Saraswati (1824-1883)
✅Also known by the name Moolshanker.
✅Born in old Morvi state (Gujarat) to a Brahmin household.
✅Started Arya Samaj in 1875.
✅ Book: Satyarath Prakash.
✅Gave the slogan of “Back to the Vedas”.
✅ Believed in the theory of Karma, reincarnation, and Chaturavarna system of the Vedas.
✅He was against the theory of niyati or destiny and criticized the concept of Moksha.
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✅Also known by the name Moolshanker.
✅Born in old Morvi state (Gujarat) to a Brahmin household.
✅Started Arya Samaj in 1875.
✅ Book: Satyarath Prakash.
✅Gave the slogan of “Back to the Vedas”.
✅ Believed in the theory of Karma, reincarnation, and Chaturavarna system of the Vedas.
✅He was against the theory of niyati or destiny and criticized the concept of Moksha.
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Forwarded from Imp
🔆Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (1817-1898)
✅British loyalist and the member of the Judicial service.
✅Member of the Imperial Legislative Council in 1878.
✅ Earned Knighthood in 1888.
✅ Advocated to reconcile the modern education with the teachings of the Quran.
✅Founded Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College (now Aligarh Muslim University) in 1875.
✅Fought for the cause of women and the education and reform among the Muslims.
✅Magazine- Tahdhib-ul-Akhlaq.
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✅British loyalist and the member of the Judicial service.
✅Member of the Imperial Legislative Council in 1878.
✅ Earned Knighthood in 1888.
✅ Advocated to reconcile the modern education with the teachings of the Quran.
✅Founded Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College (now Aligarh Muslim University) in 1875.
✅Fought for the cause of women and the education and reform among the Muslims.
✅Magazine- Tahdhib-ul-Akhlaq.
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🔆Reformism vs Revivalism
▪️Reformism
✅Social reform
✅Help of British colonial state
✅ Influenced by western enlightenment
✅Not critical of colonial state
✅Moderates
▪️ Revivalism
✅Against social reform
✅Brought against colonial state
✅Ancient Indian religion revival, Indian s pirituality superior
✅Self-confidence to Indian by declaration
✅ Extremist
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▪️Reformism
✅Social reform
✅Help of British colonial state
✅ Influenced by western enlightenment
✅Not critical of colonial state
✅Moderates
▪️ Revivalism
✅Against social reform
✅Brought against colonial state
✅Ancient Indian religion revival, Indian s pirituality superior
✅Self-confidence to Indian by declaration
✅ Extremist
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🔆HINDU REFORM MOVEMENTS:
▪️Brahmo Samaj (1828)
✅FOUNDER : Raja Ram Mohan
Roy in Bengal.
▪️Aim
✅Favored: Human reason and conscience; Political upliftment of the masses, widow remarriage.
✅Against: Polytheism; Idol worship; Incarnations; Scriptural authority; Caste system, Purdah system, Untouchability, Sati, child marriage.
✅No definite view on Karma and transmigration of the soul.
✅Punjab: Dayal Singh College at Lahore (1910) started by Dayal Singh Trust, popularized the ideas of the Samaj
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▪️Brahmo Samaj (1828)
✅FOUNDER : Raja Ram Mohan
Roy in Bengal.
▪️Aim
✅Favored: Human reason and conscience; Political upliftment of the masses, widow remarriage.
✅Against: Polytheism; Idol worship; Incarnations; Scriptural authority; Caste system, Purdah system, Untouchability, Sati, child marriage.
✅No definite view on Karma and transmigration of the soul.
✅Punjab: Dayal Singh College at Lahore (1910) started by Dayal Singh Trust, popularized the ideas of the Samaj
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▪️Prarthana Samaj (1867) Atmaram ✅FOUNDER: Pandurang in Bombay.
▪️AIM
✅Popularized liaberal ideas of women education, widow remarriage,raising age of marriage for boys and girls and against caste and communal barriers.
✅Joined by M. G. Ranade in 1870, gained all India character.
✅Associated with the Bhakti cult in Maharashtra.
✅Other Prominent leaders: R. G. Bhandarkar, N. G. Chandavarkar.
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🔆Major Pre-Independence Agrarian Revolts
✅Santhal Rebellion (1855-56) : The Santhals take global pride in the Santhal rebellion where over 1,000 Santhals and leaders of Sidho and Kanho Murmu rose against domination and battled against the vast East India Company (The Britishers).
✅Indigo Revolt (1859-60) : It was a revolt by the farmers against British planters who had forced them to grow indigo under terms that were greatly unfavourable to the farmers.
✅Pabna Uprisings (1872-1875) : It was a resistance movement against the oppression of the zamindars. It originated in the Yusufshahi pargana, which is now the Sirajganj district within greater Pabna, Bangladesh.
✅Deccan Riots (1875) : The Deccan peasants uprising was directed mainly against the excesses of the Marwari and Gujarati money lenders. The ryots suffered heavy taxation under the Ryotwari system. The land revenue was also raised by 50% in 1867.
✅Pagri Sambhal Movement (1907) : It was a successful farm agitation that forced the British government to repeal three laws related to agriculture. Bhagat Singh’s uncle Ajit Singh was the force behind this agitation.
✅Peasant Movement in Oudha (1918-1922) : It was led by Baba Ramchandra, a Sanyasi, who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured laborer. He led a peasant's movement in Awadh against Talukdars and Landlords. He demanded reduction of rent, abolition of Begar and the boycott of landlords.
✅Champaran Movement (1917-18) : The peasantry on the indigo plantations in the Champaran district of Bihar was excessively oppressed by the European planters and compelled to grow indigo on at least 3/20th of their land and sell it at prices fixed by the planters. In 1917, Mahatma Gandhi reached Champaran and defied the orders of district officials for leaving Champaran.
✅Peasant Agitation in Kheda (1918) : It was chiefly directed against the Government. In 1918, the crops failed in the Kheda district of Gujarat but the government refused to remit land revenue and insisted on its full collection. Gandhiji along with Sardar Vallabhai Patel supported the peasants and advised them to withhold payment of revenues till their demand for its remission was met.
✅Moplah Rebellion (1921): The Moplahs were the Muslim tenants inhabiting the Malabar region where most of the landlords were Hindus. Their grievances centred around lack of security of tenure, high rents, renewal fees and other oppressive exactions. The Moplah movement merged with the ongoing Khilafat agitation.
✅Bardoli Satyagraha (1928) :It was a movement in the independence struggle led by Sardar Vallabhai Patel for the farmers of Bardoli against the unjust raising of taxes.
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#Modern_History
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✅Santhal Rebellion (1855-56) : The Santhals take global pride in the Santhal rebellion where over 1,000 Santhals and leaders of Sidho and Kanho Murmu rose against domination and battled against the vast East India Company (The Britishers).
✅Indigo Revolt (1859-60) : It was a revolt by the farmers against British planters who had forced them to grow indigo under terms that were greatly unfavourable to the farmers.
✅Pabna Uprisings (1872-1875) : It was a resistance movement against the oppression of the zamindars. It originated in the Yusufshahi pargana, which is now the Sirajganj district within greater Pabna, Bangladesh.
✅Deccan Riots (1875) : The Deccan peasants uprising was directed mainly against the excesses of the Marwari and Gujarati money lenders. The ryots suffered heavy taxation under the Ryotwari system. The land revenue was also raised by 50% in 1867.
✅Pagri Sambhal Movement (1907) : It was a successful farm agitation that forced the British government to repeal three laws related to agriculture. Bhagat Singh’s uncle Ajit Singh was the force behind this agitation.
✅Peasant Movement in Oudha (1918-1922) : It was led by Baba Ramchandra, a Sanyasi, who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured laborer. He led a peasant's movement in Awadh against Talukdars and Landlords. He demanded reduction of rent, abolition of Begar and the boycott of landlords.
✅Champaran Movement (1917-18) : The peasantry on the indigo plantations in the Champaran district of Bihar was excessively oppressed by the European planters and compelled to grow indigo on at least 3/20th of their land and sell it at prices fixed by the planters. In 1917, Mahatma Gandhi reached Champaran and defied the orders of district officials for leaving Champaran.
✅Peasant Agitation in Kheda (1918) : It was chiefly directed against the Government. In 1918, the crops failed in the Kheda district of Gujarat but the government refused to remit land revenue and insisted on its full collection. Gandhiji along with Sardar Vallabhai Patel supported the peasants and advised them to withhold payment of revenues till their demand for its remission was met.
✅Moplah Rebellion (1921): The Moplahs were the Muslim tenants inhabiting the Malabar region where most of the landlords were Hindus. Their grievances centred around lack of security of tenure, high rents, renewal fees and other oppressive exactions. The Moplah movement merged with the ongoing Khilafat agitation.
✅Bardoli Satyagraha (1928) :It was a movement in the independence struggle led by Sardar Vallabhai Patel for the farmers of Bardoli against the unjust raising of taxes.
#revision_notes
#history
#Modern_History
#reform_movements
#prelims
Join @CSE_EXAM
👍1
Forwarded from CSE EXAM upsc prelims mains CAPF CDS NDA
🔆Major Pre-Independence Agrarian Revolts
✅Santhal Rebellion (1855-56) : The Santhals take global pride in the Santhal rebellion where over 1,000 Santhals and leaders of Sidho and Kanho Murmu rose against domination and battled against the vast East India Company (The Britishers).
✅Indigo Revolt (1859-60) : It was a revolt by the farmers against British planters who had forced them to grow indigo under terms that were greatly unfavourable to the farmers.
✅Pabna Uprisings (1872-1875) : It was a resistance movement against the oppression of the zamindars. It originated in the Yusufshahi pargana, which is now the Sirajganj district within greater Pabna, Bangladesh.
✅Deccan Riots (1875) : The Deccan peasants uprising was directed mainly against the excesses of the Marwari and Gujarati money lenders. The ryots suffered heavy taxation under the Ryotwari system. The land revenue was also raised by 50% in 1867.
✅Pagri Sambhal Movement (1907) : It was a successful farm agitation that forced the British government to repeal three laws related to agriculture. Bhagat Singh’s uncle Ajit Singh was the force behind this agitation.
✅Peasant Movement in Oudha (1918-1922) : It was led by Baba Ramchandra, a Sanyasi, who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured laborer. He led a peasant's movement in Awadh against Talukdars and Landlords. He demanded reduction of rent, abolition of Begar and the boycott of landlords.
✅Champaran Movement (1917-18) : The peasantry on the indigo plantations in the Champaran district of Bihar was excessively oppressed by the European planters and compelled to grow indigo on at least 3/20th of their land and sell it at prices fixed by the planters. In 1917, Mahatma Gandhi reached Champaran and defied the orders of district officials for leaving Champaran.
✅Peasant Agitation in Kheda (1918) : It was chiefly directed against the Government. In 1918, the crops failed in the Kheda district of Gujarat but the government refused to remit land revenue and insisted on its full collection. Gandhiji along with Sardar Vallabhai Patel supported the peasants and advised them to withhold payment of revenues till their demand for its remission was met.
✅Moplah Rebellion (1921): The Moplahs were the Muslim tenants inhabiting the Malabar region where most of the landlords were Hindus. Their grievances centred around lack of security of tenure, high rents, renewal fees and other oppressive exactions. The Moplah movement merged with the ongoing Khilafat agitation.
✅Bardoli Satyagraha (1928) :It was a movement in the independence struggle led by Sardar Vallabhai Patel for the farmers of Bardoli against the unjust raising of taxes.
#revision_notes
#history
#Modern_History
#reform_movements
#prelims
Join @CSE_EXAM
✅Santhal Rebellion (1855-56) : The Santhals take global pride in the Santhal rebellion where over 1,000 Santhals and leaders of Sidho and Kanho Murmu rose against domination and battled against the vast East India Company (The Britishers).
✅Indigo Revolt (1859-60) : It was a revolt by the farmers against British planters who had forced them to grow indigo under terms that were greatly unfavourable to the farmers.
✅Pabna Uprisings (1872-1875) : It was a resistance movement against the oppression of the zamindars. It originated in the Yusufshahi pargana, which is now the Sirajganj district within greater Pabna, Bangladesh.
✅Deccan Riots (1875) : The Deccan peasants uprising was directed mainly against the excesses of the Marwari and Gujarati money lenders. The ryots suffered heavy taxation under the Ryotwari system. The land revenue was also raised by 50% in 1867.
✅Pagri Sambhal Movement (1907) : It was a successful farm agitation that forced the British government to repeal three laws related to agriculture. Bhagat Singh’s uncle Ajit Singh was the force behind this agitation.
✅Peasant Movement in Oudha (1918-1922) : It was led by Baba Ramchandra, a Sanyasi, who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured laborer. He led a peasant's movement in Awadh against Talukdars and Landlords. He demanded reduction of rent, abolition of Begar and the boycott of landlords.
✅Champaran Movement (1917-18) : The peasantry on the indigo plantations in the Champaran district of Bihar was excessively oppressed by the European planters and compelled to grow indigo on at least 3/20th of their land and sell it at prices fixed by the planters. In 1917, Mahatma Gandhi reached Champaran and defied the orders of district officials for leaving Champaran.
✅Peasant Agitation in Kheda (1918) : It was chiefly directed against the Government. In 1918, the crops failed in the Kheda district of Gujarat but the government refused to remit land revenue and insisted on its full collection. Gandhiji along with Sardar Vallabhai Patel supported the peasants and advised them to withhold payment of revenues till their demand for its remission was met.
✅Moplah Rebellion (1921): The Moplahs were the Muslim tenants inhabiting the Malabar region where most of the landlords were Hindus. Their grievances centred around lack of security of tenure, high rents, renewal fees and other oppressive exactions. The Moplah movement merged with the ongoing Khilafat agitation.
✅Bardoli Satyagraha (1928) :It was a movement in the independence struggle led by Sardar Vallabhai Patel for the farmers of Bardoli against the unjust raising of taxes.
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