Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️A Secular State*
♟️The Constitution of India stands for a Secular State. Hence, it does not uphold any particular religion as the official religion of the Indian State.
♟️The following provisions of the Constitution reveal the secular character of the Indian State:
♟️The term ‘secular’ was added to the Preamble of the Indian Constitution by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976.
♟️The Preamble secures to all citizens of India liberty of belief,Faith and worship.
♟️The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or equal protection of the laws (Article 14).
♟️The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on the ground of religion (Article 15).
♟️Equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters of public employment (Article 16).
♟️The Constitution of India stands for a Secular State. Hence, it does not uphold any particular religion as the official religion of the Indian State.
♟️The following provisions of the Constitution reveal the secular character of the Indian State:
♟️The term ‘secular’ was added to the Preamble of the Indian Constitution by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976.
♟️The Preamble secures to all citizens of India liberty of belief,Faith and worship.
♟️The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or equal protection of the laws (Article 14).
♟️The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on the ground of religion (Article 15).
♟️Equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters of public employment (Article 16).
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️President's pardoning powers in India*
♟️Presidential Pardon Powers
♟️The President of India has the authority to grant pardons and reprieves in certain criminal cases as per the powers vested in the Constitution. These powers are outlined as follows:
1. Commutation: Commutation involves changing the nature of a sentence, such as converting a death penalty into life imprisonment with rigorous labor.
2. Remission: Remission involves reducing the duration of a sentence. For example, changing a two-year rigorous imprisonment term into one year.
3. Respite: Respite involves reducing a sentence due to special circumstances. This can include physical disability or pregnancy in the case of women.
4. Reprieve: Reprieve is the temporary postponement of the execution of a sentence for a specific period. For example, postponing a death penalty for a certain duration.
5. Pardon: Pardon is the complete forgiveness of an offense. It implies that the crime is considered never to have occurred.
6. Article 161 of the Constitution: Article 161 of the Indian Constitution extends the power of pardon to the Governors of states.
7. Governor's Pardon Power: Governors can also exercise the power of pardon in cases involving offenses against state laws.
♟️It is important to note that the President does not have the authority to pardon death penalties. However, the President can grant clemency, commute the sentence, reduce the period of imprisonment, or change the nature of the sentence in cases where it is deemed necessary or just..
♟️Presidential Pardon Powers
♟️The President of India has the authority to grant pardons and reprieves in certain criminal cases as per the powers vested in the Constitution. These powers are outlined as follows:
1. Commutation: Commutation involves changing the nature of a sentence, such as converting a death penalty into life imprisonment with rigorous labor.
2. Remission: Remission involves reducing the duration of a sentence. For example, changing a two-year rigorous imprisonment term into one year.
3. Respite: Respite involves reducing a sentence due to special circumstances. This can include physical disability or pregnancy in the case of women.
4. Reprieve: Reprieve is the temporary postponement of the execution of a sentence for a specific period. For example, postponing a death penalty for a certain duration.
5. Pardon: Pardon is the complete forgiveness of an offense. It implies that the crime is considered never to have occurred.
6. Article 161 of the Constitution: Article 161 of the Indian Constitution extends the power of pardon to the Governors of states.
7. Governor's Pardon Power: Governors can also exercise the power of pardon in cases involving offenses against state laws.
♟️It is important to note that the President does not have the authority to pardon death penalties. However, the President can grant clemency, commute the sentence, reduce the period of imprisonment, or change the nature of the sentence in cases where it is deemed necessary or just..
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️Dead Sea*
♟️The Dead Sea, also known as the Salt Sea, is a saline lake in southwestern Asialocated between Jordan and Israel.
♟️It lies to the east of the Mediterranean Sea and south of the Sea of Galilee.
♟️It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley, and its main tributary is the Jordan River.
♟️It is deepest Hypersaline Lake in the world.
♟️To the west of the Dead Sea, the Judaean Mountains rise less steeply and are much lower than the mountains to the East.
♟️It is located at an elevation of 5 meters below sea level, making it the Earth’s lowest land-based feature.
♟️ *Salinity* The Dead Sea is one of the Earth’s saltiest water bodies, almost ten times saltier than ordinary seawaters. It has a salinity of 34.2%.
♟️It is the fourth saltiest body of water in the world, ranking behind Antarctica’s Don Juan Pond and Lake Vanda, and Djibouti’s Lake Assal.
♟️The Dead Sea has one main inlet (the Jordan River) but does not have an outlet and so loses its water mainly through evaporation.
♟️The high saline level and the harsh climate make the lake devoid of life, except for algae and other microorganisms.
♟️It has a density of 1.240 kg/L, which makes swimming in its waters similar to floating.
#Geography
♟️The Dead Sea, also known as the Salt Sea, is a saline lake in southwestern Asialocated between Jordan and Israel.
♟️It lies to the east of the Mediterranean Sea and south of the Sea of Galilee.
♟️It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley, and its main tributary is the Jordan River.
♟️It is deepest Hypersaline Lake in the world.
♟️To the west of the Dead Sea, the Judaean Mountains rise less steeply and are much lower than the mountains to the East.
♟️It is located at an elevation of 5 meters below sea level, making it the Earth’s lowest land-based feature.
♟️ *Salinity* The Dead Sea is one of the Earth’s saltiest water bodies, almost ten times saltier than ordinary seawaters. It has a salinity of 34.2%.
♟️It is the fourth saltiest body of water in the world, ranking behind Antarctica’s Don Juan Pond and Lake Vanda, and Djibouti’s Lake Assal.
♟️The Dead Sea has one main inlet (the Jordan River) but does not have an outlet and so loses its water mainly through evaporation.
♟️The high saline level and the harsh climate make the lake devoid of life, except for algae and other microorganisms.
♟️It has a density of 1.240 kg/L, which makes swimming in its waters similar to floating.
#Geography
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️Tropical Rain Destabilises Oceans Only When Light*
*💎Key Findings*
♟️Scientists earlier believed rain makes the ocean’s surface more buoyant (due to freshwater being lighter)
♟️New study (Univ. of Washington, July 2025) finds light rain destabilises the ocean, but heavy rain stabilises it
*💎Mechanism*
♟️Rain in tropics often comes with cold pools (cold, dry air + clouds)
♟️These cool the surface, block sunlight & transfer heat to air
♟️Thus, heavier rain makes surface cooler and more stable
♟️Light rain (0.2–4 mm/hr) increases mixing, while heavy rain = negative buoyancy flux (surface stays more stable)
*💎Additional Observations*
♟️Rainfall at night destabilises oceans more than during the day
♟️Researchers identified:
*⚜️Cold Rain Zone* (W. Pacific & Indian Ocean): High heat loss
*⚜️Hot Rain Zone* (Central Pacific): Less heat loss
*💎Impact on Climate*
♟️Ocean mixing affects carbon, heat, nutrient transport
♟️Rainfall dynamics influence weather and climate models
♟️Study highlights risk of prediction errors due to simplistic assumptions.
#Geography
*💎Key Findings*
♟️Scientists earlier believed rain makes the ocean’s surface more buoyant (due to freshwater being lighter)
♟️New study (Univ. of Washington, July 2025) finds light rain destabilises the ocean, but heavy rain stabilises it
*💎Mechanism*
♟️Rain in tropics often comes with cold pools (cold, dry air + clouds)
♟️These cool the surface, block sunlight & transfer heat to air
♟️Thus, heavier rain makes surface cooler and more stable
♟️Light rain (0.2–4 mm/hr) increases mixing, while heavy rain = negative buoyancy flux (surface stays more stable)
*💎Additional Observations*
♟️Rainfall at night destabilises oceans more than during the day
♟️Researchers identified:
*⚜️Cold Rain Zone* (W. Pacific & Indian Ocean): High heat loss
*⚜️Hot Rain Zone* (Central Pacific): Less heat loss
*💎Impact on Climate*
♟️Ocean mixing affects carbon, heat, nutrient transport
♟️Rainfall dynamics influence weather and climate models
♟️Study highlights risk of prediction errors due to simplistic assumptions.
#Geography
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
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Forwarded from Sunya IAS Short Notes
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Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
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Topic listing of Updated Mains 365 all topics is out. (By Head of 365 team, who worked at ____ IAS).
Join here to get it!(Click here ot join)
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UPPSC RO ARO 2023 TOPPER RANK 10 FROM SCS
RO ARO 2023 TOPPER ने बताया RO ARO 2026 मे सफल होने की STRATEGY BOOKLIST
RO ARO 2026 Complete Foundation Preparation ( New Syllabus, Latest Trend,Pattern पर आधारित ) = https://t.me/studyforcivilservices/54614
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RO ARO 2023 TOPPER ने बताया RO ARO 2026 मे सफल होने की STRATEGY BOOKLIST
RO ARO 2026 Complete Foundation Preparation ( New Syllabus, Latest Trend,Pattern पर आधारित ) = https://t.me/studyforcivilservices/54614
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Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️BRITISH CONQUEST OF BENGAL*
♟️British exports from Bengal: Saltpetre, Rice, Indigo, Pepper, Sugar and Silk, Cotton Textiles. (Bengalcomprised 60% of EIC trade with India.)
♟️Factories were set up in Balasore, Hooghly, Kasim bazar, Patna and Dacca.
♟️1717:- British secured royal Farman for Emperor Farrukh Siyar for trade (export import) in Bengal a right to issue Dastaks (free passes for trading) for movement of such goods issued. (Dastaks were cause of perpetual conflict).
♟️Alivardi Khan was engaged in wars with Maratha for 15 years.
♟️British strengthened their entrenchment in Fort Williams.
♟️Alivardi Khan died in 1756 a succeeded by Siraj-ud-Daula.
♟️Internal tussle and opposition of Siraj ud daulah in the court.
♟️Important Rulers:- Murshid Quli Khan (first Diwan of Bengal) a Shujauddin a Alivardi Khan (stopped paying tributes to The Mughals).
#Polity
♟️British exports from Bengal: Saltpetre, Rice, Indigo, Pepper, Sugar and Silk, Cotton Textiles. (Bengalcomprised 60% of EIC trade with India.)
♟️Factories were set up in Balasore, Hooghly, Kasim bazar, Patna and Dacca.
♟️1717:- British secured royal Farman for Emperor Farrukh Siyar for trade (export import) in Bengal a right to issue Dastaks (free passes for trading) for movement of such goods issued. (Dastaks were cause of perpetual conflict).
♟️Alivardi Khan was engaged in wars with Maratha for 15 years.
♟️British strengthened their entrenchment in Fort Williams.
♟️Alivardi Khan died in 1756 a succeeded by Siraj-ud-Daula.
♟️Internal tussle and opposition of Siraj ud daulah in the court.
♟️Important Rulers:- Murshid Quli Khan (first Diwan of Bengal) a Shujauddin a Alivardi Khan (stopped paying tributes to The Mughals).
#Polity
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️Classification of Rocks*
*♟️Igneous Rocks:-*
Granite,
Basalt,
Diorite.
*♟️Metamorphic Rocks:-*
Gneiss (from Granite),
Marble (from Limestone),
Quartzite (from Silica),
Graphite (from Coal).
*♟️Sedimentary Rocks:-*
Limestone,
Sandstone,
Coal.
#Geography
*♟️Igneous Rocks:-*
Granite,
Basalt,
Diorite.
*♟️Metamorphic Rocks:-*
Gneiss (from Granite),
Marble (from Limestone),
Quartzite (from Silica),
Graphite (from Coal).
*♟️Sedimentary Rocks:-*
Limestone,
Sandstone,
Coal.
#Geography
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
🛡️ *AMENDING ACT 1781*
♟️This act was passed to rectify the defects of Regulating act of 1773.
♟️It exempted Governor-General and the council from the jurisdiction of Supreme court.
♟️It excluded the Revenue matters from the Jurisdiction of Supreme court.
♟️It provided that Supreme court will Have jurisdiction all over Calcutta.
♟️Appeals from Provincial court could be taken to Governor-General-in-council and not to Supreme court.
♟️Governor general now empowered to frame regulations for Provincial courts and council.
#Polity
♟️This act was passed to rectify the defects of Regulating act of 1773.
♟️It exempted Governor-General and the council from the jurisdiction of Supreme court.
♟️It excluded the Revenue matters from the Jurisdiction of Supreme court.
♟️It provided that Supreme court will Have jurisdiction all over Calcutta.
♟️Appeals from Provincial court could be taken to Governor-General-in-council and not to Supreme court.
♟️Governor general now empowered to frame regulations for Provincial courts and council.
#Polity
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
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UPPSC RO ARO 2023 TOPPER RANK 240 FROM SCS
RO ARO 2023 TOPPER ने बताया RO ARO 2026 मे सफल होने की STRATEGY BOOKLIST
RO ARO 2026 Complete Foundation Preparation ( New Syllabus, Latest Trend,Pattern पर आधारित ) = https://t.me/studyforcivilservices/54614
#uppsc #roaro #roaro2026
RO ARO 2023 TOPPER ने बताया RO ARO 2026 मे सफल होने की STRATEGY BOOKLIST
RO ARO 2026 Complete Foundation Preparation ( New Syllabus, Latest Trend,Pattern पर आधारित ) = https://t.me/studyforcivilservices/54614
#uppsc #roaro #roaro2026
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
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UPPSC RO ARO 2023 TOPPER RANK 240 FROM SCS
RO ARO 2023 TOPPER ने बताया RO ARO 2026 मे सफल होने की STRATEGY BOOKLIST
RO ARO 2026 Complete Foundation Preparation ( New Syllabus, Latest Trend,Pattern पर आधारित ) = https://t.me/studyforcivilservices/54614
#uppsc #roaro #roaro2026
RO ARO 2023 TOPPER ने बताया RO ARO 2026 मे सफल होने की STRATEGY BOOKLIST
RO ARO 2026 Complete Foundation Preparation ( New Syllabus, Latest Trend,Pattern पर आधारित ) = https://t.me/studyforcivilservices/54614
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Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
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