✨What does the repetition of a noun mean in the existential construction?
There are certain cases where special interpretations are found with coordinator-marked duplication. One of these cases occurs when a noun is repeated in the existential construction:
🔹There are musicians and musicians.
⏩ this implies that there are different kinds of musicians, e.g. good musicians and bad musicians.
#vocabulary
#Spoken_English
@PMPerfect1
There are certain cases where special interpretations are found with coordinator-marked duplication. One of these cases occurs when a noun is repeated in the existential construction:
🔹There are musicians and musicians.
⏩ this implies that there are different kinds of musicians, e.g. good musicians and bad musicians.
#vocabulary
#Spoken_English
@PMPerfect1
📚When it is possible to use the present perfect with definite past time adjuncts📚
📕IN SPOKEN AND WRITTEN JOURNALISTIC STYLES, THE PRESENT PERFECT IS SOMETIMES USED TO STRESS THE CURRENT RELEVANCE OF EVENTS, EVEN THOUGH DEFINITE PAST TIME ADJUNCTS MAY BE PRESENT:
🔻[speaker is speaking in1998, i.e not 'the early 1990s']:
🔹We've lost so much of our manufacturing industry in the1980s and early 1990s.
🔻A man has been arrested last night and will appear in court tomorrow.
#Grammar
#Spoken_English
@PMPerfect1
📕IN SPOKEN AND WRITTEN JOURNALISTIC STYLES, THE PRESENT PERFECT IS SOMETIMES USED TO STRESS THE CURRENT RELEVANCE OF EVENTS, EVEN THOUGH DEFINITE PAST TIME ADJUNCTS MAY BE PRESENT:
🔻[speaker is speaking in1998, i.e not 'the early 1990s']:
🔹We've lost so much of our manufacturing industry in the1980s and early 1990s.
🔻A man has been arrested last night and will appear in court tomorrow.
#Grammar
#Spoken_English
@PMPerfect1
⭐️ THE THING IS IS ⭐️
📘The phrase the THING IS is frequent in spoken English and functions as a discourse marker which focuses attention on what follows and usually signals that there is a problem. The verb form is tends to be stressed. The is commonly ellipted in informal use:
🔻The thing is . . . erk . . . we don't have any money left.
🔻Yeah, but, you know, the thing is, she's left rather late.
📕The expression THE THING IS IS treated by speakers as a fixed item, and in many cases in informal speech an 'EXTRA' IS is added as speakers feel a need to have a verb in the clause. When this happens, the first IS is stressed:
🔻THE THING IS IS no one wants to take responsibility for paying for it all.
#Spoken_English
@PMPerfect1
📘The phrase the THING IS is frequent in spoken English and functions as a discourse marker which focuses attention on what follows and usually signals that there is a problem. The verb form is tends to be stressed. The is commonly ellipted in informal use:
🔻The thing is . . . erk . . . we don't have any money left.
🔻Yeah, but, you know, the thing is, she's left rather late.
📕The expression THE THING IS IS treated by speakers as a fixed item, and in many cases in informal speech an 'EXTRA' IS is added as speakers feel a need to have a verb in the clause. When this happens, the first IS is stressed:
🔻THE THING IS IS no one wants to take responsibility for paying for it all.
#Spoken_English
@PMPerfect1
🔵ONLY JUST
✨In speaking, ONLY can be used with just for emphasis. It can mean ‘very recently’ or ‘almost not’:
🔸She’d only just moved into her new house last July. (= very recently)
🔸The building had survived the earthquake of two years before, but only just. (= It almost didn’t survive the earthquake.)
#Spoken_English
@PMPerfect1
✨In speaking, ONLY can be used with just for emphasis. It can mean ‘very recently’ or ‘almost not’:
🔸She’d only just moved into her new house last July. (= very recently)
🔸The building had survived the earthquake of two years before, but only just. (= It almost didn’t survive the earthquake.)
#Spoken_English
@PMPerfect1
🔵Conjunction ONLY
✨Mainly in informal spoken English, ONLY is used as a conjunction with the meaning of 'but':
🔸I would come, only I don't know what to wear.
🔸Okay, I'll let you bring your golf clubs. Only please hurry up.
🔸It's more or less the same in Cyprus, only even hotter in july.
#Spoken_English
@PMPerfect1
✨Mainly in informal spoken English, ONLY is used as a conjunction with the meaning of 'but':
🔸I would come, only I don't know what to wear.
🔸Okay, I'll let you bring your golf clubs. Only please hurry up.
🔸It's more or less the same in Cyprus, only even hotter in july.
#Spoken_English
@PMPerfect1
✨You're welcome 🆚 Welcome✨
🅰️ We use 'you're welcome' for 2 situations:
1️⃣ after thank you (you can also add degrees.. 'you're most/very/quite welcome')
2️⃣ as a mainly formal invitation within an invitation. After people have entered the restaurant or hotel, for example:
🔸"you're welcome to use the wifi"
🔸"you're welcome to sit on these sofas"
🔸"you're welcome to use the swimming pool until 9 pm"
🅱️ We use 'welcome' when someone first joins something new, such as a new sports team, a marriage, a new country, or a guest arrives at a party.
Examples:
🔹"Welcome to our family!"
🔹"Welcome to the team!"
🔹"Come in, welcome!"
🔰 A lesson from a Canadian English teacher, Danielle Canada.
#Spoken_English
@PMPerfect1
🅰️ We use 'you're welcome' for 2 situations:
1️⃣ after thank you (you can also add degrees.. 'you're most/very/quite welcome')
2️⃣ as a mainly formal invitation within an invitation. After people have entered the restaurant or hotel, for example:
🔸"you're welcome to use the wifi"
🔸"you're welcome to sit on these sofas"
🔸"you're welcome to use the swimming pool until 9 pm"
🅱️ We use 'welcome' when someone first joins something new, such as a new sports team, a marriage, a new country, or a guest arrives at a party.
Examples:
🔹"Welcome to our family!"
🔹"Welcome to the team!"
🔹"Come in, welcome!"
🔰 A lesson from a Canadian English teacher, Danielle Canada.
#Spoken_English
@PMPerfect1
✨How To Use Dozen Like a Native Speaker✨
🔹Formally a dozen of eggs, etc., but in modern English the OF is omitted before nouns:
✨a dozen eggs
✨a dozen sheets of paper
but is retained before pronouns:
✨a dozen of us
✨a dozen of them
and before possessive or demonstrative adjectives:
✨a dozen of those apple
✨a dozen of your eggs
🔹A dozen is thought as meaning 'twelve', and so the preposition is used if it would be used where the word twelve substituted and omitted if it would be omitted after twelve.
🔹The plural dozens, however, always takes of:
✨dozens of eggs
✨dozens of them
🏷Note:
When qualified by a cardinal number, the word dozen is used as the plural form (two dozen, NOT two dozens); hence of is omitted:
✨two dozen eggs
#Spoken_English
@PMPerfect1
🔹Formally a dozen of eggs, etc., but in modern English the OF is omitted before nouns:
✨a dozen eggs
✨a dozen sheets of paper
but is retained before pronouns:
✨a dozen of us
✨a dozen of them
and before possessive or demonstrative adjectives:
✨a dozen of those apple
✨a dozen of your eggs
🔹A dozen is thought as meaning 'twelve', and so the preposition is used if it would be used where the word twelve substituted and omitted if it would be omitted after twelve.
🔹The plural dozens, however, always takes of:
✨dozens of eggs
✨dozens of them
🏷Note:
When qualified by a cardinal number, the word dozen is used as the plural form (two dozen, NOT two dozens); hence of is omitted:
✨two dozen eggs
#Spoken_English
@PMPerfect1
#️⃣#Well /wel/ #adverb
💢do well
🅰️to be successful, especially in work or business:
🔹He’s doing very well at college.
🔹Elizabeth’s done well for herself since she moved to London.
🅱️if someone who has been ill is doing well, they are becoming healthy again:
🔹He had the operation yesterday, and he’s doing very well.
💢as well ➡️ in addition to something or someone else:
🔹Why don’t you come along as well?
📚#Register:
🗣As well is used mostly in #spoken_English.
✍🏻In #written_English, people usually prefer to use also:
🔹Parents are also welcome.
💢as well as something/somebody ➡️ in addition to something or someone else:
🔹They own a house in France as well as a villa in Spain.
💢as well as doing something
🔹The organization gives help and support to people in need, as well as raising money for local charities.
💢may/might/could well ➡️ used to say that something is likely to happen or is likely to be true:
🔹What you say may well be true.
🔹You could try the drugstore, but it might well be closed by now.
💢may/might/could (just) as well
🅰️#informal ➡️ used when you do not particularly want to do something but you decide you should do it:
🔹I suppose we may as well get started.
🅱️used to mean that another course of action would have an equally good result:
🔹The taxi was so slow we might just as well have gone on the bus.
💢can’t very well (do something) ➡️ used to say that you cannot do something because it would be unacceptable:
🔹I can’t very well tell him we don’t want him at the party!
💢know full/perfectly well ➡️ used to say that someone does know something even though they are behaving as if they do not:
🔹You know full well what I mean.
💢be well away #British_English #informal
🅰️to be making good progress:
🔹If we can get that grant from the local authority, we’ll be well away.
🅱️to be very drunk
💢be well in with somebody #informal ➡️ to have a friendly relationship with someone, especially someone important:
🔹She’s very well in with members of the management committee.
💢be well out of something #British_English #spoken ➡️ to be lucky to no longer be involved in a particular situation
💢be well up in/on something #informal especially #British_English ➡️ to know a lot about a particular subject:
🔹Geoff’s always been well up on the lnternet.
💢as well somebody might/may #formal ➡️ used to say that there is a good reason for someone’s feelings or reactions:
🔹Marilyn looked guilty, as well she might.
💢do well by somebody #informal ➡️ to treat someone generously
#Vocabulary
#Essential_English_words
@PMPerfect1
💢do well
🅰️to be successful, especially in work or business:
🔹He’s doing very well at college.
🔹Elizabeth’s done well for herself since she moved to London.
🅱️if someone who has been ill is doing well, they are becoming healthy again:
🔹He had the operation yesterday, and he’s doing very well.
💢as well ➡️ in addition to something or someone else:
🔹Why don’t you come along as well?
📚#Register:
🗣As well is used mostly in #spoken_English.
✍🏻In #written_English, people usually prefer to use also:
🔹Parents are also welcome.
💢as well as something/somebody ➡️ in addition to something or someone else:
🔹They own a house in France as well as a villa in Spain.
💢as well as doing something
🔹The organization gives help and support to people in need, as well as raising money for local charities.
💢may/might/could well ➡️ used to say that something is likely to happen or is likely to be true:
🔹What you say may well be true.
🔹You could try the drugstore, but it might well be closed by now.
💢may/might/could (just) as well
🅰️#informal ➡️ used when you do not particularly want to do something but you decide you should do it:
🔹I suppose we may as well get started.
🅱️used to mean that another course of action would have an equally good result:
🔹The taxi was so slow we might just as well have gone on the bus.
💢can’t very well (do something) ➡️ used to say that you cannot do something because it would be unacceptable:
🔹I can’t very well tell him we don’t want him at the party!
💢know full/perfectly well ➡️ used to say that someone does know something even though they are behaving as if they do not:
🔹You know full well what I mean.
💢be well away #British_English #informal
🅰️to be making good progress:
🔹If we can get that grant from the local authority, we’ll be well away.
🅱️to be very drunk
💢be well in with somebody #informal ➡️ to have a friendly relationship with someone, especially someone important:
🔹She’s very well in with members of the management committee.
💢be well out of something #British_English #spoken ➡️ to be lucky to no longer be involved in a particular situation
💢be well up in/on something #informal especially #British_English ➡️ to know a lot about a particular subject:
🔹Geoff’s always been well up on the lnternet.
💢as well somebody might/may #formal ➡️ used to say that there is a good reason for someone’s feelings or reactions:
🔹Marilyn looked guilty, as well she might.
💢do well by somebody #informal ➡️ to treat someone generously
#Vocabulary
#Essential_English_words
@PMPerfect1
🗣Speaking Tip: Don’t say “I’m fine”❌
Here are how native English speakers respond to “How are you?”
✨How are you?
🗣– I’m good, thanks. You?
✨How’s it going?
🗣– It’s going pretty good. And you?
✨How are you doing?
🗣– I’m doing great, thanks. Yourself?
✨How’s it going?
🗣– Ah, things have been better. What about you?
⚠️When you’re not doing so great, say “I’m not doing that great” instead of saying “so-so.”
✨Hey, what’s up?
🗣– Hey, what’s up?
✨How do you do?
🗣– How do you do?
⚠️“How do you do?” is not a question, asking how you’re doing. It’s just a formal way of saying “hello”. So the proper response is:
🗣“How do you do?”,
🗣“Hello”, or
🗣“Nice to meet you.”
So now that you know, stop saying “I’m fine” every time someone asks you “How are you?”🙂
#Speaking_tips
#Spoken_English
@PMPerfect1
Here are how native English speakers respond to “How are you?”
✨How are you?
🗣– I’m good, thanks. You?
✨How’s it going?
🗣– It’s going pretty good. And you?
✨How are you doing?
🗣– I’m doing great, thanks. Yourself?
✨How’s it going?
🗣– Ah, things have been better. What about you?
⚠️When you’re not doing so great, say “I’m not doing that great” instead of saying “so-so.”
✨Hey, what’s up?
🗣– Hey, what’s up?
✨How do you do?
🗣– How do you do?
⚠️“How do you do?” is not a question, asking how you’re doing. It’s just a formal way of saying “hello”. So the proper response is:
🗣“How do you do?”,
🗣“Hello”, or
🗣“Nice to meet you.”
So now that you know, stop saying “I’m fine” every time someone asks you “How are you?”🙂
#Speaking_tips
#Spoken_English
@PMPerfect1
✨Headers and tails
Headers and tails are common in speaking, but very uncommon in writing.
🚩We use headers when we place information at the front of what we say. This can help our listeners to understand more easily what we are referring to. Headers can consist of a noun phrase or noun phrases or whole clauses. The header is followed by a pronoun (capitalized in the examples) which refers back to the header:
🔹Anna, David’s sister, SHE’s going to New York for her birthday.
🔹That big house, is IT where the doctor lives?
🔹Going to football matches, THAT’s what my cousin Jim likes best.
🚩Tails occur at the end of what we say. They are commonly noun phrases. Tails refer back to a pronoun (capitalized in the examples), and commonly give more information about it. Like headers, they help a listener to understand more easily what we are referring to:
🔹THEY’re not cheap to buy, cars in Singapore.
🔹SHE’s a really good marathon runner, Alice.
#Spoken_English
@PMPerfect1
Headers and tails are common in speaking, but very uncommon in writing.
🚩We use headers when we place information at the front of what we say. This can help our listeners to understand more easily what we are referring to. Headers can consist of a noun phrase or noun phrases or whole clauses. The header is followed by a pronoun (capitalized in the examples) which refers back to the header:
🔹Anna, David’s sister, SHE’s going to New York for her birthday.
🔹That big house, is IT where the doctor lives?
🔹Going to football matches, THAT’s what my cousin Jim likes best.
🚩Tails occur at the end of what we say. They are commonly noun phrases. Tails refer back to a pronoun (capitalized in the examples), and commonly give more information about it. Like headers, they help a listener to understand more easily what we are referring to:
🔹THEY’re not cheap to buy, cars in Singapore.
🔹SHE’s a really good marathon runner, Alice.
#Spoken_English
@PMPerfect1
⚡️If you can’t beat 'em, join 'em
= used when you decide to take part in something even though you disapprove of it, because everyone else is doing it and you cannot stop them
#Spoken_English
@PMPerfect1
= used when you decide to take part in something even though you disapprove of it, because everyone else is doing it and you cannot stop them
#Spoken_English
@PMPerfect1
🔴 Ought to or should?
Ought to and should are similar in meaning. Should is more common than ought to. Ought to is more formal than should:
🔹There ought to be more street lights here.
(means the same as There should be more street lights here.)
🔹I really ought to walk my dog more. He’s so fat.
(means the same as I really should walk my dog more. He’s so fat.)
✨#Spoken_English:
In speaking, we normally use should as a tag for clauses with ought to:
🔸There ought to be a speed limit here, shouldn’t there?
(preferred to There ought to be a speed limit here, oughtn’t there?)
🔸We ought not to have to pay for basic medicines, should we?
(preferred to We ought not to have to pay for basic medicines, ought we?)
#Grammar
#Modality
@PMPerfect1
Ought to and should are similar in meaning. Should is more common than ought to. Ought to is more formal than should:
🔹There ought to be more street lights here.
(means the same as There should be more street lights here.)
🔹I really ought to walk my dog more. He’s so fat.
(means the same as I really should walk my dog more. He’s so fat.)
✨#Spoken_English:
In speaking, we normally use should as a tag for clauses with ought to:
🔸There ought to be a speed limit here, shouldn’t there?
(preferred to There ought to be a speed limit here, oughtn’t there?)
🔸We ought not to have to pay for basic medicines, should we?
(preferred to We ought not to have to pay for basic medicines, ought we?)
#Grammar
#Modality
@PMPerfect1
✨Double modal
A double modal is a linguistic construction in which two modal auxiliaries are used in succession to introduce two separate modalities into a sentence.
🔹I might can jump over that bush = there is a possibility that you have the ability to jump over the bush.
OR
🔹I might be able to jump over the bush. (#Standard_English)
🔘EXAMPLES:
◽️Could you might give me a minute?
◽️Maybe we might should plan to eat out.
◽️We might can go up there next Saturday.
◽️Well, once we get under way, it shouldn't oughta take us very long.
😃Fun fact:
Some English speakers even use triple modal constructions, which is why many people refer to these as “multiple modal” constructions:
🔘EXAMPLES:
🔸It's a long way and he might will can't come, but I'm going to ask.
🔸I reckon I might should better try to get me a little bit more sleep.
This kind of modality is associated with Southern #British and #American_English, as well as a few other varieties.
#Spoken_English
#Modality
@PMPerfect1
A double modal is a linguistic construction in which two modal auxiliaries are used in succession to introduce two separate modalities into a sentence.
🔹I might can jump over that bush = there is a possibility that you have the ability to jump over the bush.
OR
🔹I might be able to jump over the bush. (#Standard_English)
🔘EXAMPLES:
◽️Could you might give me a minute?
◽️Maybe we might should plan to eat out.
◽️We might can go up there next Saturday.
◽️Well, once we get under way, it shouldn't oughta take us very long.
😃Fun fact:
Some English speakers even use triple modal constructions, which is why many people refer to these as “multiple modal” constructions:
🔘EXAMPLES:
🔸It's a long way and he might will can't come, but I'm going to ask.
🔸I reckon I might should better try to get me a little bit more sleep.
This kind of modality is associated with Southern #British and #American_English, as well as a few other varieties.
#Spoken_English
#Modality
@PMPerfect1
⚪️SORRY
✨Sorry for/about + -ing =
الاعتذار عن سلوك أو أمر ما حدث في الماضي
✨Sorry + to-infinitive =
استباق الاعتذار قبل أو فور حدوث الأمر
طبعًا هناك صيغ أخرى في الاعتذار، ولكن دعونا نركز بطرح أمثلة عن الصيغتين أعلاه.
🔻I'm sorry for taking the car without asking.
هنا أعتذر عن عدم الاستئذان في استخدام سيارتك.
استخدام السيارة تم وانتهى، فلاحظ قلنا: for taking.
🔻I'm sorry about losing my temper this morning.
أعتذر عن فقد أعصابي (غضبي أو نرفزتي) هذا الصباح.
أي أعتذر عن نرفزتي التي حدثت في الماضي (صباح هذا اليوم ونحن الآن مثلا في منتصف اليوم).
🔻Sorry to disturb you - could I speak to you for a moment.
لاحظ استبقنا الاعتذار قبل طلب الحديث مع الشخص.
🔻Sorry to keep you waiting - how can I help?
اعتذرنا عن حدث انتظارك الذي تسببنا به للتو، ومن ثم استأنفنا الحديث معك.
#Spoken_English
@PMPerfect1
✨Sorry for/about + -ing =
الاعتذار عن سلوك أو أمر ما حدث في الماضي
✨Sorry + to-infinitive =
استباق الاعتذار قبل أو فور حدوث الأمر
طبعًا هناك صيغ أخرى في الاعتذار، ولكن دعونا نركز بطرح أمثلة عن الصيغتين أعلاه.
🔻I'm sorry for taking the car without asking.
هنا أعتذر عن عدم الاستئذان في استخدام سيارتك.
استخدام السيارة تم وانتهى، فلاحظ قلنا: for taking.
🔻I'm sorry about losing my temper this morning.
أعتذر عن فقد أعصابي (غضبي أو نرفزتي) هذا الصباح.
أي أعتذر عن نرفزتي التي حدثت في الماضي (صباح هذا اليوم ونحن الآن مثلا في منتصف اليوم).
🔻Sorry to disturb you - could I speak to you for a moment.
لاحظ استبقنا الاعتذار قبل طلب الحديث مع الشخص.
🔻Sorry to keep you waiting - how can I help?
اعتذرنا عن حدث انتظارك الذي تسببنا به للتو، ومن ثم استأنفنا الحديث معك.
#Spoken_English
@PMPerfect1
✨Definitely/Certainly not 🆚 Absolutely not
🔻Definitely/Certainly not! = No, without any doubt at all.
🔸Bill: Will you lend me some
money?
🔹Bob: No way! Definitely not!
🔸Bob: Have you ever stolen
anything?
🔹Fred: Certainly not!
🔻Absolutely not! = a strong denial or refusal.
🔸Bob: Will you please slip this bottle into your pocket?
🔹Bill: Absolutely not!
🔸Bob: Can I please have the car again tonight?
🔹Father: Absolutely not! You can’t have the car every night!
#Spoken_English
@PMPerfect1
🔻Definitely/Certainly not! = No, without any doubt at all.
🔸Bill: Will you lend me some
money?
🔹Bob: No way! Definitely not!
🔸Bob: Have you ever stolen
anything?
🔹Fred: Certainly not!
🔻Absolutely not! = a strong denial or refusal.
🔸Bob: Will you please slip this bottle into your pocket?
🔹Bill: Absolutely not!
🔸Bob: Can I please have the car again tonight?
🔹Father: Absolutely not! You can’t have the car every night!
#Spoken_English
@PMPerfect1
💢#Either /ˈaɪðə $ ˈiːðər/ BrE AmE #conjunction
أمّا؛ أيْ؛ أَيًّا كانَ؛ أيضا فوق ذلك؛ أيّما؛ كل من أي من أحد الأمري
✨Either can be used in the following ways:
🔻in the expression either...or:
🔹Students could choose either French or Spanish.
🔹You can either come by bus or take a taxi.
🔻as a determiner (followed by a singular countable noun):
🔹a long room with a door at either end
🔻as a pronoun:
🔹Olive oil and corn oil are both suitable, so you could use either.
(followed by ‘of’):
🔹Does either of you speak Chinese?
🔻as an adverb (in negative sentences):
🔹Jerry wasn’t there either.
✨When either is the subject of a sentence, it is usually used with a singular verb:
🔹Is either of them at home?
But in #spoken_English a plural verb is sometimes used:
🔹Are either of them at home?
#Grammar
@PMPerfect1
أمّا؛ أيْ؛ أَيًّا كانَ؛ أيضا فوق ذلك؛ أيّما؛ كل من أي من أحد الأمري
✨Either can be used in the following ways:
🔻in the expression either...or:
🔹Students could choose either French or Spanish.
🔹You can either come by bus or take a taxi.
🔻as a determiner (followed by a singular countable noun):
🔹a long room with a door at either end
🔻as a pronoun:
🔹Olive oil and corn oil are both suitable, so you could use either.
(followed by ‘of’):
🔹Does either of you speak Chinese?
🔻as an adverb (in negative sentences):
🔹Jerry wasn’t there either.
✨When either is the subject of a sentence, it is usually used with a singular verb:
🔹Is either of them at home?
But in #spoken_English a plural verb is sometimes used:
🔹Are either of them at home?
#Grammar
@PMPerfect1
أحيانًا نسمع البعض يقول:
🔹Five past
لإعطاء الوقت دون تحديد الساعة.
أي قد تكون:
8:05 أو 9:05 فكيف لي معرفة ما يقصده القائل؟
الجواب:
أولا: علينا كتابة اللفظ الكامل للوقت للتوضيح، فمثلا: 8:05 تنطق:
✨ Five past eight أو
✨ Eight O five
بمعنى: الثامنة وخمس دقائق
أنت تسأل عن اللفظ الأول في إعطاء الوقت، وتقصد أن القائل لم يذكر eight واكتفى فقط بـ: five past.
لن يستخدم القائل هذا اللفظ إن كان مدركًا أنك لن تفهم الساعة المراد الإشارة لها:
فمثلا: ولد يطلب من أمّه أن توقظه من النوم تمام الساعة الثامنة صباحًا، ويحرّص عليها بأهمية إيقاظه بهذا الوقت.
فتقوم والدته في الصباح لتوقظه، ولم يتجاوب معها لأنه ما زال غارقًا في نومه، فتقوم بتكرار ذلك بعد خمس دقائق، وتعيد المحاولة وتحذره أنه عدّى خمس دقائق من الوقت المحدد (الثامنة)؛ فتقول له:
✨Wake up; it's five past!
هو يدرك أن ما تقصده أمه هو:
✨Five past eight
فقد نبّها ليلة الأمس بإيقاظه تمام الساعة الثامنة، ولهذا اكتفت والدته بـ Five past.
مثال ٢:
شخص يسأل صديقه عن وقت بداية المباراة؟
✨What time is the kick-off? Quarter past seven or half past seven?
فيرد صديقه قائلا:
✨Half past
و يحذف لفظ seven لأنه يعلم أن السائل يعلم ما يقصده هنا بناءً على سؤاله.
أما إذا كان وقت المباراة يبدأ في ساعة أخرى تختلف عن خيارات الوقت التي طرحها السائل؛ فيجب أن يلفظ صديقه الوقت بلفظه الكامل، نحو:
✨No, the kick-off is at half past ten (10:30).
#Spoken_English
@PMPerfect1
🔹Five past
لإعطاء الوقت دون تحديد الساعة.
أي قد تكون:
8:05 أو 9:05 فكيف لي معرفة ما يقصده القائل؟
الجواب:
أولا: علينا كتابة اللفظ الكامل للوقت للتوضيح، فمثلا: 8:05 تنطق:
✨ Five past eight أو
✨ Eight O five
بمعنى: الثامنة وخمس دقائق
أنت تسأل عن اللفظ الأول في إعطاء الوقت، وتقصد أن القائل لم يذكر eight واكتفى فقط بـ: five past.
لن يستخدم القائل هذا اللفظ إن كان مدركًا أنك لن تفهم الساعة المراد الإشارة لها:
فمثلا: ولد يطلب من أمّه أن توقظه من النوم تمام الساعة الثامنة صباحًا، ويحرّص عليها بأهمية إيقاظه بهذا الوقت.
فتقوم والدته في الصباح لتوقظه، ولم يتجاوب معها لأنه ما زال غارقًا في نومه، فتقوم بتكرار ذلك بعد خمس دقائق، وتعيد المحاولة وتحذره أنه عدّى خمس دقائق من الوقت المحدد (الثامنة)؛ فتقول له:
✨Wake up; it's five past!
هو يدرك أن ما تقصده أمه هو:
✨Five past eight
فقد نبّها ليلة الأمس بإيقاظه تمام الساعة الثامنة، ولهذا اكتفت والدته بـ Five past.
مثال ٢:
شخص يسأل صديقه عن وقت بداية المباراة؟
✨What time is the kick-off? Quarter past seven or half past seven?
فيرد صديقه قائلا:
✨Half past
و يحذف لفظ seven لأنه يعلم أن السائل يعلم ما يقصده هنا بناءً على سؤاله.
أما إذا كان وقت المباراة يبدأ في ساعة أخرى تختلف عن خيارات الوقت التي طرحها السائل؛ فيجب أن يلفظ صديقه الوقت بلفظه الكامل، نحو:
✨No, the kick-off is at half past ten (10:30).
#Spoken_English
@PMPerfect1