CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING TIPS
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📄ASTM Abbrevation : American Society for Testing Materials

📄Grade of Concrete is denoted as Cement: Sand: Aggregate (Ex C-20 Grade : 1:2:3)
📄C/C means Center to Center Distance
📄DL means Development Length
📄Lapping of bars not allowed if the dia of bar is more than 36mm.
📄For circular column minimum of 6 longitudinal bars are used and 4 for Rectangular.
📄The minimum thickness of slab is 0.125m
📄Water pH value less than 6 should not be used for construction purpose.
📄The concrete Should not be thrown from a height more than 1.5m.
📄The Compressive strength of Bricks is 3.5 N /mm
📄The initial setting time shall not be less than 30 minutes and the final setting time of cement is 10hours.
📄Dead Load means Self weight of Structure
📄Sand having moisture content more than 5% should not be used for Concrete mix.
📄DPC means Damp Proof Course. The thickness of DPC should not be less than 2.5cm.
📄Cube test is carried out for each 30m usage of concrete.
📄RMC : Ready Mix concrete, The concrete is made at factory and transported to the site, This type of concrete is used where there is a lack of space for mixing the concrete and used where a huge amount of concrete is required for construction.
📄The height of floor is usually 3m or 10ft (If a person asks you whats the height of 12 storied building?
Ans: 3m x 12floors = 36m)
📄A head mason can work 25-30m in a day.
📄In construction, the rate analysis for the work of workers is calculated in Man Hours. (Ex: 10 Birr for 1 Man hour)
📄Cantilever Beam has One fixed support and the other end is free.
📄Simple supported beam has a minimum of two supports.
📄PCC (Plain Cement Concrete) this type of concrete is used on members only when the tensile forces are not acting on it.
📄The weight of first class clay brick should be 3.85 Kg. and it has a crushing
strength of 10.5MN/m
📄Adding more water in the concrete mix to increase setting time leads to form
the Cracks or honeycomb in hardened concrete.
📄Vibration in freshly made concrete is done to remove the air bubbles in concrete mix.
📄Impermeability of concrete: The concrete which resists the the entry of water or moisture into it.
📄The concrete can be lifted to a maximum height of 50m using Concrete
Pumps.
📄The curing Period of RCC is 28days .
📄The minimum sill level height should be
44 inches.
📄The transverse reinforcement provided in columns are called Ties .
📄The transverse reinforcement provided in
Beams is called as Stirrups .
📄Stirrups in Beams and Ties in Column are provided to handle the shear force and to keep longitudinal bars in position.
📄The Prime reason for using steel as reinforcement is due to thermal expansion.
The thermal expansion
coefficient of concrete and steel is (approximately) same having value
📄C-25 grade of concrete is generally used in the construction of slab.
📄Weight of Bar is calculated using formula D /162 (D = Dia of bar in mm)
📄The No. of HCB required for 1 metr square of masonary wall are 13 HCB blocks.
📄Specific gravity of Cement is 3.16g/ cm ; Bricks is 2g/cm ; Sand is 2.65g/cm ,
📄Standard Size of Brick is 19cm x 9cm x 4 cm or 19cm or 9cm x 9 cm
📄Floor area occupied by 50kg of Cement bag is 0.3m and height of 0.18m.
📄As per EBCS Maximum dia of bar used in the slab should not exceed 1/8th of the total thickness of the slab.
📄The slope or Pitch of the stair should be in between 25 degrees to 40 degrees.
📄The rise in stairs is in between 150mm to 200mm.
📄Tread in staircase is in between 250mm to 300mm.
📄Hook length should not be less than 9D (Dia of Bar)
📄Unit weight of PCC is 24KN/m , RCC is 25 KN/m , Steel is 7850Kg/m
📄The volume of 50kg cement bag is
1.3CFT.
📄Theodolite least count is 20Secs whereas Compass Least count is 30mins .
📄TMT bars : TMT means Thermo Mechanically treated bars
📄Cement more than 3 months old cannot be used for construction
📒The length of each bar from factory is 12m.
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📌Basic terms for Mechanics

🚧1. Torque or Turning Force

➡️It is the total amount of force which is required to create acceleration on moving substance.

🚧2. Couple

➡️Two forces those acts on equally, parallely & oppositely on two separate points of same material.

🚧3. Moment

➡️It is the amount of moving effect which is gained for action of turning force.

🚧4. Stress

➡️It is the force that can prevent equal & opposite force.

➡️That means, it is the preventing force.

➡️If one force acts on outside of a material, then a reactive force automatically acts to protest that force.

➡️The amount of reactive force per unit area is called stress.

➡️For instance:- Tensile Stress, Compressive Stress, Thermal Stress.

🚧5. Strain

➡️If a force acts on a substance, then in that case if the substance would deform.

➡️Then the amount of deformation per unit length of that substance is called strain.

🚧6. Spring

➡️It is one type of device which is being distorted under certain amount of load & also can also go to its original face after the removal of that load.
Its function

⏺i. To store energy

⏺ii. To absorb energy

⏺iii. To control motion of two elements

🚧7. Stiffness

➡️Load per unit deflection. The amount of load required to resist the deflection.

🚧8. Specific Weight

➡️Weight per unit volume of the fluid.

🚧9. Specific Volume

➡️Volume per unit mass of the fluid.

🚧10. Specific Gravity

➡️It is the ratio of specific weight of required substance to specific weight of pure water at 4 degree centigrade temperature.

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