🔆 India’s Health Indicators

📍 Key Health Statistics
✅ Life Expectancy at Birth ~ 70 years (62 years in 2000, 67 years in 2010)
✅ Infant Mortality Rate = 28/1000
✅ Neonatal Mortality Rate = 20/1000 (SDG target 12)
✅ Under 5 Mortality Rate = 32/1000 (SDG target 25)
✅ Maternal Mortality Rate = 97/1000 (SDG target 70)
✅ Sex Ratio at Birth = 1020/1000 (was 943 in 2011)

📍 Health Expenditure
✅ Health Expenditure = ~ 3.8% of GDP (40% public, 60% private)
✅ Out of Pocket Expenditure (OOP) = 1.5% GDP, 13% monthly per capita
✅ Doctor-Population Ratio = 1:834 (better than WHO’s 1:1000)
✅ Health Workers per 10,000 Population = 49

📍 Health Delivery & Immunization
✅ Institutional Deliveries = 97.18%
✅ Children Aged 9-11 Months Fully Immunised = 93.23%

📍 Health Challenges
✅ Deaths from Non-Communicable Diseases = Over 60% of total deaths in India
✅ TB Burden = Highest in the world (28%) and highest number of Multi-drug resistant TB cases
✅ Tuberculosis Cases Notified = 87.13% against the target

📍 Progress in Tuberculosis (TB) Control
✅ TB Decline = 18% dip in TB cases over the past 10 years, more than double the global rate; 24% reduction in deaths, higher than the global average of 23%

#Data #GS2 #GS1 #Ethics #essay #social_issue #health #mains

🔆 Strategic Importance of the Northeast

✅ The northeast is rich in cultural diversity and natural resources. Its unique location, topography, and complex histories make it a distinctive space.
✅ However, linguistic, tribal, and cultural affinities can cause conflicts within the Indian state.

✅ Government Initiatives for Development
• Sela Tunnel (Arunachal Pradesh)
• Bhupen Hazarika Bridge (Assam)
• 11,000 km of new highways, rail lines, and airports
• 1,600 km Northeast Gas Grid
• Development of waterways on Brahmaputra and Barak rivers
• Expansion of mobile telephony
The Modi government and state governments aim to make the region attractive for investors and tourists.

✅ Peace and Security Efforts
• Framework Agreement with NSCN (Isak-Muivah) (2015)
• Bodo Peace Accord and Bru refugee settlement (2020)
• Rollback of Armed Forces Special Powers Act

✅ Challenges to Development
• Perception of Centre’s disengagement (e.g., Nagaland peace process)
• Interstate border disputes
• Local resistance to hydroelectric projects over environmental concerns
• Rising socio-political tensions due to immigration-related rhetoric

✅ Economic Potential and Investment
• Rising investments like Tata’s ₹27,000-crore semiconductor plant in Assam.
• Need to balance industrial growth with ecological and social sensitivities.

✅ Link to India’s Act East Policy
• Integrating Northeast with East Asian economies is key to successful Act East implementation.
• Enhancing connectivity and cooperation with Southeast Asia can make the region an economic gateway.

#Security #mains
#gs3

@JOBALERT678

🔆 Type of Budgeting

📍 Key Budget Types
✅ Zero Based Budget: Every expense must be explained from scratch each time the budget is made. It looks at each function’s cost and need.
✅ Outcome Budget: Focuses on results. Started in 2005, it checks how each ministry used its funds and what outcomes were achieved.
✅ Gender Budgeting (GB): A method to ensure that government laws and schemes help both men and women equally. It studies how budget use affects different genders.
➤ Example: In a rural job scheme, GB checks if women have equal job access, workplace safety, and crèche facilities.

📍 Gender Budgeting in India
✅ Started in 2005–06, India was one of Asia’s first countries to adopt it.
✅ A Gender Budget Statement (GBS) is added in every Union Budget.
✅ In 2023–24, ₹2.23 lakh crore (~4.9% of total spending) was for gender budgeting.
✅ Over 30 ministries now provide gender-specific budget data.

#economy #mains

India is vulnerable to a large number of natural, as well as, human-made disasters on account of its unique geo-climatic and socio-economic conditions.

✅ Out of the 36 states and union territories in the country, 28 of them are disaster prone.
✅ Almost 85% of the country is vulnerable to single or multiple disasters
✅ About 57% of its area lies in high seismic zones.
✅ Approximately 40 million hectares of the country’s land area is prone to flood
✅ About 8% of the total land mass is vulnerable to cyclone
✅ 68% of the area is susceptible to drought.

The five distinctive regions of the country:

✅ Himalayan region: earthquakes and landslides
✅ The plain: Floods.
✅ The desert: Droughts and famine
✅ The coastal zone: Cyclones and storms.

Anthropogenic vulnerability:

✅ Deforestation
✅ Unscientific construction and development activity
✅ Faulty agricultural practices

#disasters_management
#mains